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PROCEEDINGS INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION 43
First Annual Convention, June 1972
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CALCAREOUS NANNOPLANKTON
A NEW BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC TOOL IN THE OIL INDUSTRY
(WITH EMPHASIS ON INDONESIA)

P. PRIJOSOESILO ’)

Abstract Calcareous nannoplankton. a group of ments contain 10,000,OOQ .OOQ.specimens per cc.
microfossils that evolved rapidly during the late Fine sandy inner shelf sedimenrs will common-
Mesozoic and the Cenozoic eras, is a new and very
reliable biostratigraphical tool. Its usefulness has been ly have thousands or tens of thousands speci-
tested successfully during the drilling of the JOIDES* mens per cc
Deep Sea Drillim Project and by some of the oil In addition, these ultra-microfossils* offer
companies operating in the Gulf Coast Area, USA. same other advantages compared t o the plank-
Standard Calcareous Nannonplankton -
Zonations for the Paleogene and for the Neogene are tonic foraminifera :
now available. These zonations have been proposed by 1 . short vertical range
Martini (1970) and Martini & Worsley (1970),
respectively. 2 . wide geographical distribution
The study of calcareous nannoplankton 3. ease of preparation
in Indonesia as a new biostratigraphic tool has only 4. ease of identification
been started recently, however, some very en-
couraging results have been obtained in Central Sunia- These last two advantages are of prime
tra. If similar results can be obtained from other parts interest t o the oil industry since one of the
of the country, the prospect of this study in Indonesia
will certainly be very bright. The role of the oil most important responsibilities confronting the
industry in developing this field of study is very oil company paleontologist is the rapid identi-
important, since the oil companies have direct access fication of fossils encountered in routine -
to the basic data. examination of well samples.
It is believed that establishing a standard
zonation for Indonesia is not impossible. Once this is
established, it will be beneficial to both the oil industry ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
and the academic institutions, and more imuortant
it will be a major contribution to the study on the The author thanks P.T. Caltex Pacific Indo-
stratigraphy of Indonesia.
nesia for permitting this presentation and his
* Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth colleagues in the Exploration Division in Rum-
Sampling. bai for the constructive review of the manus-
cript.
INTRODUCTION
CALCAREOUS NANNOPLANKTON
Until the late fifties little was known about
calcareous nannoplankton. However, sonie Calcarous nannoplankton consist predomi-
paleontologists have envisioned that “when nantly of coccolithcphorids. Other fossil forms
better understood, these coinparatively un- of unknown affinities such as discoasters, nan-
known organisms may show promise of be- noconids, etc. are also included. All these
coming important in biostratigrauhic studies” organisms belong to the algal phylum (or divi-
(Hoffmeister, 1958, p.207) sion) Ctirysophyta, because of its golden brown
Since then a number of publications have plastid s,
stressed the usefulness of fossil calcareous The cell is usually biflagellate, but in any
nannoplankton as biostratigraphical indicators cases it includes a haptomena (coiled organelle
and several useful zonations have been esta- resembling flagella used for temporary attach-
blished. At present the calcareous nannoplank ment).
t o n zonations are as good as the standard Reference 1s made to Text Figure No, 1.
planktonic foraminifera1 zonations. Usually it consists of two large plastids, with
The calcareous nannoplankton occur pigments chlorophyl a anu c, color from
abundantly in marine pelagic and shelf envi- fucoxanthin (a xanthophyll) and is uninucleate.
ronments. According to Hay and Mohler (1967)
oceanic oozes may contain 10,000,000,000,000 1) P.T. Caltex Pacific Indonesia, Rumbai
specimens per cc., and shallower marine sedi- * $Usually less than 30 microns
44

INTERNA

( A f t e r : PIENAAR ,1969)

