The Four Archangels

ȱ
TheȱFourȱ(orȱSeven)ȱArchangelsȱȱ
inȱtheȱFirstȱBookȱofȱEnochȱandȱEarlyȱJewishȱ
WritingsȱofȱtheȱSecondȱTempleȱPeriodȱ
ȱ
CHRISTOPHȱBERNER,ȱGÖTTINGENȱ
1.ȱIntroductionȱandȱTerminologyȱ
Althoughȱ theȱ monotheisticȱ creedȱ becameȱ theȱ fundamentalȱ basisȱ ofȱ

EarlyȱJudaism,ȱstructuresȱofȱpolytheisticȱthinkingȱcontinuedȱtoȱexistȱinȱaȱ
modifiedȱ way.ȱ Theȱ commonȱ Ancientȱ Nearȱ Easternȱ ideaȱ ofȱ aȱ heavenlyȱ
court,ȱ whereȱ theȱ supremeȱ deityȱ presidesȱ overȱ theȱ assemblyȱ ofȱ minorȱ
deities,ȱlivedȱonȱinȱtheȱconceptȱofȱanȱangelicȱworldȱpopulatedȱbyȱdifferȬ
entȱclassesȱofȱheavenlyȱbeingsȱeachȱfulfillingȱaȱspecificȱfunction.ȱBesidesȱ
theȱangelsȱofȱpresence,ȱwhoȱstandȱaroundȱtheȱdivineȱthroneȱinȱconstantȱ
praiseȱofȱtheȱLord,ȱthereȱareȱalsoȱangelsȱthatȱinterfereȱwithȱtheȱhumanȱ
world,ȱe.g.ȱbyȱbeingȱresponsibleȱforȱcertainȱnaturalȱphenomenaȱ(cf.ȱJubȱ
2:2).ȱ However,ȱ speculationsȱ onȱ theȱ sphereȱ ofȱ theȱ angelsȱ didȱ notȱ onlyȱ
dealȱwithȱitsȱdifferentiation,ȱbutȱfocusedȱalsoȱonȱdefiningȱaȱhierarchy.ȱItȱ
isȱ inȱ thisȱ contextȱ thatȱ theȱ conceptȱ ofȱ aȱ groupȱ ofȱ supremeȱ angelsȱ wasȱ
shaped,ȱwhoȱareȱnowȱuniversallyȱknownȱasȱarchangels.ȱ
Itȱshould,ȱhowever,ȱbeȱnotedȱthatȱtheȱtermȱ‘archangel’ȱisȱsomewhatȱ
anachronisticȱ whenȱ weȱ areȱ dealingȱ withȱ theȱ earlyȱ stagesȱ ofȱ thisȱ idea.ȱ
TheȱGreekȱtermȱavrca,ggelojȱ(“rulingȱangel”)ȱfromȱwhichȱitȱderivesȱdoesȱ
notȱoccurȱinȱtheȱSeptuagintȱandȱlacksȱaȱHebrewȱorȱAramaicȱequivalent.ȱ
WhileȱtheȱFirstȱBookȱofȱEnochȱmayȱhaveȱoriginallyȱusedȱtheȱexpressionȱ
ʯʩʹʩʣʷʥ ʯʩʸʩʲȱ(“watchersȱandȱholyȱones”),1ȱtheȱBookȱofȱDaniel,ȱtheȱonlyȱ
textȱinȱtheȱOTȱthatȱmentionsȱsupremeȱangelsȱbyȱname,ȱrefersȱtoȱthemȱasȱ
“prince”ȱ(ʸʹ)ȱorȱcountsȱthemȱamongȱtheȱ“chiefȱprinces”ȱ(ʭʩʬʣʢʤ ʭʩʸʹʤ).2ȱ
Inȱrenderingȱtheȱlatterȱphraseȱasȱoi` a;rcontoi oi` prw,toi,ȱtheȱSeptuagintȱisȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
1ȱȱ Seeȱbelow.ȱȱ
2ȱȱ Cf.ȱ Danȱ 10:13,ȱ 21;ȱ 12:1.ȱ Aȱ similarȱ terminologyȱ isȱ usedȱ inȱ theȱ Songsȱ ofȱ theȱ Sabbathȱ
Sacrifice,ȱwhichȱ speakȱofȱ ʹʥʸ ʩʠʩʹʰȱ(cf.ȱ4Q403ȱandȱ4Q405).ȱForȱanȱoverviewȱonȱtheȱ
variousȱHebrewȱandȱAramaicȱdesignationsȱofȱangelicȱbeings,ȱseeȱDavidson,ȱAngelsȱ
327Ȭ342.ȱ
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396ȱ ChristophȱBernerȱ
atȱleastȱreminiscentȱofȱtheȱlaterȱterminology,ȱasȱisȱtheȱcaseȱinȱJoshȱ5:14ȱ
whereȱ theȱ “commanderȱ ofȱ theȱ armyȱ ofȱ theȱ Lord”ȱ (ʤʥʤʩ ʠʡʶ ʸʹ)ȱ wasȱ
translatedȱasȱavrcistrathgo,j.3ȱ
Still,ȱ theȱ termȱ avrca,ggeloj,ȱ althoughȱ hereȱ mayȱ lieȱ partȱ ofȱ itsȱ origin,ȱ
hasȱfoundȱnoȱwayȱintoȱtheȱGreekȱtranslationsȱofȱtheȱOT.ȱAsȱaȱdesignaȬ
tionȱ ofȱ theȱ angelicȱ princes,ȱ itȱ seemsȱ toȱ haveȱ becomeȱ popularȱ onlyȱ
aroundȱ theȱ turnȱ ofȱ theȱ era.4ȱ Nonetheless,ȱ theȱ customaryȱ termȱ ‘archanȬ
gel’ȱremainsȱappropriateȱevenȱwithȱregardȱtoȱtheȱearlierȱtexts,ȱinsofarȱasȱ
itȱ preciselyȱ expressesȱ theȱ ideaȱ ofȱ aȱ groupȱ ofȱ supremeȱ angels.ȱ Inȱ thisȱ
senseȱitȱwillȱbeȱusedȱinȱtheȱfollowingȱarticle.ȱ
Inȱdealingȱwithȱtheȱearlyȱstagesȱinȱtheȱdevelopmentȱofȱtheȱconceptȱ
ofȱarchangels,ȱIȱwillȱprimarilyȱfocusȱonȱtheȱFirstȱBookȱofȱEnochȱwhichȱ
containsȱtheȱoldestȱrelevantȱtexts.ȱOnȱthisȱbasis,ȱotherȱJewishȱtextsȱfromȱ
SecondȱTempleȱtimesȱwillȱbeȱtreated.ȱIȱwillȱfirstȱexamineȱthoseȱpassagesȱ
ofȱ1Enȱthatȱdealȱwithȱtheȱnumberȱofȱarchangels,ȱandȱinȱaȱsecondȱstepȱtryȱ
toȱsketchȱtheȱprofilesȱandȱtasksȱofȱtheirȱindividualȱrepresentatives.ȱAsȱaȱ
result,ȱonlyȱtheȱ“good”ȱangelicȱprincesȱmentionedȱinȱtheȱrespectiveȱlistsȱ
ofȱ archangelsȱ willȱ beȱ subjectȱ toȱ thisȱ article.ȱ Theirȱ evilȱ opponentsȱ areȱ
dealtȱwithȱelsewhereȱinȱthisȱvolume;ȱcf.ȱDochhorn,ȱMotifȱ(inȱthisȱvolume).ȱ
2.ȱEarlyȱListsȱofȱArchangelsȱ
Asȱ earlyȱasȱ theȱ Bookȱ ofȱWatchersȱ (1Enȱ 6Ȭ36),ȱ datingȱ inȱitsȱ oldestȱ partsȱ
fromȱtheȱfourthȱcenturyȱBCE,ȱthereȱareȱlistsȱthatȱenumerateȱeitherȱfourȱ
(1Enȱ 9:1)ȱ orȱ sevenȱ archangelsȱ (1Enȱ 20:1Ȭ8).5ȱ Althoughȱ divergingȱ inȱ theȱ
overallȱnumberȱandȱinȱtheȱnamesȱofȱtheȱarchangels,ȱbothȱversionsȱshareȱ
oneȱfundamentalȱsimilarityȱinȱincludingȱMichael,ȱGabrielȱandȱRaphaelȱ
amongȱ theȱ angelsȱ listed.ȱ Theseȱ threeȱ didȱ notȱ onlyȱ becomeȱ theȱ mostȱ
prominentȱarchangelsȱinȱreceptionȱhistory,ȱtheyȱalsoȱmustȱhaveȱalreadyȱ
3ȱȱ Cf.ȱ alsoȱ Theodotion’sȱ renderingȱ ofȱ theȱ Hebrewȱ ʬʥʣʢʤ ʸʹʤȱ inȱ Danȱ 12:1ȱ (o` a;rcwn o`
me,gaj).ȱ
4ȱȱ Possiblyȱtheȱoldestȱattestationȱofȱtheȱtermȱ avrca,ggelojȱisȱfoundȱinȱtheȱGreekȱtranslaȬ
tionȱ ofȱ 1Enȱ (20:8),ȱ whichȱ may,ȱ atȱ itsȱ earliest,ȱ dateȱ fromȱ theȱ firstȱ centuryȱ BCE;ȱ cf.ȱ
Nickelsburg,ȱ1ȱEnochȱ1ȱ14.ȱTheȱtermȱisȱfurthermoreȱattestedȱinȱwritingsȱofȱtheȱearlyȱ
Christianȱperiodȱ(4ȱEzraȱ4:36;ȱ1Thessȱ4:16;ȱJudeȱ9).ȱȱ
5ȱȱ WhileȱtheȱEthiopicȱtranslationȱofȱ1Enȱ20:1ȱrefersȱtoȱthemȱasȱtoȱtheȱ“holyȱangelsȱwhoȱ
watch,”ȱ theȱ Greekȱ textȱ readsȱ a;ggeloi tw/n duna,mewn (“angelsȱ ofȱ theȱ powers”).ȱ AlȬ
thoughȱtheȱoriginalȱAramaicȱversionȱofȱtheȱverseȱisȱnotȱattestedȱbyȱanyȱofȱtheȱQumȬ
ranȱfragments,ȱitȱisȱlikelyȱthatȱitȱreferredȱtoȱ ʯʩʹʩʣʷʥ ʯʩʸʩʲȱ(“watchersȱandȱholyȱones”;ȱ
cf.ȱDanȱ4:10,ȱ14,ȱ20).ȱExamplesȱofȱaȱsimilarȱtranslationȱareȱ1Enȱ1:2ȱ(cf.ȱ4QEnaȱFr.ȱ1ȱIȱ3)ȱ
andȱ93:2ȱ(cf.ȱ4QEngȱFr.ȱ1ȱIIIȱ21).ȱOnȱtheȱsubjectȱofȱterminology,ȱseeȱalsoȱNickelsburg,ȱ
1ȱEnochȱ1ȱ140Ȭ141.ȱ