The cell may be covered with coccoliths,
discoids or modified calcite platelets of charac-
teristic form and microstructure. Fossil remains
are represented most often by isolated cocco-
liths, less frequently by entire coccospheres.
Those studied thus far have a complex life
cycle, with one stage non-motile, either a pelagic
cyst of a benthic filament, o r packet of cells,
or palmella.
Calcareous nannoplankton is an important
part of the food chain in oceans, especially in
warm waters. It has been playing an important
role in formation of calcareous oceanic oozes
since the Jurassic,
Because of complications of more than one
type of coccoliths on a single cell, or at different
stages in the life cycle, etc, classification isin
a state of flux. Some workers have a very
complex classification, one for the isolated
coccoliths and another for those in which the
entire cell is known.
BIOSTRATIGRAPHY
As stated by Hay & Mohler ( 1967) calcareous
nannofossils have several peculiarities which
make them uniquely suitable for use as biostra-
tigraphic indicators. These include :
1. they are extremely abundant in many
samples;
2 . a large number of species haiie worldwide
dist nbu t ion ;
3. many groups have evolved very rapidly since
the Lower Jurassic.
Thus far studied nannofossils have not been
found in the Triassic or Paleozoic sediments,
although the oldest ones are found abundantly
in the Lower Jurassic. The oldest nannofossils
that have ever been found were recovered from
Lower Liassic (Jurassic) strata of Wurttemberg,
Germany.
From then o n this group of organism has been
flourishing through al1,geologic periods until the
present time.
Evidence of a great change in calcareous
nannoplankton communities has been recorded
between Maestrichtian and Danian (Bramlette,
& Martini, 1964). This change represenf pri-
marily a remarkable extinction of a large num-
ber of distinctive Cretaceous genera and species.
Supporting evidence on this h a s been found in
Europe. North America and North Africa.
The application of nannofossils t o solve
biostratigraphical problems has been emphasized
by Bramlette and Riedel (1954). Subsequent
studies by several authors have demonstrated
that nannofossils can be used successfully for
45
delimiting biostratigraphic zones, making age
determinations and establishing regional dS well
as intercontinental correlations.
In order t o be most useful for the zonation,
it is necessary t o define exactly the nature of
the zone proposed. In this respect most authors
follow the definition provided by t h e American
Commission o n Stratigraphic Nomenclature
(1961). As has been pointed out by Shaw
(1 9641, essent ially there are three kinds of
biostratigraphic zones:
1 . The Kange Zone, defined as the body of
strata comprising the total horizontal and ver
tical range of occurrence of a specified
taxon;
2. The Concurrent Range Zone, defined by the-
overlapping ranges of specified taxa;
3. The Assemblage Zone, defined as the body of
strata characterized by a certain assemblage
of fossils without regard t o their ranges.
A fourth type of zone, which is a combina-
tion between range and assemblage zones k
recognized b y Hay (in press, 197 1>.This zone is
designated as “partial range zont:.”. Reference is
made t o Text Figure No. 2 .
MESOZOIC NANNOFOSSILS
The oldest nannofossils were revealed and
reported from the Lower Lias (Jurassic) bf
Germany (Stradner, 1963). They consist of two
species, namely Schizosphaera punctulata De-
flandre and Parhabdolithus liasicus Deflandre.
Within the Jurassic strata Stradner has
further recognized four nannofossils associations,
e.g. :
1. Liasicus association. Characterized by S.punc-
tulata and P. liasicus.
2. Opacus association. Characterized by the firs$
appearance of Discolithus crassus Deflandre
and Coccolithus opacus Stradner (first COCCO-
lith with a double rim).
3. Decorus association. Characterized by the de-
velopment of some new forms, including
Rhabdolithus aff dekorus Deflandre ( a dou -
ble rimmed coccolith with trumpet-like apical
stem and central crossbars), Coccolithus bri -
tannicus Stradner (with a typical transversal
bridge), and Discolithus rugosas Noel (with
numerous pores).
4. Bigoti association. Dominated by double
rimmed coccoliths, including guide fossil
Stephandithion bigoti Deflandre which Itas
delicate hollow starshaped elements that easi-
ly break into parts resembling certain letters
of the alphabet, E‘s and U’s.
 46

BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC ZONES

RANGE
i
t-
I

CONCURRENT
RANGE

I* 4

Note: Vertical lines -indicate the range of a species

Horizontal lines - demark zone limits

TEXT FIGURE No.2


Due to poor preservation of nannoplankton
remains during the Middle and Upper Malm
(Middle Jurassic), no association have as yet
been revealed. However, the topmost zone of
the Jurassic is characterized b y “nannoconid~”,
the so-called Nannoconus steinmanni -or simply
Steinmanni association.
In Europe there is a missing link between
the ”Bigot?’ - and the ”Steinmanni” associa-
tions. This zone is probably, a t least in
part, correlative with Worsley’s Parhabdolithus
embergeri Zone of the Caribbean Sea. This
zone is defined as t h e interval between the
lowest occurrence of P.embergeri Noel and the
lowest occurrence of the Nsteinmanni Kamptner.
Within the Cretaceous System in Europe
seven calcareous nannofossil associations were
recognized by Stradner (1963). In North Ame-
rica, Hay & CFpek (1969) have recognized
twelve zones, ranging from the Cenomanian t o
the Maestrichtian.
In ascending order t h e seven associations
of Stradner are as follows:
1. Steinmanni association. Characterized by
the great abundance of Coccolithus pela-
gicus-Schiller and N.stainmanni Kamptner.
2. Globulus association. Dominated by nan-
noconid species having ”globate cones’:
such as N.bucheri.
3. Dauvillieri association. Characterized by
the abundance of highly developed
nannoconids, e.g. N. dauvillieri Deflandre.
4. Turriseiffeli association. Marked by the
first occurrence of Rhabdolithus turriseif-
feli Deflandre.
5. Staurophorus association. Dominated by
Zugrhablithus intercisus Def landre and
the related species Micula staurophora
Veks hina .
6. Cothicus association. Characterized by
the first c’lccurrence of Tetralithus go-
thicus Defiandre.
I. Cym bif or mis associa tion. Characterized
by t h e exceptionally large Arkhangels-
kiella cymbiformis Vekshina.
The twelve zones established by Hay and
Cepek (1969) in N. America were first
recognized in the Gulf Coast Area. This zona-
tion is cssentially a refinement of Stradner’s
last four associations, from the Cenomanian’s
” Turriseiffeli association” t o the Maestrichtian’s
”Cymbiformis association ”. Reference is made
t o Chart No. 1 .
It is noteworthy that the number of ge-
nera and species of calcareous nannoplankton
increased abruptly in the Upper Cretaceouq.
At the end of Maestrichtian the highly developed
nannoplankton group suddenly disappeared
41
and eventually was replaced b y a quite diffe-
rent group in the Danian. In terms of calcareous
nannoplankton t h e Mesozoic-Cenozoic bounda-
ry is very distinctive worldwide.
CENOZOICN A N N O P L A N K T O N ZONATION
The stratigraphic value of Cenozoic cal-
careous nannofossils are as good as that in
Mesozoic. Of majar significance is the evolu-
tionary trend of the discoasters which evol-
ved very rapidly during the Cenozoic era.
Bukry(1971) reported three major evolutiona-
ry changes of the discoasters, ranging from
massive and compact multi-rayed species in
the early Tertiary (Paleocene- Eo cene),
through fewer but relatively broad-rayed in
the Mid-Tertiary (Oligocene-Miocene) to
finally very narrow-rayed species which oc-
curred just before extinction in Late Pliocene
time.
The usehlness of calcareous nannofos-
sils for solving biostratigraphic problems of
the Tertiary strata have been tested succes-
fully during the drilling of the JOlDES Deep
Sea Drilling Project and also by many oil
companies operating in the Gulf Coast Area,
USA.
In recent years samples from continuous
sections including material from type lucali-
:ies of some Tertiary stages and deep sea
mres have b e m m e avdikabie. The rekdtively
easy accessibility of basic data has made many
workers t o be more actively engaged in the
study of calcareous nannoplankton, primarily
in an attempt t o try t o establish zonations.
Among the major contributions t o the
Cenoz oic Ca 1careo us N a nno p la n k t o n Zonation
are those of Bramlettc and Sullivan (1961 ),
Bramlette and Wilcoxon (19671, Brainlette
and Bukry(1969),Bukry (1971). Hay, Mohler
Roth? Schmidt and Boudreaux (1967), Bram-
lette and Riedel (1954). Roth (1970), Martini
(1955, !964, 1970), MarSini 3116 Worsley
(1970). etc.
Martini and Worsley (1 9 7 0 ) proposed a
Standard Nrogene Calcareous Nannoplankton
Zonation consisting of 21 zones. The zones
are numbered “-1 thfough NN --2 1, in
which the “ N N ” denotes ”Neugene Nanno-
plankton Zonation” Later Martini ( 1970) also
proposed a Standrlrd Paleogene Calcareous Nan-
noplankton Zocation. consisting of 75 zones
and numbered NP- 1 1hrough NP- 25. The
”NP” denotes ’ Paleogene N ~ ~ n ~ : i i p l a n k tZo-
on
nation”. References are ma& t t , Ch:ir:s Nos.
2 and 3.
 48