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ȱ TheȱFourȱ(orȱSeven)ȱArchangelsȱ 397ȱ
claimedȱaȱsimilarȱstatusȱinȱEarlyȱJudaism.ȱHowever,ȱwhenȱweȱturnȱtoȬ
wardsȱ theȱ remainingȱ angelsȱ thatȱ areȱ mentionedȱ inȱ theȱ respectiveȱ listsȱ
theȱpictureȱchangesȱcompletely.ȱSuddenlyȱtheȱsourcesȱofferȱaȱdiversityȱ
ofȱ names,ȱ whichȱ bearsȱ witnessȱ toȱ anȱ ongoingȱ debateȱ concerningȱ theȱ
questionȱofȱwhoȱelseȱwasȱtoȱbeȱcountedȱamongȱtheȱarchangels.ȱ
Thisȱ debateȱ isȱ vividlyȱ reflectedȱ byȱ theȱ differentȱ literaryȱ partsȱ andȱ
translationsȱ ofȱ 1Enȱ Theȱ originalȱ Aramaicȱ versionȱ ofȱ 1Enȱ 9:1ȱ includesȱ
Sarielȱamongȱtheȱfourȱarchangels,ȱthusȱmentioningȱ ʬʠʴʸʥ ʬ]ʠʩʸʹʥ ʬʠʫʩʮ
ʬʠ]ʩʸʡ[ʢʥȱ(4QEnbȱFr.ȱ1ȱIIIȱ7).6ȱTheȱsameȱfourȱnamesȱareȱalsoȱattestedȱinȱ
theȱ Warȱ Scrollȱ (1QMȱ IXȱ 15Ȭ16).ȱ However,ȱ inȱ theȱ Greekȱ translationȱ ofȱ
1Enȱ9:1ȱSarielȱisȱnoȱlongerȱmentioned,ȱbutȱhasȱbeenȱreplacedȱwithȱUrielȱ
(cf.ȱ 10:1).ȱ Althoughȱ aȱ scribalȱ errorȱ mightȱ haveȱ causedȱ theȱ change,7ȱ itȱ
shouldȱ notȱ beȱ overlookedȱ that,ȱ withȱ regardȱ toȱ theȱ prominentȱ roleȱ ofȱ
Urielȱinȱ1Enȱ19Ȭ21;ȱ72Ȭ82ȱ(seeȱbelow),ȱanȱintentionalȱalterationȱcannotȱbeȱ
excluded.8ȱStillȱanotherȱnameȱcompletesȱtheȱlistȱofȱtheȱfourȱarchangelsȱ
inȱtheȱlatestȱpartȱofȱ1ȱEnoch,ȱtheȱsoȬcalledȱBookȱofȱParablesȱ(chs.ȱ37Ȭ71).9ȱ
Here,ȱanȱangelȱwithȱtheȱnameȱPhanuelȱappearsȱinsteadȱofȱSarielȱ/ȱUrielȱ
(1Enȱ40:8Ȭ9;ȱ53:6;ȱ70:11,ȱ16).10ȱȱ
Byȱ identifyingȱ theȱ fourȱ archangelsȱ withȱ theȱ fourȱ heavenlyȱ beingsȱ
knownȱfromȱEzekiel’sȱinauguralȱvision,ȱ1Enȱ40:9ȱpointsȱtoȱEzekȱ1ȱasȱtoȱ
theȱpossibleȱbiblicalȱbackgroundȱofȱtheȱconceptȱofȱfourȱsupremeȱangelicȱ
princes.11ȱTheȱbasicȱideaȱbehindȱtheȱfourȱbeingsȱofȱEzekȱ1ȱisȱthatȱeachȱofȱ
themȱcorrespondsȱtoȱoneȱofȱtheȱfourȱdirectionsȱresp.ȱtheȱfourȱquartersȱofȱ
theȱ worldȱ whichȱ illustrateȱ theȱ spatialȱ dimensionȱ ofȱ God’sȱ masteryȱ ofȱ
theȱuniverse.ȱThisȱidea,ȱwhichȱisȱalsoȱattestedȱelsewhereȱinȱtheȱOTȱ(cf.ȱ
e.g.ȱ Isaȱ 11:12;ȱ Ezekȱ 37:9),ȱ hasȱ toȱ beȱ seenȱ againstȱ theȱ backgroundȱ ofȱ aȱ
6ȱȱ Cf.ȱ 4QEnaȱ Fr.ȱ 1ȱ IVȱ 6:ȱ [ ʬʠ]ʩʸʡʢʥ ʬʠʴʸ[ʥ ʬʠʩʸʹʥ] ʬʠʫʩʮ.ȱ Theȱ reconstructionsȱ ofȱ theȱ
fragmentsȱareȱbasedȱonȱMilik,ȱBooks.ȱ
7ȱȱ Nickelsburg,ȱ 1ȱ Enochȱ 1ȱ 202,ȱ suggestsȱ thatȱ theȱ changeȱ resultsȱ fromȱ theȱ confusionȱ ofȱ
initialȱomicronȱwithȱinitialȱsigma.ȱȱ
8ȱȱ Urielȱ isȱ alsoȱ mentionedȱ asȱ theȱ fourthȱ archangelȱ inȱ Apocȱ Mosȱ 40:1ȱ andȱ Sibȱ Orȱ2:215ȱ
(manuscriptȱ familyȱ Y;ȱ cf.ȱ Geffcken,ȱ Oraculaȱ 38).ȱ See,ȱ however,ȱ Dochhorn,ȱ ApokaȬ
lypseȱ524,ȱwhoȱarguesȱthat,ȱonȱtheȱbasisȱofȱtheȱvariantȱmanuscriptȱreadings,ȱoneȱhasȱ
toȱassumeȱthatȱApocȱMosȱ40:1ȱoriginallyȱonlyȱmentionedȱthreeȱarchangelsȱ(Michael,ȱ
GabrielȱandȱUriel).ȱȱ
9ȱȱ ThatȱtheȱBookȱofȱParablesȱisȱtheȱlatestȱpartȱofȱ1Enȱisȱshownȱbyȱtheȱfactȱthatȱitȱisȱnotȱ
attestedȱinȱtheȱAramaicȱfragmentsȱthatȱwereȱfoundȱatȱQumran.ȱOnȱtheȱcomplicatedȱ
questionsȱconcerningȱitsȱoriginsȱandȱliteraryȱdevelopment,ȱseeȱBlack,ȱBookȱ181Ȭ193.ȱ
10ȱȱ Onȱtheȱchangingȱidentityȱofȱtheȱfourthȱarchangel,ȱseeȱBlack,ȱBookȱ201;ȱMilik,ȱBooksȱ
172Ȭ173;ȱYadin,ȱScrollȱ238.ȱ
11ȱȱ Cf.ȱBoussetȱ/ȱGressmann,ȱReligionȱ326;ȱNickelsburg,ȱ1ȱEnochȱ1ȱ207.ȱAȱsimilarȱconnecȬ
tionȱbetweenȱtheȱfourȱarchangelsȱandȱtheȱbeingsȱatȱtheȱfourȱsidesȱofȱGod’sȱthroneȱisȱ
alsoȱ drawnȱ inȱ Rabbinicȱ writingsȱ (Num.ȱ Rab.ȱ 2:10;ȱ Pesiq.ȱ Rab.ȱ 46:3;ȱ Pirqeȱ R.ȱ El.ȱ 4),ȱ
withȱtheȱsoleȱexceptionȱthatȱitȱisȱagainȱUrielȱandȱnotȱPhanuelȱwhoȱisȱincludedȱinȱtheȱ
lists.ȱ

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“complexȱ Babylonianȱ systemȱ ofȱ astralȱ andȱ cosmicȱ symbolism”12ȱ fromȱ

whichȱitȱderives.ȱAlthoughȱoneȱcanȱnotȱbeȱsure,ȱwhetherȱtheȱtraditionȱofȱ
fourȱ archangelsȱ isȱ inȱ factȱ dependentȱ uponȱ theȱ textȱ ofȱ Ezekȱ 1,ȱ itȱ seemsȱ
neverthelessȱlikelyȱtoȱconcludeȱthatȱitȱsharesȱtheȱsameȱBabylonianȱheriȬ
tage,ȱalthoughȱitȱisȱnoȱlongerȱfocusedȱonȱcosmologicalȱorȱastronomicalȱ
questions,ȱbutȱratherȱinterestedȱinȱangelicȱhierarchy.ȱȱ
TheȱtraditionȱofȱsevenȱarchangelsȱfindsȱaȱbiblicalȱparallelȱinȱEzekȱ9.ȱ
Here,ȱ theȱ visionaryȱ beholdsȱ sixȱ menȱ withȱ deadlyȱ weaponsȱ inȱ theirȱ
handsȱwhoȱareȱaccompaniedȱbyȱaȱfurther,ȱdifferentȱfigureȱwithȱaȱwritȬ
ingȱ caseȱ (9:2).ȱ Dueȱ toȱ thisȱ particularȱ descriptionȱ ofȱ theȱ sevenȱ men,ȱ
HermannȱGunkelȱhasȱsuggestedȱthatȱtheȱrespectiveȱpassageȱisȱdependȬ
entȱonȱaȱBabylonianȱtraditionȱthatȱcountsȱsevenȱsupremeȱdeities,ȱoneȱofȱ
whomȱisȱtheȱgodȱofȱwritingȱNabu.13ȱTheȱparallelȱis,ȱindeed,ȱconspicuousȱ
andȱ couldȱ thusȱ pointȱ toȱ theȱ backgroundȱ ofȱ Ezekȱ 9.ȱ Consequently,ȱ theȱ
conceptȱofȱsevenȱarchangelsȱmightȱhaveȱbeenȱonlyȱoneȱfurtherȱstepȱonȱ
theȱsameȱlineȱofȱdevelopment.ȱOneȱshould,ȱhowever,ȱnotȱoverlookȱtheȱ
possibilityȱ ofȱ aȱ differentȱ background:ȱ Babylonianȱ listsȱ ofȱ sevenȱ deȬ
mons14ȱ asȱ wellȱ asȱ theȱ Persianȱ doctrineȱ ofȱ theȱ Heptad,ȱ consistingȱ ofȱ
AhuraȱMazd¬ȱandȱtheȱsixȱAmˬšasȱSpˬntas,15ȱshowȱthatȱgroupsȱofȱsevenȱ
supernaturalȱbeingsȱwereȱquiteȱaȱfrequentȱphenomenon.ȱHowȱtheȱconȬ
ceptȱ ofȱ sevenȱ archangelsȱ preciselyȱ evolvedȱ thereforeȱ remainsȱ anȱ openȱ
question.ȱȱ
Notwithstandingȱ theȱ earlyȱ precursorsȱ ofȱ theȱ traditionȱ ofȱ sevenȱ
archangels,ȱ theȱ earliestȱ extantȱ listȱ thatȱcontainsȱ theirȱ namesȱ isȱ onlyȱ atȬ
testedȱ inȱ 1Enȱ 20.ȱ Theȱ chapterȱ providesȱ theȱ namesȱ ofȱ theȱ angelsȱ thatȱ
accompanyȱEnochȱonȱhisȱeastwardȱjourneyȱwhichȱisȱreportedȱinȱ1Enȱ21Ȭ
36.ȱ Itȱ mentionsȱ Uriel,ȱ Raphael,ȱ Raguel,ȱ Michael,ȱ Sariel,ȱ Gabrielȱ andȱ
Remiel.ȱYet,ȱitȱisȱstrikingȱthatȱRemiel,ȱtheȱonlyȱoneȱwhoȱdoesȱnotȱreapȬ
pearȱ duringȱ Enoch’sȱ journey,ȱ isȱ alsoȱ textuallyȱ dubious:ȱ theȱ respectiveȱ
verse,ȱ 1Enȱ 20:8,ȱ isȱ altogetherȱ missingȱ inȱ theȱ Ethiopicȱ traditionȱ andȱ isȱ
onlyȱattestedȱinȱtheȱduplicateȱsectionȱofȱtheȱGreekȱGizehȱPapyrus.16ȱȱ
Theȱ factȱ thatȱ theȱ overallȱ numberȱ ofȱ sevenȱ archangelsȱ isȱ firstȱ menȬ
tionedȱasȱtheȱconcludingȱstatementȱofȱ1Enȱ20:8ȱmakesȱitȱappearȱpossibleȱ
thatȱtheȱlistȱoriginallyȱonlyȱcontainedȱtheȱnamesȱofȱtheȱsixȱangelicȱproȬ
tagonistsȱ ofȱ theȱ followingȱ narrative.ȱ Theȱ reasonȱ forȱ itsȱ secondaryȱ exȬ
pansionȱmightȱthenȱbeȱfoundȱinȱtheȱattemptȱtoȱadjustȱtheȱpassageȱtoȱtheȱ
12ȱȱ Uehlingerȱ/ȱMüllerȱTrufaut,ȱEzekielȱ1ȱ163.ȱ
13ȱȱ Cf.ȱGunkel,ȱSchreiberengelȱ294Ȭ300.ȱ
14ȱȱ Cf.ȱEbeling,ȱDämonenȱ107Ȭ108.ȱ
15ȱȱ Cf.ȱBoyce,ȱAmˬšaȱSpˬntaȱ933Ȭ936.ȱAȱPersianȱbackgroundȱofȱtheȱsevenȱarchangelsȱhasȱ
alreadyȱbeenȱproposedȱbyȱKohut,ȱAngelologie.ȱ
16ȱȱ Cf.ȱBlack,ȱApocalypsisȱ32.ȱȱ

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alreadyȱ existingȱ traditionȱ ofȱ sevenȱ archangels.17ȱ Alternatively,ȱ oneȱ

couldȱ followȱ Nickelsburgȱ inȱ assumingȱ thatȱ 1Enȱ 81:1Ȭ4ȱ wasȱ originallyȱ
partȱofȱtheȱnarrativeȱinȱ1Enȱ20Ȭ36,ȱandȱthatȱtheȱnamelessȱangelȱholdingȱ
theȱheavenlyȱtabletsȱinȱ81:1ȱisȱnoȱotherȱthanȱRemiel.18ȱȱ
Evenȱ ifȱ oneȱ followsȱ Nickelsburgȱ andȱ assumesȱ thatȱ theȱ listȱ ofȱ theȱ
sevenȱarchangelsȱinȱ1Enȱ20ȱisȱoriginal,ȱitȱwouldȱstillȱbelongȱtoȱaȱliteraryȱ
stratumȱofȱ1Enȱthatȱisȱyoungerȱthanȱtheȱnarrativeȱaboutȱtheȱrebellionȱofȱ
theȱ watchersȱ (1Enȱ 6Ȭ16).19ȱ Theȱ passagesȱ inȱ 1Enȱ 9Ȭ10ȱ thatȱ mentionȱ onlyȱ
fourȱarchangelsȱmayȱthereforeȱclaimȱliteraryȱpriority.ȱThisȱobservationȱ
does,ȱ ofȱ course,ȱ notȱ allowȱ theȱ conclusionȱ thatȱ theȱ conceptȱ ofȱ sevenȱ
archangelsȱ isȱ aȱ laterȱ development,ȱ becauseȱ bothȱ conceptsȱ evidentlyȱ
drawȱ onȱ earlierȱ traditionsȱ andȱ wereȱ notȱ inventedȱ byȱ theȱ authorsȱ ofȱ 1ȱ
Enoch.ȱFurthermore,ȱitȱmustȱnotȱbeȱoverlookedȱthatȱtheȱrespectiveȱlistsȱ
appearȱinȱdistinctȱcontexts:ȱtheȱfourȱarchangelsȱareȱpartȱofȱtheȱwatcherȱ
myth,ȱwhileȱtheȱsevenȱarchangelsȱareȱconnectedȱwithȱEnoch’sȱheavenlyȱ
journeyȱ(1Enȱ20Ȭ36).ȱȱ
Thisȱ lastȱ observationȱ isȱ underscoredȱ byȱ theȱ Animalȱ Apocalypseȱ
(1Enȱ 85Ȭ90),ȱ aȱ textȱ thatȱ datesȱ mostȱ likelyȱ fromȱ theȱ timeȱ ofȱ theȱ MaccaȬ
beanȱ Revolt.20ȱ Followingȱ theȱ accountȱ inȱ theȱ Bookȱ ofȱ Watchers,ȱ 1Enȱ 88ȱ
describesȱtheȱbindingȱofȱtheȱfallenȱwatchersȱandȱtheȱdestructionȱofȱtheirȱ
breedȱ asȱ theȱ workȱ ofȱ fourȱ archangelsȱ (cf.ȱ 1Enȱ 10).ȱ Inȱ theȱ precedingȱ
chapter,ȱtheyȱareȱaccompaniedȱbyȱthreeȱadditionalȱarchangelsȱwhoȱliftȱ
Enochȱontoȱaȱhighȱplaceȱfromȱwhereȱheȱcanȱwatchȱtheȱfollowingȱeventsȱ
(1Enȱ 87:2Ȭ3;ȱ cf.ȱ 90:31).ȱ Theȱ latterȱ passageȱ isȱ evidentlyȱ inspiredȱ byȱ theȱ
traditionȱ ofȱ theȱ sevenȱ archangelsȱ thatȱ accompanyȱ Enochȱ onȱ hisȱ heavȬ
enlyȱ journey.ȱ Byȱ combiningȱ itȱ withȱ theȱ traditionȱ ofȱ theȱ fourȱ angelicȱ
opponentsȱofȱtheȱfallenȱwatchers,ȱtheȱauthorȱofȱtheȱAnimalȱApocalypseȱ
arrivedȱ atȱ aȱ newȱ synthesis:ȱ asȱ fourȱ ofȱ theȱ sevenȱ archangelsȱ areȱ busyȱ
withȱ theȱ punishmentȱ ofȱ theȱ watchers,ȱ theȱ remainingȱ threeȱ canȱ showȱ
Enochȱ toȱ hisȱwatchtower.ȱTogether,ȱallȱsevenȱ returnȱatȱ theȱ timeȱ ofȱ theȱ
finalȱ judgmentȱ andȱ leadȱ theȱ rebelȱ angelsȱ beforeȱ God’sȱ throneȱ whereȱ
theyȱareȱtoȱreceiveȱtheirȱsentenceȱ(90:21).ȱ
Althoughȱ itȱ isȱ clearȱ thatȱ theȱ authorȱ ofȱ theȱ Animalȱ Apocalypseȱ
countedȱ sevenȱ archangels,ȱ weȱ learnȱ nothingȱ aboutȱ theirȱ names.ȱ Theȱ
17ȱȱ Thatȱ “theȱ genuinenessȱ [ofȱ 1Enȱ 20:8]ȱ isȱ guaranteedȱ byȱ theȱ numberȱ ‘seven’”ȱ (Black,ȱ
Bookȱ163)ȱisȱnotȱaȱstrongȱargument,ȱbutȱratherȱaȱpetitioȱprincipii.ȱAtȱleastȱoneȱexampleȱ
forȱaȱlistȱofȱsixȱarchangelsȱisȱprovidedȱbyȱtheȱadmittedlyȱlateȱTg.ȱPs.ȬJ.ȱadȱDeutȱ34:6.ȱ
18ȱȱ Cf.ȱNickelsburg,ȱ1ȱEnochȱ1ȱ335Ȭ338.ȱȱ
19ȱȱ Whileȱ1Enȱ6Ȭ16ȱmayȱdateȱbackȱtoȱtheȱlastȱquarterȱofȱtheȱfourthȱcenturyȱBCE,ȱchs.ȱ20Ȭ
36ȱseemȱtoȱbeȱnoȱearlierȱthanȱtheȱlateȱthirdȱcenturyȱBCE;ȱcf.ȱNickelsburg,ȱ1ȱEnochȱ1ȱ
170.293.ȱ
20ȱȱ Cf.ȱBerner,ȱJahreȱ169Ȭ181;ȱTiller,ȱCommentaryȱ78Ȭ79;ȱVanderKam,ȱEnochȱ162.ȱ