\
ZONATION
w
(3
a
I-
v)

CHART No.1
DISTRIBUTION OF SOME IMPORTANT SPECIES OF
CALCAREOUS NANNOPLANKTON IN THE U P P E R
CRETACEOUS (GULF COAST A R E A , U.S.A.)
(Modified after: CEPEK 8 HAY 1969)
 49

AGE
-
-
W
z
w
0
0
12
-I
0
-

W
z
w
0
0
W

-
w
2
w
0
Q
tl1
.J
c
a-
*_.

CHART No.2
STANUUHL ~ ~ CALCAREOUS
~ NANNOPLANKTON
E ~ ZONATION
~ ~ ~
I “-$Per : MAQTlNl 1970 1
50

AGE FORAM' CALCAREOUS NANNOPLANKTON ZONES

ZONES D
~NAD
T U~ M
cATORS
I
N 23 NN 211EMILIANIA HUXLEYI ZONE
w">- NN 2d GEPHYROCAPSA OCEANICA ZONE
FIRST E.HUXLEY1
5j%
3= N 22 6-d
PSEUDOEMILIA LACUNOSA
5
TLAST P LACUNOSA
-
LAST D.BROUWER1
N 21 NN 18 DISCOASTER BROUWERI ZONE
LAST D.PENTARADlATUS
Z
W Q
E NNI~-DISCOASTER
-____- PENTARADIAT-.
w
'
3 LAST DSURCULUS

w w . -_I_
DQUINQUERAMUS
Q
a NN I I DISCOASTER QUINQUERAMUS ZONE
FIRST D QUINQUERAMUS
2 3 N N 10 D -__
l S C O A s T T -
-N- L! LAST D.HAMATUS
w w N 9 DISCOASTER HAMATUS ZONE

0
-J
0
NN~CAT~NAS
--
TER
COALITUS
NN 7 DISCOASTER KUGLERI ZONE
ZONE
~

---_j
FIRST D HAMATUS
FIRST
--C COALITUS
-
c3 1

NN 6 DISCOASTER E X l L l S ZONE --
FIRST D.KUGLERI
O X -ZONE
N 9 NN 5 SPHENOLITHUS HETEROMORPHUS
LAST S.HETEROMORPHUS

- LA;. H,AMPLIAPERTA .
N 8 NN 4 HELICOPONTOSPHAERA AMPLIAPERTA ZONE LAST S.BELEMNOS
[L
-
= ; 0
NN 3 SPHENOLITHUS BELEMNOS ZONE
NN
-
2 DISCOASTER DRUGGI ZONE
LAST T.CARINATUS
J FIRST D. DRUGGI
N-j-NN I T j LAST H TRUNCATA
N 3 '
 51