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allegoricȱ textȱ ofȱ theȱ Animalȱ Apocalypseȱ onlyȱ speaksȱ ofȱ “whiteȱ men”ȱ
andȱleavesȱtheirȱidentityȱaȱmatterȱtoȱbeȱdiscussedȱbyȱtheȱreaders.21ȱThisȱ
silenceȱ withȱ regardȱ toȱ theȱ names,ȱ whichȱ isȱ sharedȱ byȱ Tobȱ 12:15,ȱ theȱ
SongsȱofȱtheȱSabbathȱSacrifice,22ȱTestȱLeviȱ8,ȱandȱRevȱ1:4,23ȱleadsȱusȱbackȱ
toȱ theȱ earliestȱ extantȱ listȱ inȱ 1Enȱ 20.ȱ Itȱ mayȱ haveȱ alreadyȱ beenȱ inȱ theȱ
mindȱofȱtheȱauthorȱofȱtheȱAnimalȱApocalypse24ȱandȱwillȱnowȱserveȱasȱ
theȱ basisȱ ofȱ theȱ followingȱ sectionȱ ofȱ thisȱ article,ȱ whichȱ dealsȱ withȱ theȱ
individualȱarchangels.ȱ
3.ȱTheȱindividualȱprofilesȱandȱtasksȱofȱtheȱsevenȱarchangelsȱ
Theȱ firstȱ archangelȱ mentionedȱ inȱ 1Enȱ 20ȱ isȱ Urielȱ “whoȱ isȱ inȱ chargeȱ ofȱ
theȱworldȱandȱofȱTartarus”ȱ(20:2).ȱTheȱconnectionȱofȱUrielȱwithȱTartarusȱ
alludesȱ toȱ 1Enȱ 21:5,ȱ 9ȱ (cf.ȱ 19:1)ȱ whereȱ itȱ isȱ theȱ aforesaidȱ angelȱ whoȱ
showsȱEnochȱtheȱplacesȱwhereȱtheȱdisobedientȱstarsȱandȱtheȱfallenȱanȬ
gelsȱ areȱ imprisoned.ȱ Thatȱ Urielȱ isȱ furthermoreȱ putȱ inȱ chargeȱ ofȱ theȱ
worldȱ(evpi. tou/ ko,smou)ȱisȱmostȱlikelyȱtoȱbeȱtakenȱasȱaȱreferenceȱtoȱtheȱAsȬ
tronomicalȱBookȱ(1Enȱ72Ȭ82;ȱcf.ȱ33:3Ȭ4).ȱInȱthisȱtext,ȱofȱallȱtheȱarchangelsȱ
onlyȱ Urielȱ appearsȱ andȱ guidesȱ Enochȱ throughȱ theȱ celestialȱ sphere.ȱ Asȱ
theȱleaderȱofȱtheȱheavenlyȱluminaries,ȱheȱexplainsȱtheirȱcoursesȱandȱtheȱ
lawsȱtheyȱobey,ȱthusȱprovidingȱinformationȱforȱtheȱtrueȱcalendarȱ(72:1;ȱ
74:2;ȱ75:3Ȭ4;ȱ78:10;ȱ79:6;ȱ80:1;ȱ82:7).25ȱ
Bothȱ aspects,ȱ theȱ dominionȱ overȱ theȱ fieryȱ depthsȱ andȱ overȱ theȱ
courseȱofȱtheȱluminaries,ȱcouldȱeasilyȱbeȱconnectedȱwithȱtheȱarchangel’sȱ
name:ȱUriel,ȱwhenȱderivedȱfromȱtheȱHebrewȱtermȱʸ˒ʠ,ȱwouldȱhaveȱtoȱbeȱ
translatedȱ asȱ “Godȱ isȱ myȱ fire,”ȱ whichȱ wouldȱ stressȱ theȱ formerȱ aspect,ȱ
whileȱ theȱ latterȱ wouldȱ beȱ implied,ȱ ifȱ oneȱ deducedȱ theȱ nameȱ fromȱ theȱ
termȱʸˣʠ,ȱthusȱinterpretingȱitȱasȱ“Godȱisȱmyȱlight.”26ȱTherefore,ȱitȱisȱnotȱ
21ȱȱ 1Enȱ 90:22ȱ countsȱ theȱ writerȱ thatȱ recordsȱ theȱ deedsȱ ofȱ theȱ 70ȱ heavenlyȱ shepherds,ȱ
whoȱ areȱ inȱ chargeȱ ofȱ theȱ finalȱ periodȱ ofȱ history,ȱ amongȱ theȱ sevenȱ archangels.ȱ Itȱ isȱ
likelyȱthatȱtheȱauthorȱhereȱthoughtȱofȱMichael,ȱbecauseȱinȱ90:14ȱtheȱsameȱfigureȱapȬ
pearsȱasȱaȱsupporterȱofȱtheȱfaithfulȱJewsȱinȱtheȱfinalȱstruggleȱagainstȱtheirȱoppressors.ȱ
ThisȱroleȱisȱcharacteristicȱofȱMichaelȱwhoȱisȱknownȱasȱtheȱarchangelȱthatȱfightsȱforȱIsȬ
raelȱ (seeȱ below).ȱ Onȱ thisȱ identification,ȱ seeȱ Black,ȱ Bookȱ 271.277;ȱ Davidson,ȱ Angelsȱ
109Ȭ110;ȱTiller,ȱCommentaryȱ360.ȱ
22ȱȱ Cf.ȱ4Q403ȱandȱ4Q405.ȱ
23ȱȱ Cf.ȱRevȱ1:20;ȱ3:1;ȱ4:5;ȱ5:6;ȱ8:2,ȱ6;ȱ2ȱEnȱ19.ȱ
24ȱȱ Cf.ȱTiller,ȱCommentaryȱ246.ȱ
25ȱȱ Cf.ȱMach,ȱEntwicklungsstadienȱ178.ȱ
26ȱȱ OnȱtheȱmeaningȱofȱtheȱnameȱUriel,ȱseeȱe.g.ȱNoth,ȱPersonennamenȱ168Ȭ169;ȱDavidson,ȱ
Angelsȱ91,ȱwhoȱdoes,ȱhowever,ȱpreferȱtheȱtranslationȱ“Light/FlameȱofȱGod”,ȱwhichȱisȱ
alsoȱpossible.ȱȱ

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surprisingȱthatȱtheȱ“princeȱofȱlight”ȱ(ʸʥʠʮʤ ʸʹ)ȱmentionedȱinȱ1QMȱXIIIȱ
10ȱ(cf.ȱ1QSȱIIIȱ20;ȱCDȱVȱ18)ȱhasȱsometimesȱbeenȱidentifiedȱwithȱUriel.27ȱ
However,ȱtheȱcharacteristicsȱofȱthisȱfigureȱmakeȱitȱmoreȱlikelyȱthatȱweȱ
areȱdealingȱhereȱwithȱMichael.28ȱȱ
EarlyȱreceptionȱhistoryȱdrawsȱmainlyȱonȱUriel’sȱconnectionȱwithȱtheȱ
imprisonmentȱ ofȱ theȱ watchers.ȱ Inȱ theȱ Greekȱ translationȱ ofȱ 1Enȱ 9Ȭ10ȱ
whereȱUrielȱhasȱreplacedȱSariel,ȱheȱjoinsȱtheȱintercessionȱofȱtheȱarchanȬ
gelsȱ(ch.ȱ9)ȱandȱinstructsȱNoahȱ(10:1Ȭ3).ȱAccordingȱtoȱtheȱSibyllineȱOraȬ
clesȱ(2:227Ȭ237)ȱheȱopensȱtheȱdoorsȱofȱHadesȱandȱleadsȱitsȱinhabitantsȱtoȱ
theȱplaceȱofȱtheȱfinalȱjudgment.ȱTheȱpassageȱevidentlyȱelaboratesȱonȱtheȱ
motifȱthatȱUrielȱisȱinȱchargeȱoverȱTartarusȱandȱappliesȱitȱtoȱanȱeschatoȬ
logicalȱsettingȱwhichȱisȱmissingȱinȱ1Enȱ19;ȱ21.ȱYet,ȱthisȱcharacterizationȱ
ofȱUrielȱfindsȱaȱcertainȱparallelȱinȱtheȱEthiopicȱtranslationȱofȱ1Enȱ27:2Ȭ4ȱ
whereȱitȱisȱnoȱlongerȱSariel,ȱbutȱUrielȱwhoȱshowsȱEnochȱtheȱcursedȱvalleyȱ
inȱwhichȱtheȱsoulsȱofȱtheȱsinnersȱwillȱbeȱgatheredȱatȱtheȱlastȱtimes.ȱ
Theȱ secondȱ archangelȱ mentionedȱ inȱ 1Enȱ 20ȱ isȱ Raphaelȱ “whoȱ isȱ inȱ
chargeȱofȱtheȱspiritsȱofȱmen”ȱ(20:3).ȱThisȱcharacterizationȱrefersȱtoȱ1Enȱ
22:3,ȱ6ȱwhereȱitȱisȱRaphaelȱwhoȱshowsȱEnochȱtheȱcavesȱintoȱwhichȱtheȱ
soulsȱofȱtheȱdeadȱareȱgathered.29ȱEvidently,ȱinȱtheseȱpassagesȱtheȱnameȱ
Raphaelȱwasȱbroughtȱintoȱconnectionȱwithȱtheȱ ʭʩʠʴʸ,ȱtheȱshadesȱofȱtheȱ
deadȱ(cf.ȱe.g.ȱIsaȱ14:9),ȱwhereasȱitȱwasȱusuallyȱinterpretedȱasȱ“Godȱhasȱ
healed”ȱ(ʬʠ ʠʴʸ).30ȱThus,ȱaccordingȱtoȱ1Enȱ40:9ȱRaphaelȱ“isȱsetȱoverȱallȱ
theȱdiseasesȱandȱallȱtheȱwoundsȱofȱtheȱchildrenȱofȱmen,”ȱandȱitȱisȱasȱanȱ
angelȱofȱhealingȱthatȱRaphaelȱappearsȱinȱtheȱBookȱofȱTobitȱ(12:14Ȭ15).ȱ
Beingȱ countedȱ amongȱ theȱ fourȱarchangels,ȱRaphaelȱ (withȱ Michael,ȱ
GabrielȱandȱSariel)ȱisȱoneȱofȱtheȱheavenlyȱopponentsȱagainstȱtheȱfallenȱ
watchers.ȱ However,ȱ heȱ isȱ notȱ onlyȱ commissionedȱ toȱ healȱ theȱ woundsȱ
inflictedȱ byȱ theirȱ doingsȱ (1Enȱ 10:7),ȱ butȱ alsoȱ joinsȱ theȱ intercessionsȱ ofȱ
theȱ archangelsȱ (1Enȱ 9)ȱ andȱ isȱ givenȱ theȱ taskȱ ofȱ imprisoningȱ theȱ rebelȱ
angelȱAsaelȱ(1Enȱ10:4Ȭ5).ȱFinally,ȱRaphaelȱisȱcommandedȱtoȱwriteȱdownȱ
allȱ theȱ sinsȱ ofȱ Asaelȱ (10:8),ȱ obviouslyȱ toȱ keepȱ accountȱ ofȱ hisȱ deedsȱ forȱ
theȱDayȱofȱJudgmentȱ(cf.ȱ1Enȱ89:59Ȭ64).ȱȱ
ItȱisȱapparentȱthatȱtheȱindividualȱprofileȱofȱRaphaelȱbecomesȱsomeȬ
whatȱ blurredȱ whenȱ heȱ isȱ actingȱ asȱ oneȱ ofȱ theȱ fourȱ archangels.ȱ Apartȱ
fromȱ 1Enȱ 10:7ȱ whereȱ heȱ exactsȱ hisȱ healingȱ powers,ȱ theȱ otherȱ actionsȱ
reportedȱ ofȱ Raphaelȱ areȱ noȱ longerȱ specificallyȱ connectedȱ withȱ theȱ atȬ
tributesȱ ofȱ thisȱ particularȱarchangel,ȱ whichȱ haveȱ beenȱ sketchedȱabove.ȱ
Yet,ȱwhileȱaccordingȱtoȱ1Enȱ10ȱtheȱfourȱarchangelsȱplayȱatȱleastȱdifferȬ
27ȱȱ Cf.ȱGinzberg,ȱSekteȱ35Ȭ37;ȱWernbergȬMøller,ȱManualȱ71,ȱn.ȱ60.ȱ
28ȱȱ Seeȱbelow.ȱ
29ȱȱ 1Enȱ22:3,ȱ6ȱareȱpartlyȱattestedȱbyȱ4QEngȱFr.ȱ1ȱXXII.ȱ
30ȱȱ Cf.ȱNoth,ȱPersonennamenȱ179;ȱNickelsburg,ȱ1ȱEnochȱ1ȱ295.ȱ

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entȱpartsȱinȱtheȱpunishingȱofȱtheȱfallenȱangels,ȱtheȱWarȱScrollȱpresentsȱ
themȱonlyȱasȱaȱcollectiveȱopposingȱIsrael’sȱenemies.ȱHere,ȱRaphaelȱapȬ
pearsȱ againȱ togetherȱ withȱ theȱ sameȱ threeȱ archangelsȱ (1QMȱ IXȱ 15Ȭ16),ȱ
andȱeachȱofȱtheirȱnamesȱisȱtoȱbeȱwrittenȱonȱtheȱshieldsȱ(ʭʩʰʢʮ)ȱattachedȱ
toȱ oneȱ ofȱ theȱ fourȱ towersȱ(ʺʥʬʣʢʮ).ȱ Theȱ ideaȱinȱ theȱ backgroundȱ ofȱ thisȱ
sceneȱisȱthatȱtheȱfourȱarchangelsȱparticipateȱinȱtheȱeschatologicalȱbattleȱ
asȱIsrael’sȱdefendersȱ(cf.ȱ1QMȱXIIȱ8).31ȱȱ
Whileȱ Raphael,ȱ togetherȱ withȱ Michaelȱ andȱ Gabriel,ȱ belongsȱ toȱ theȱ
threeȱprominentȱarchangels,ȱwhoseȱnamesȱareȱnotȱmissingȱinȱanyȱofȱtheȱ
earlyȱ extantȱ lists,ȱ Raguel,ȱ theȱ thirdȱ archangelȱ mentionedȱ inȱ 1Enȱ 20,ȱ isȱ
lessȱfamous.ȱTheȱGreekȱformȱofȱhisȱnameȱ(~Ragouh,l)ȱseemsȱtoȱgoȱbackȱtoȱ
anȱoriginalȱAramaicȱ ʬʠʥʲʸ32ȱ(“shepherdȱofȱGod”ȱorȱ“friendȱofȱGod”).33ȱ
Accordingȱ toȱ 1Enȱ 20:4ȱ Raguelȱ “takesȱ vengeanceȱ onȱ theȱ worldȱ ofȱ theȱ
luminaries,”ȱ i.e.ȱ heȱ punishesȱ theȱ transgressingȱ starsȱ (cf.ȱ 1Enȱ 18:13Ȭ16;ȱ
21:3Ȭ6).ȱAtȱfirstȱglance,ȱ1Enȱ23:4,ȱtheȱonlyȱotherȱverseȱinȱ1EnȱthatȱmenȬ
tionsȱRaguel,ȱseemsȱtoȱbeȱconsistentȱwithȱthisȱdescriptionȱofȱtheȱarchanȬ
gelȱwhoȱhereȱshowsȱEnochȱaȱrelentlessȱriverȱofȱfireȱ“whichȱpursuesȱallȱ
theȱluminariesȱofȱheaven.”ȱYet,ȱinȱtheȱoverallȱcontextȱofȱ23:1Ȭ4,ȱtheȱpasȬ
sageȱdoesȱnotȱappearȱtoȱdealȱwithȱpunishment,ȱbutȱratherȱexpressesȱtheȱ
ideaȱofȱaȱfieryȱriverȱ“thatȱprovidesȱfireȱforȱtheȱluminariesȱasȱtheyȱsetȱinȱ
theȱwest”ȱorȱofȱ“aȱdrivingȱforceȱtoȱmoveȱthemȱaroundȱtoȱtheȱbeginningȱ
ofȱtheirȱtrajectories.”34ȱ
Itȱ has,ȱ therefore,ȱ beenȱ suggestedȱ that,ȱ insteadȱ ofȱ evkdiw,kwȱ (“toȱ purȬ
sue”),ȱ theȱ textȱ originallyȱ hadȱ aȱ formȱ ofȱ evkdike,wȱ (“toȱ takeȱ vengeance”),ȱ
thusȱ exactlyȱ complyingȱ withȱ 1Enȱ 20:4.ȱ Thisȱ theoryȱ isȱ furtherȱ corroboȬ
ratedȱbyȱtheȱfactȱthatȱ“allȱtheȱotherȱvisionsȱinȱchs.ȱ21Ȭ27ȱcenterȱonȱsomeȱ
aspectȱ ofȱ theȱ finalȱ judgmentȱ orȱ itsȱ anticipation.”35ȱ Moreover,ȱ theȱ imȬ
ageryȱofȱtheȱburningȱmountainsȱwhichȱconcludesȱtheȱnarrativeȱunitȱinȱ
23:1Ȭ24:1ȱalsoȱoccursȱinȱ18:13;ȱ21:3ȱwhereȱitȱexpressesȱtheȱpunishmentȱofȱ
theȱ transgressingȱ stars.ȱ Itȱ is,ȱ however,ȱ noteworthyȱ thatȱ theȱ latterȱ pasȬ
sagesȱdoȱonlyȱreferȱtoȱsevenȱstars,ȱwhileȱaccordingȱtoȱ23:4ȱtheȱpunishȬ
mentȱaffectsȱallȱtheȱluminariesȱofȱheaven.ȱAlthoughȱthereȱisȱaȱclearȱinȬ
congruityȱwithȱtheȱaforeȬmentionedȱverses,ȱ1Enȱ23:4ȱisȱconsistentȱwithȱ
31ȱȱ Cf.ȱYadin,ȱScrollȱ237.ȱOnȱtheȱconceptȱofȱtheȱfourȱtowers,ȱseeȱCarmignac,ȱRègleȱ131Ȭ
137.ȱ
32ȱȱ AlthoughȱtheȱAramaicȱformȱofȱtheȱnameȱisȱnotȱattestedȱinȱtheȱQumranȱfragmentsȱofȱ1ȱ
Enoch,ȱthereȱexistsȱaȱstrikingȱparallelȱwithȱtheȱpersonȱRaguelȱ(mentionedȱfrequentlyȱ
inȱTobitȱ6Ȭ10)ȱwhoseȱoriginalȱAramaicȱnameȱ ʬʠʥʲʸȱisȱconfirmedȱ byȱ4Q197ȱFr.ȱ4;ȱcf.ȱ
Charles,ȱVersionȱ53;ȱMilik,ȱBooksȱ219;ȱNickelsburg,ȱ1ȱEnochȱ1ȱ311.ȱ
33ȱȱ Cf.ȱBlack,ȱBookȱ162;ȱNickelsburg,ȱ1ȱEnochȱ1ȱ311.ȱ
34ȱȱ Nickelsburg,ȱ1ȱEnochȱ1ȱ310Ȭ311.ȱ
35ȱȱ Nickelsburg,ȱ1ȱEnochȱ1ȱ311.ȱ