I AG E (EUROPEAN STAGES^ COCCOLITH ZONE I s uB zo NE I

I RECENTI- _---_-_--------
EMILlANlA HUXLEYI I

-
ASTIAN, ---
9IACENZIAN

*
0
(3 IMlDD4 R U P E L I A N
I-------- -------
SPHE NO L ITHUS D IST E N T U S
SPHENOLITHUS PREDISTENTUS

z
&I I -
UPPER PRIABONIAN, ---
/B~RTONIAN
DtSCOASTER BARBADIENSIS

IMI~E~
LUTETIAN I RETICULOFENESTRA UMBlL I C A

CHART No.4
APPROXIMATE CORRELATION OF COCCOLITH ZONES
RECOGNIZED IN SEDIMENTS RECOVERED ON LEG 7
IN THE TROPICAL PACIFIC (GUAM-HAWAII )
( A f t e r : BUKRY ,1971)
 52
The zonal boundaries in these standard
zonations are defined by nannoplankton datum
planes, that is, first and/or last occurrence of aDeep Sea Drilling Project. In this regard
certain species. The Paleogene Neogene boun-
dary is by definition between the Chattian ( U p nations, biostratigraphic zonation, as well as
per Oligocene) and the Aquitanian (Lowermost
Miocene). This corresponds to the Globigeri.
noides datum in terms of the Standard Plankto-
nic Foraminifera1 Zonation. In this regard the
N-4 of Banner and Blow (1965) is correlative
with NN- 1 of Martini (1 970).
It is advantageous that these standard
nannoplankton zonations are based only on
species that can be identified by transmitted
light (polarized) with a normal petrographic
microscope. It would be extremely expensive
for the oil industry if the Transmission and/or
Scanning Electron Microscope (s) had to be
used for this purpose.
Recent studies have indicated that some
species show preference for nearshore environ-
ments (e.g. Zygrhablithus bijugatus), are con-
trolled by water temperature (e.g. Isthmolithus
recurvus which is rare or completely absent
in the tropical region), or show influence of
both (temperature and facies), e.g. Scyphos
phaera and some of the Sphenolithus and
Helicopontosphaera species.
At any rate, it can be said that the
proposed zonation will certainly cover most, if
not all, the marine environments in the Ter-
tiary strata. Since all the nannoplankton
species chosen as zonal marker can be ”easily”
recognized by a normal petrographic mi-
croscope with adequate magnification, about
1000 X, a very useful biostratigraphical tool for
accurate age determination is available.
NANNOPLANKTONOLOGY A N D T H E OIL
INDUSTRY
In less than two decades the calcareous
Snannoplankton has been widely used as stra-
tigraphical indicators and gained worldwide
reputation due to its high reliability. At preseht
the nannoplankton zonation of the Tertiary is
as good as the Standard Planktonic Foraminife-
rai Zonation.
The study of calcareous nannoplankton,
live or fossil, or simply called nannoplankto-
nology has entered the oil industry in the last
fewyears. ?he first recognition of the usefulness
of calcareous nannofossils as new biostratigra-
phic tool by the oil industry has come from
the oil companies operating in the Gulf Coast 2.
Area. Since then(ca.1965) they have been using
these fossils extensively in addition and com-
plementary to the foraminifera.
Another extensive use of the nannofos-
sils has been contemplated by the JOIDES
nannofossils have been used for age determi-
intercontinental correlations. In the attached
Chart No. 4, an example of Calcareous Nan-
noplankton Zonation used by the JOIDES
Leg 7,,from Hawaii t o Guam (which is closest
to Indonesia) is fhown.
D u e t o its simple forms, usually large
and easily recognizable, the discpaster group
is the one that has been used extensively for
the zonation. As has been mentioned earlier,
this group of nannofossils has evolved ra-
pidly during the Cenozoic (Bukry, 1971).
As a mattel of fact, most of the Mid-and Late
Tertiary zones are based on the discoasters.
The success of calcareous nannofossils
as ”new” biostratigraphical tool in the
JOIDES Project and the Gulf Coast Area, ,
aroused the interest of the oil industry. At
present, most of the major oil companies ,
research consultants, and academic institutions
have provided themselves with up-to-date labo-
ratory equipment and personnel to conduct
the nannoplankton study. Many of them
have even purchased more sophisticated
instruments, such as Scanning and Transmission
Electron Microscopes.
A question may arise, why in such a
rhtively short time have the nannofossils
gained such an international reputation,
biostratigraphically? The answer is short and
simple: because they deserve it. Why?
1. Firstly, calcareous nannoplankton, like
the planktonic foraminifera, have all
the ”ingredients” of being excellent
biostratigraphic indicators. In addition
to their biostratigraphic importance, this
group of fossils offers the following ad-
vantages:
a. many species have very short ranges;
b. most of them have wide geographic
distributions;
c. usually they are extremely abundant
in many samples;
d. ease of preparation for microscopic
examination;
e. ease of generic and specific identifi-
cation.
Secondly, the shidy of calcareous nan-
noplankton is not as expensive complica-
ted, and sophisticated as that of spore
and pollen, Althongh it is not as simple

and inexpensive as the formanifera either.
These two factors are most interesting
economic paleontology. However, on ac-
count of their ultra-micro sizes, it is
necessary at least t o have high quality
optical equipment (polarized petrogra-
phic microscope preferably with camera
attachment) to study these fossils.
The capital investment is reasonably in-
expensive for the oil industry; mainte-
nance and operating costs are similar
t o those required for the study of forami
nifera.
Thirdly, and probably the most important
reason is that occasionally the economi-
3.
cally important strata contain few, poor
o r are completely barren of foraminifera
or other fossils. In such cases the best
alternative appears t o be using nanno-
plankton. Experience has indicated that
even in samples virtually barren of fora -
minifera, the chance of finding nanno-
fossils is good, provided that the strata are
of marine origin.
Based on the above discussion i t is believed
that the usefulness of calcareous nannofossils as
biostraphic indicators has been well proven.
Therefore, their practical application in the oil
industry will be undoubtedly very promising
and encouraging.
NANNOPLANKTON I N INDONESIA
Stratigraphically, the Indonesian Archipe-
lago is for the greater part built u p of sedimen-
tary rocks of t h e Cenozoic age. The distributi-
on of Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata is limited
t o a number of locations scattered throughout
t h e country. Most of the Cenozoic sediments
are of marine origin and are predominantly,
shale, clayshale and fine grained sandstone. All
these types of lithology are favorable for the
occurrence of calcareous nannoplankton.
Prior t o World War 11, the most common-
ly used stratigraphic method of correlation
and age determination was Van der Vlerk‘s
“Letter Classification” based on larger fora-
minifera. In recent years the emphasis of
foraminiferal study in t h e field of economic
paleontology has changed from “Larger” t o
“small” (4 - l 5 0 / 5 0 0 microns) and “micro”
(@- 50/150 microns) foraminifera.
By t h e late fifties the first priority on
foraminiferal study was put on planktonic
53
foraminifera. Because they are found in open
sea environments, planktonic foraminifera
have very wide lateral distribution. This is very
useful for zonations and intercontinental
correlations. In 1957 Bolli published his
famous and classical planktonic foraminiferal
zonation of the Mid-Tertiary strata of Tri-
nidad, West Indies. Many workers have made
elaborate studics from many parts of t h e
world that are In essence supporting the
zonation prgposed by Bolli. Eventually, in
1968 Banner and Blow established a Standard
Planktonic Foraminifera1 Zonation, using
numerical classification. The Paleogene zones
were numbered P - 1 thru P - 22 in which the
“P” denotes the Paleogene Planktonic Fora-
miniferal Zone, and the Neogene numbered
N - 1 thru N - 23, in which “ N ” indicates the
Neogene Planktonic Foraminifera1 Zone.
The practical application of the planktonic
foraminiferal zonation for the Cenozoic is
academically not very well known. in Indone-
sia. Only very few papers dealing with this
subject have been published. Several oil com-
panies have been actively engaged in this study
and are using local zonation for their respective
operations, but results are unpublished.
In recent years nannoplanktonology ha5
emerged conspicuously all over the world as
new and very reliable biostratigraphic indica-
tors. For Indonesia this study is also consider-