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theȱcharacterizationȱofȱRaguelȱgivenȱinȱ20:4ȱ(“whoȱtakesȱvengeanceȱonȱ
theȱworldȱofȱtheȱluminaries”).ȱȱ
Whetherȱtheȱauthorȱassumedȱthat,ȱinȱfact,ȱallȱluminariesȱhadȱsinnedȱ
andȱthereforeȱdeservedȱpunishment,ȱorȱwhetherȱheȱonlyȱmeantȱtoȱreferȱ
toȱallȱtransgressingȱluminaries,ȱremainsȱanȱopenȱquestion.ȱYet,ȱitȱseemsȱ
quiteȱ safeȱ toȱ concludeȱ thatȱ originallyȱ itȱ wasȱ Raguel’sȱ taskȱ toȱ takeȱ
vengeanceȱonȱtheȱluminaries,ȱandȱthatȱonlyȱlaterȱ1Enȱ23:4ȱachievedȱitsȱ
presentȱ formȱ whichȱ nowȱ describesȱ theȱ streamȱ ofȱ fireȱ asȱ pursuingȱȱ
(evkdiw,kw)ȱ theȱ stars.ȱ Thisȱ modificationȱ hasȱ notȱ necessarilyȱ beenȱ causedȱ
byȱaȱscribalȱerror,ȱbutȱmayȱasȱwellȱbeȱtheȱresultȱofȱanȱintentionalȱchangeȱ
byȱ theȱ handȱ ofȱ aȱ redactor,ȱ whoȱ mayȱ haveȱ foundȱ theȱ referenceȱ toȱ theȱ
punishmentȱ ofȱ allȱ luminariesȱ problematicȱ andȱ thereforeȱ changedȱ theȱ
passageȱtoȱaȱdescriptionȱofȱanȱastronomicalȱphenomenon.ȱInȱanyȱcase,ȱ
thereȱ isȱ noȱ clearȱ connectionȱ betweenȱ theȱ nameȱ ofȱ Raguel,ȱ theȱ
“friend/shepherdȱ ofȱ God”,ȱ andȱ hisȱ roleȱ asȱ avengerȱ (orȱ pursuer)ȱ ofȱ theȱ
luminaries.36ȱ
Michael,ȱ theȱ fourthȱ ofȱ theȱ sevenȱ archangelsȱ mentionedȱ inȱ 1Enȱ 20,ȱ
hasȱ becomeȱ knownȱ asȱ theȱ patronȱ ofȱ Israel.ȱ Aȱ similarȱ roleȱ isȱ alreadyȱ
attributedȱtoȱhimȱinȱ1Enȱ20:5ȱsayingȱthatȱheȱhasȱbeenȱ“putȱinȱchargeȱofȱ
theȱ goodȱ onesȱ ofȱ theȱ peopleȱ (i.e.ȱ ofȱ Israel).”ȱ Althoughȱ theȱ readingsȱ ofȱ
theȱGreekȱandȱEthiopicȱmanuscriptsȱdifferȱconsiderably,ȱthisȱtranslationȱ
mostȱlikelyȱreflectsȱtheȱoriginalȱreading,ȱinsofarȱasȱ1Enȱ25:4Ȭ5ȱalsoȱassoȬ
ciatesȱ Michaelȱ withȱ theȱ righteousȱ onesȱ (cf.ȱ 10:16Ȭ18).37ȱ Inȱ theȱ Bookȱ ofȱ
Daniel,ȱ Michaelȱ isȱ notȱ onlyȱ responsibleȱ forȱ theȱ elect:ȱ asȱ “theȱ greatȱ
prince,ȱ theȱ guardianȱ ofȱ[Daniel’s]ȱ people”ȱ (12:1),ȱ heȱ isȱ fightingȱ theȱ anȬ
gelicȱprincesȱofȱPersiaȱandȱGreeceȱ(Danȱ10:13,ȱ21),ȱandȱheȱwillȱariseȱatȱ
theȱ timeȱ ofȱ theȱ greatestȱ distress,ȱ priorȱtoȱ theȱ deliveryȱ ofȱ thoseȱ “whoseȱ
nameȱisȱwrittenȱinȱtheȱBook”ȱ(12:1).38ȱȱ
Aspectsȱ fromȱ bothȱ 1Enȱ andȱ theȱ Bookȱ ofȱ Danielȱ returnȱ inȱ theȱ Warȱ
Scrollȱ whereȱ Michaelȱ opposesȱ theȱ “Princeȱ ofȱ Iniquity”ȱ (i.e.ȱ Belial)ȱ andȱ
standsȱ upȱ forȱ Israelȱ (1QMȱ XVIIȱ 5Ȭ8).ȱ Asȱ theȱ “Princeȱ ofȱ Light”ȱ (ʸʹȱ
36ȱȱ Milik,ȱBooksȱ219Ȭ220,ȱsuggestsȱthatȱtheȱGreekȱverbȱevkdiw,kwȱinȱ1Enȱ23:4ȱisȱtheȱtranslaȬ
tionȱofȱtheȱAramaicȱ ʳʣʸȱwhichȱheȱtakesȱtoȱmeanȱ“toȱfollowȱtheȱflock,”ȱandȱheȱhereinȱ
findsȱaȱlinkȱtoȱ theȱshepherdȬfunctionȱofȱRaguel.ȱStill,ȱthisȱ suggestionȱisȱ hardlyȱconȬ
vincingȱasȱitȱisȱbasedȱonȱconnotationsȱofȱtheȱverbȱ ʳʣʸȱthatȱareȱonlyȱknownȱfromȱSaȬ
faitic;ȱcf.ȱNickelsburg,ȱ1ȱEnochȱ1ȱ311.ȱAȱdifferentȱinterpretationȱisȱofferedȱbyȱCharles,ȱ
Versionȱ61,ȱwhoȱunderstandsȱ evkdiw,kwȱasȱ theȱrenderingȱofȱtheȱ Aramaicȱ ʲʲʸ,ȱwhichȱ
mightȱbeȱtheȱcorruptȱreadingȱofȱanȱoriginalȱ ʤʲʸȱ(“feeds”ȱ/ȱ“nourishes”).ȱThisȱexplanaȬ
tionȱisȱalsoȱhighlyȱspeculativeȱandȱcanȱnotȱproveȱaȱconnectionȱwithȱtheȱnameȱʬʠʥʲʸ.ȱ
37ȱȱ Cf.ȱ Nickelsburg,ȱ 1ȱ Enochȱ 1ȱ 294Ȭ295;ȱ see,ȱ however,ȱ Black,ȱ Bookȱ 163,ȱ accordingȱ toȱ
whomȱMichaelȱisȱsetȱ“overȱtheȱbenefits”ȱofȱIsrael.ȱ
38ȱȱ Cf.ȱalsoȱ1Enȱ90:14ȱwhereȱtheȱangelicȱscribeȱthatȱsupportsȱJudasȱMaccabaeusȱandȱhisȱ
fractionȱisȱmostȱlikelyȱMichaelȱ(seeȱabove,ȱn.ȱ21).ȱ