ed as “ n e w ” if the pioneering studies by Tan
Sin Hok in the late twenties were overlooked,
Tan in 1927 -- 193 1 published several papers
on the “discoasters”. In fact he is considered
as the first worker who ever really made a
taxonomic study of the discoasters. Un-
fortunately, he was t o o early for his time.
Nobody ever paid enough attention to what
he did, until 1954 when Bramlette and Riedel
published their classical paper entitled “Stri-
tigraphic value of Discoasters and some
other microfossils related t o Recent Cocc,o-
lithophorids”. Only then the world woke up
and the study of what is now called calcareous
nannoplankton has been rejuvenated.
Several years ago in Central Sumatra the
calcareous nannoplankton study was “resum-
ed”, considering that it had been started by
Tan Sin Hok in 1927. The problem was that
the economically important Lower Miocene
strata were proven t o be poor in foraminiferal
content and occasionally devoid of any other
fossils. Calcareous nannoplanktcn studies have
indicated that some nannofossils were found
in those virtually barren samples rhis gave
54
spark of optimism to further use the calcareous
nannoplankton as a new biostratigraphical
tool, in terms that it is used in addition and
complementary to the foraminifera. Reference
is made to the attached Idealized Stratigraphic
Column, Central Sumatra (Modified after
Hamilton and Holliss, 197 I), Text Figure No. 3.
Hopefully, the study of calcareous nanno-
plankton will be canied out by many others,
both in the industrial as well as in academic
circles, so that eventually a “standard” cal-
careous nannoplankton zonation for the
Tertiary of Indonesia can be established. If
this can be realized it will certainly be a sub-
stantial contribution to the stratigraphic
studies in Indonesia.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Calcareous nannoplankton is a very
useful new stratigraphical tool, which
will be of substantial importance for
the oil industry in addition and com-
plementary to the planktonic foramini-
fera.
2. If studied thoroughly the prospective
results are very bright and most en-
couraging for both the industrial and
academic world.
3. Establishing a standard calcareous nanno-
plankton zonation for the Cenezoic in
Indonesia is quite possible, provided
that enough studies by both the industri-
al and academic institutions can be done.
4. The results obtained thus far in Central
Sumatra should be an incentive t o
conduct nannoplankton studies else-
where in Indonesia.
5. The calcareous nannoplankton zonation
may be in the future become one of the
most important stratigraphic classificati-
on methods for Indonesia.
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 I D E A L I Z E D STRATIGRAPHIC COLUMN

CENTRAL SUMATRA
Modified after : N.W. H a m i l t o n & D. I. H o l l i s s (1971)

AGE ILITH.( DESCRIPTK FORAM. RANG JANNO.RANC REMARKS

Red 8.varicolo ? e l a t h e obundance:
R - Rare
..... C - Common
A - Abundant
Blue to gro
clay,clay sbat
Some thin ss @ Gas show

R
R
I I

I-=I
--

I
Middle Miocene

--
orom.8. nonno.ronges con-
-- Iurrent B comdementarv

I Jonno.ranges,solely time
narker.

0 Oil showloil

Scale ;Diogrammotic
TEXT FIGURE N o . 3
56
Caribbean-Antillean Area and Transoceanic
Correlation.
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HAY, W.W. & CEPEK, P, 1969, Nannofouils,
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***
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I ,
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