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ʸʥʠʮʤ)39ȱ heȱ isȱ setȱ overȱ “allȱ sonsȱ ofȱ righteousnessȱ andȱ spiritsȱ ofȱ truth”ȱ
(1QMȱXIIIȱ10),ȱthusȱbeingȱespeciallyȱconnectedȱwithȱtheȱfractionȱofȱtheȱ
righteous,ȱ whichȱ consistsȱ ofȱ bothȱ humansȱ andȱ heavenlyȱ beings.ȱ Oneȱ
may,ȱinȱfact,ȱassumeȱthatȱtheȱWarȱScrollȱalreadyȱusesȱtheȱtermȱ‘Israel’ȱasȱ
aȱdesignationȱofȱtheȱrighteous,ȱwhichȱnoȱlongerȱincludesȱtheȱrestȱofȱtheȱ
people.ȱTheȱfrontȱlineȱratherȱrunsȱbetweenȱtheȱsonsȱofȱlightȱandȱtheȱsonsȱ
ofȱdarkness,ȱtheȱformerȱbelongingȱtoȱtheȱlotȱofȱGodȱ(andȱhisȱarchangelȱ
Michael),40ȱwhileȱtheȱlatterȱareȱpartȱofȱtheȱlotȱofȱBelialȱandȱincludeȱnotȱ
onlyȱ theȱ nations,ȱ butȱ alsoȱ thoseȱ thatȱ breakȱ theȱ covenantȱ (1QMȱ Iȱ 1Ȭ7).ȱ
Consequently,ȱtheȱnameȱofȱMichael,ȱwrittenȱonȱtheȱshieldsȱofȱoneȱofȱtheȱ
fourȱ towers,ȱ providesȱ theȱ assistanceȱ ofȱ thisȱ angelȱ inȱ theȱ finalȱ battleȱ
(1QMȱ IXȱ 15Ȭ16).ȱ Itȱ must,ȱ however,ȱ notȱ beȱ overlookedȱ thatȱ inȱ thisȱ pasȬ
sageȱMichaelȱisȱbutȱoneȱofȱtheȱfourȱarchangelsȱandȱisȱnotȱexplicitlyȱconȬ
nectedȱwithȱaȱspecificȱrankȱorȱfunction.41ȱ
Togetherȱ withȱ theȱ sameȱ threeȱ archangelsȱ (Raphael,ȱ Sarielȱ andȱ
Gabriel),ȱ Michaelȱ beseechesȱ Godȱ toȱ takeȱ actionȱ withȱ regardȱ toȱ theȱ deȬ
filementȱcausedȱbyȱtheȱfallenȱwatchersȱ(1Enȱ9).42ȱHeȱthenȱtakesȱpartȱinȱ
theirȱ punishmentȱ byȱ imprisoningȱ Shemihazahȱ andȱ hisȱ associatesȱ asȱ
wellȱasȱdestroyingȱtheirȱbreedȱ(1Enȱ10:11Ȭ15),ȱandȱfinallyȱrenovatesȱtheȱ
earthȱ(10:16Ȭ11:2).ȱWhileȱinȱtheseȱpassagesȱMichaelȱsimplyȱactsȱasȱ“oneȱ
ofȱtheȱchiefȱprinces”ȱ(ʭʩʰʹʠʸʤ ʭʩʸʹʤ ʣʧʠ),ȱasȱDanȱ10:13ȱcallsȱhim,ȱ1Enȱ
24:6ȱexplicitlyȱdesignatesȱhimȱasȱtheȱleaderȱofȱtheȱarchangels.43ȱThisȱideaȱ
ofȱ Michael’sȱ supremacy,ȱwhichȱ becomesȱ dominantȱ inȱ laterȱliterature,44ȱ
39ȱȱ Thatȱtheȱ“PrinceȱofȱLight”ȱisȱindeedȱMichaelȱandȱnotȱUrielȱbecomesȱclearȱagainstȱtheȱ
backgroundȱofȱhisȱcloseȱconnectionȱwithȱIsraelȱandȱtheȱparallelȱinȱ1QMȱXVIIȱ6ȱwhichȱ
speaksȱofȱ“theȱreignȱofȱMichaelȱinȱtheȱeternalȱlight”.ȱOnȱthisȱidentification,ȱseeȱalsoȱ
Yadin,ȱScrollȱ235Ȭ236;ȱCarmignac,ȱRègleȱ136;ȱDavidson,ȱAngelsȱ147Ȭ149.ȱ
40ȱȱ Cf.ȱDavidson,ȱAngelsȱ219,224Ȭ226.ȱ
41ȱȱ Aȱ combinationȱ ofȱ theȱ motifsȱ knownȱ fromȱ 1QMȱ returnsȱ inȱ Revȱ 12:7ȱ whereȱ Michaelȱ
andȱhisȱangelsȱfightȱtheȱdragonȱandȱtheȱheavenlyȱbeingsȱfollowingȱhim.ȱTheȱideaȱthatȱ
MichaelȱopposesȱSatanȱcanȱalsoȱbeȱexpressedȱwithȱregardȱtoȱcertainȱepisodesȱofȱtheȱ
biblicalȱhistoryȱ(cf.ȱJudeȱ9;ȱL.A.E.ȱ13Ȭ14).ȱȱ
42ȱȱ Relatedȱtoȱthisȱ motifȱisȱtheȱideaȱthatȱMichaelȱactsȱasȱaȱ mediatorȱ whoȱintercedesȱ forȱ
Israel.ȱ Cf.ȱ 1Enȱ 89Ȭ90ȱ whereȱ theȱ angelicȱ scribe,ȱ mostȱ likelyȱ Michael,ȱ repeatedlyȱ inȬ
formsȱGodȱofȱtheȱwickedȱdeedsȱthatȱtheȱshepherdȱangelsȱhaveȱcommittedȱagainstȱIsȬ
rael;ȱseeȱalsoȱTestȱLeviȱ5:6Ȭ7;ȱTestȱDanȱ6:1Ȭ5.ȱȱ
43ȱȱ Itȱshould,ȱ however,ȱbeȱnotedȱthatȱtheȱearlyȱlistsȱofȱfourȱarchangelsȱ alwaysȱmentionȱ
Michaelȱfirstȱ(1Enȱ9:1;ȱ40:9Ȭ10;ȱ54:6;ȱ71:8Ȭ9,ȱ13;ȱ1QMȱIXȱ15),ȱherebyȱpossiblyȱreflectingȱ
theȱ ideaȱ ofȱ hisȱ supremacyȱ overȱ theȱ otherȱ archangels.ȱ Seeȱ alsoȱ theȱ listȱ ofȱ theȱ sevenȱ
archangelsȱ (1Enȱ 20)ȱ whereȱ Michaelȱ isȱ notȱ mentionedȱ firstȱ butȱ fourth,ȱ thusȱ markingȱ
theȱcentre.ȱ
44ȱȱ Cf.ȱTȱIsaȱ1:6;ȱMartȱIsaȱ3:15Ȭ16;ȱ3ȱEnȱ17:3;ȱHebr.ȱT.ȱNaph.ȱ8Ȭ9.ȱTheȱcombinationȱofȱtheȱ
ideaȱofȱMichael’sȱsupremacyȱwithȱhisȱmilitaryȱfunctionsȱhasȱledȱtoȱhisȱdesignationȱasȱ
avrcistrathgo,jȱ(2ȱEnȱ22:6;ȱ33:10;ȱ 72:5;ȱGkȱApocȱEzraȱ4:24;ȱcf.ȱalreadyȱDanȱ8:11ȱLXXȱ

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hasȱbeenȱconstruedȱinȱaȱremarkableȱwayȱinȱ1QMȱXVIIȱ7Ȭ8.ȱAccordingȱtoȱ
thisȱ passage,ȱ Michaelȱ willȱ beȱ exaltedȱ aboveȱ theȱ heavenlyȱ beingsȱ (ʭʩʬʠ)ȱ
inȱ correspondenceȱ toȱ theȱ growingȱ ofȱ Israel’sȱ hegemonyȱ overȱ theȱ naȬ
tions.45ȱThus,ȱtheȱWarȱScrollȱconnectsȱtheȱmotifȱofȱaȱspecialȱrelationshipȱ
betweenȱMichaelȱandȱIsraelȱtoȱtheȱideaȱthatȱtheȱangelicȱandȱtheȱhumanȱ
worldȱareȱcloselyȱlinkedȱwithȱoneȱanother.46ȱȱ
Asȱtheȱsupremeȱheavenlyȱbeing,ȱMichaelȱcanȱevenȱbeȱdescribedȱinȱ
termsȱthatȱwereȱonceȱexclusivelyȱreservedȱforȱGodȱhimself.ȱTheȱtermiȬ
nologyȱ usedȱ toȱ expressȱ theȱ ideaȱ ofȱ Michael’sȱ dominionȱ overȱ allȱ otherȱ
heavenlyȱbeingsȱ(1QMȱXVIIȱ7:ȱ ʬʠʫʩʮ ʺʸʹʮ ʭʩʬʠʡ ʭʩʸʤʬ)ȱisȱreminiscentȱ
ofȱtheȱPsalmsȱwhereȱitȱisȱYHWHȱwhoȱisȱraisedȱaboveȱtheȱassemblyȱofȱ
theȱdivine.47ȱTheȱsameȱphenomenonȱoccursȱinȱ11Q13ȱIIȱ10ȱwhereȱPsȱ82:1ȱ
isȱexplicitlyȱinterpretedȱasȱaȱreferenceȱtoȱMelchizedek48ȱwhoȱhereȱfuncȬ
tionsȱasȱtheȱmainȱprotagonistȱinȱaȱstruggleȱsimilarȱtoȱthatȱenvisagedȱinȱ
1QM.ȱ Therefore,ȱ itȱ hasȱ beenȱ suggestedȱ thatȱ both,ȱ Michaelȱ andȱ MelȬ
chizedek,ȱ areȱ butȱ differentȱ namesȱ forȱ oneȱ andȱ theȱ sameȱ supremeȱ anȬ
gel.49ȱ Tracesȱ ofȱ theȱ deificationȱ ofȱ Michaelȱ areȱ alsoȱ foundȱ inȱ 1Enȱ 40:9.ȱ
Introducedȱasȱ“theȱmercifulȱandȱlongȬsuffering,”ȱMichaelȱisȱagainȱconȬ
nectedȱwithȱattributesȱthatȱwereȱoriginallyȱcharacteristicȱofȱGodȱalone.50ȱ
Thus,ȱinȱitsȱlaterȱdevelopment,ȱtheȱfigureȱofȱMichaelȱclaimsȱsuchȱaȱhighȱ
statusȱthatȱoneȱisȱalmostȱtemptedȱtoȱanswerȱtheȱquestionȱimpliedȱbyȱtheȱ
nameȱʬʠʫʩʮȱ(„whoȱisȱlikeȱGod?“)51ȱbyȱpointingȱtoȱthisȱveryȱarchangel.ȱ
Theȱ fifthȱ archangelȱ mentionedȱ inȱ 1Enȱ 20ȱ isȱ Sariel.ȱ Dueȱ toȱ textualȱ
problems,ȱ theȱ taskȱ ascribedȱ toȱ himȱ inȱ 20:6ȱ isȱ notȱ entirelyȱ clear.ȱ HowȬ
ever,ȱ withȱ regardȱ toȱ 1Enȱ 27:2ȱ whereȱ Sarielȱ appearsȱ again,52ȱ itȱ seemsȱ
whereȱ theȱ sameȱ termȱ occurs,ȱ althoughȱ itȱ isȱ notȱ clear,ȱ whetherȱ itȱ isȱ appliedȱ toȱ MiȬ
chael).ȱNote,ȱhowever,ȱthatȱGkȱApocȱEzraȱ1:4ȱcallsȱRaphaelȱavrcistrathgo,j.ȱ
45ȱȱ Cf.ȱDavidson,ȱAngelsȱ202Ȭ203.ȱ
46ȱȱ Onȱ thisȱ beliefȱ inȱ theȱ connectionȱ betweenȱ bothȱ spheres,ȱ whichȱ wasȱ crucialȱ toȱ theȱ
Qumranȱcommunity,ȱseeȱe.g.ȱMach,ȱEntwicklungsstadienȱ209Ȭ255.ȱ
47ȱȱ Cf.ȱe.g.ȱPsȱ29:1;ȱ82:1;ȱ89:7.ȱ
48ȱȱ Cf.ȱBerner,ȱJahreȱ435;ȱVanderKam,ȱChronologiesȱ174.ȱ
49ȱȱ Cf.ȱe.g.ȱvanȱderȱWoude,ȱMelchisedekȱ369Ȭ372.ȱSee,ȱhowever,ȱDavidson,ȱAngelsȱ263,ȱ
whoȱcorrectlyȱpointsȱoutȱthat,ȱatȱtheȱrespectiveȱtime,ȱthereȱwereȱapparentlyȱ“variousȱ
beliefsȱaboutȱtheȱnameȱofȱtheȱleadingȱangel“.ȱ
50ȱȱ Cf.ȱe.g.ȱPsȱ103:8;ȱ111:4;ȱ145:8.ȱ
51ȱȱ ItȱhasȱbeenȱsuggestedȱthatȱtheȱfigureȱofȱMichaelȱisȱinȱfactȱnoȱotherȱthanȱtheȱdepotenȬ
tializedȱCanaaniteȱdeityȱMikalȱwhichȱwasȱtransformedȱintoȱaȱsupremeȱangelȱtoȱcomȬ
plyȱwithȱtheȱhegemonyȱofȱYHWH;ȱcf.ȱe.g.ȱHengel,ȱJudentumȱ344Ȭ345.ȱThisȱhypotheȬ
sisȱ isȱ notȱ impossible,ȱ butȱ canȱ hardlyȱ beȱ proved,ȱ theȱ moreȱ so,ȱ asȱ Michaelȱ isȱ alreadyȱ
attestedȱasȱaȱpersonalȱnameȱinȱtheȱOTȱ(cf.ȱe.g.ȱNumȱ13:13).ȱ
52ȱȱ Althoughȱ theȱ Greekȱ textȱ ofȱ 1Enȱ 27:2ȱ mentionsȱ Uriel,ȱ itȱ isȱ likelyȱ toȱ assumeȱ thatȱ thisȱ
nameȱ –ȱ asȱ inȱ chs.ȱ 9Ȭ10ȱ –ȱ hasȱ replacedȱ theȱ originalȱ readingȱ Sariel.ȱ Otherwise,ȱ Urielȱ
wouldȱ haveȱ appearedȱ twiceȱ duringȱ Enoch’sȱ heavenlyȱ jorneyȱ (inȱ chs.ȱ 21ȱ andȱ 27),ȱ

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mostȱlikelyȱthatȱtheȱangelȱwasȱintroducedȱasȱtheȱoneȱ“whoȱisȱinȱchargeȱ
ofȱ theȱ spiritsȱ whoȱ sinȱ againstȱ theȱ spirit.“53ȱ Sarielȱ wouldȱ thusȱ beȱ theȱ
archangelȱ responsibleȱ forȱ theȱ spiritsȱ ofȱ thoseȱ whoȱ haveȱ spokenȱ blasȬ
phemyȱ andȱ are,ȱ asȱ aȱ result,ȱ gatheredȱ inȱ theȱ cursedȱ valleyȱ (27:2).ȱ Thatȱ
“theȱnameȱSariel,ȱ‘Godȱisȱmyȱprince,’ȱmayȱimplyȱanȱacclamationȱofȱGodȱ
inȱ answerȱ toȱ suchȱ blasphemy,”54ȱ isȱ anȱ interestingȱ observation,ȱ whichȱ
neverthelessȱ doesȱ notȱ explainȱ satisfactorilyȱ whyȱ thisȱ particularȱ angelȱ
wasȱ entrustedȱ withȱ supervisingȱ theȱ punishingȱ placeȱ ofȱ theȱ blasphemȬ
ers.ȱȱ
LittleȱmoreȱcanȱbeȱlearnedȱaboutȱtheȱfunctionsȱofȱSariel,ȱalthoughȱheȱ
mustȱhaveȱonceȱplayedȱnoȱmarginalȱrole,ȱbeingȱcountedȱamongȱtheȱfourȱ
archangelsȱ ofȱ 1Enȱ 9Ȭ10ȱ andȱ onlyȱ laterȱ replacedȱ byȱ Uriel.ȱ Accordingȱ toȱ
1Enȱ10:1Ȭ3,ȱSarielȱrevealsȱtoȱNoahȱtheȱcomingȱofȱtheȱFloodȱandȱinstructsȱ
himȱonȱtheȱmeasuresȱthatȱareȱtoȱbeȱtakenȱinȱorderȱtoȱsurviveȱimminentȱ
destruction.ȱTheȱsceneȱfindsȱaȱclearȱparallelȱinȱtheȱAnimalȱApocalypse,ȱ
andȱitȱisȱthereforeȱlikelyȱtoȱassumeȱthatȱtheȱanonymousȱarchangelȱwhoȱ
teachesȱNoahȱaȱsecretȱ(1Enȱ89:1)ȱisȱtoȱbeȱidentifiedȱwithȱSariel.55ȱInȱtheȱ
QumranicȱwritingsȱSarielȱappearsȱonlyȱonce,ȱasȱoneȱofȱtheȱfourȱarchanȬ
gelsȱwhoseȱnamesȱareȱtoȱbeȱwrittenȱonȱtheȱshieldsȱattachedȱtoȱtheȱfourȱ
towersȱinȱorderȱtoȱprovideȱangelicȱsupportȱinȱtheȱfinalȱbattleȱ(1QMȱIXȱ
15Ȭ16).ȱ
Theȱ sixthȱ archangelȱ mentionedȱ inȱ 1Enȱ 20ȱ isȱ Gabrielȱ “whoȱ isȱ inȱ
chargeȱofȱparadiseȱandȱtheȱserpentsȱandȱtheȱcherubim”ȱ(20:7).ȱThisȱcharȬ
acterizationȱ findsȱ itsȱ closestȱ parallelȱ inȱ 1Enȱ 32:6ȱ whereȱ Enochȱ beholdsȱ
theȱtreeȱofȱwisdomȱandȱisȱinformedȱaboutȱitsȱpartȱinȱAdam’sȱandȱEve’sȱ
expulsionȱfromȱParadise.ȱAlthoughȱtheȱextantȱversionsȱofȱtheȱtextȱnameȱ
Raphaelȱ asȱ Enoch’sȱ companion,ȱ theȱ backgroundȱ ofȱ 20:7ȱ suggestsȱ thatȱ
‘Gabriel’ȱwasȱtheȱoriginalȱreading.56ȱTheȱideaȱthatȱGabriel’sȱresponsibilȬ
ityȱincludesȱtheȱserpentsȱandȱtheȱcherubimȱimpliesȱthatȱtheȱarchangelȱisȱ
alsoȱinȱchargeȱofȱtheȱguardiansȱthatȱareȱpostedȱatȱtheȱentranceȱofȱParaȬ
whileȱSariel,ȱalthoughȱincludedȱinȱtheȱintroductoryȱlistȱofȱch.ȱ20,ȱwouldȱhaveȱplayedȱ
noȱpartȱatȱall;ȱcf.ȱNickelsburg,ȱ1ȱEnochȱ1ȱ319.ȱ
53ȱȱ Cf.ȱNickelsburg,ȱ1ȱEnochȱ1ȱ294Ȭ296.ȱAȱdifferentȱreconstructionȱofȱ1Enȱ20:6ȱisȱofferedȱ
byȱ Black,ȱ Bookȱ 163,ȱ whoȱ assumesȱ thatȱ Sarielȱ isȱ inȱ chargeȱ ofȱ theȱ spiritsȱ thatȱ causeȱ
apostasy.ȱItȱdoes,ȱhowever,ȱnotȱaccordȱwithȱ1Enȱ27:2.ȱ
55ȱȱ Cf.ȱNickelsburg,ȱ1ȱEnochȱ1ȱ375;ȱTiller,ȱCommentaryȱ258Ȭ259.ȱ
56ȱȱ Thisȱalsoȱbecomesȱclearȱwhenȱoneȱrecallsȱtheȱstructureȱofȱ1Enȱ20:ȱwhileȱRaphael,ȱwhoȱ
isȱmentionedȱsecond,ȱalreadyȱaccompaniesȱEnochȱtoȱtheȱMountainȱofȱtheȱDeadȱ(ch.ȱ
22),ȱGabrielȱwouldȱhaveȱhisȱlikelyȱplaceȱafterȱSarielȱ(cf.ȱ20:6Ȭ7),ȱthatȱisȱafterȱch.ȱ27;ȱcf.ȱ
Nickelsburg,ȱ1ȱEnochȱ1ȱ321.ȱȱ

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diseȱ (Genȱ 3:24).57ȱ Aȱ differentȱ aspectȱ ofȱ Gabrielȱ isȱ stressedȱ inȱ 1Enȱ 40:9ȱ
whereȱheȱisȱenvisagedȱasȱtheȱarchangelȱwhoȱisȱ“setȱoverȱallȱtheȱpowers”ȱ
(duna,meij),ȱ thatȱ is,ȱ overȱ theȱ “astralȱ andȱ angelicȱ [...]ȱ ‘potentates’”58ȱ (cf.ȱ
TestȱLeviȱ3:3).ȱ
Stillȱ anotherȱ pictureȱ ofȱ Gabrielȱ isȱ drawnȱ inȱ theȱ Bookȱ ofȱ Daniel.ȱ
GabrielȱhereȱappearsȱasȱtheȱangelusȱinterpresȱwhoȱexplainsȱtoȱDanielȱtheȱ
meaningȱ ofȱ hisȱ visionȱ ofȱ theȱ ramȱ andȱ heȬgoatȱ (8:16Ȭ17)ȱ andȱ revealsȱ toȱ
himȱ theȱ trueȱ significanceȱ ofȱ Jeremiah’sȱ prophecyȱ onȱ theȱ seventyȱ yearsȱ
ofȱ exileȱ (9:21).59ȱ Althoughȱ theȱ angelusȱ interpresȱ ofȱ Daniel’sȱ finalȱ visionȱ
(chs.ȱ 10Ȭ12)ȱ isȱ notȱ identifiedȱ byȱ name,ȱ itȱ isȱ mostȱ likelyȱ Gabrielȱ again,ȱ
whoseȱappearanceȱisȱhereȱdescribedȱinȱtermsȱofȱEzekiel’sȱvisionȱofȱtheȱ
heavenlyȱbeingsȱthatȱescortȱtheȱchariotȱ(Danȱ10:5Ȭ6;ȱcf.ȱEzekȱ1).60ȱMoreȬ
over,ȱ weȱ learnȱ that,ȱ togetherȱ withȱ Michael,ȱ theȱ respectiveȱ angelȱ isȱ enȬ
gagedȱinȱwrestlingȱwithȱtheȱpatronȱangelsȱofȱPersiaȱandȱGreeceȱ(10:13,ȱ
20Ȭ21).ȱItȱisȱthisȱmilitaryȱfunctionȱthatȱallowsȱtheȱeasiestȱconnectionȱwithȱ
theȱnameȱʬʠʩʸʡʢȱ(“Godȱisȱmyȱhero/warrior”).61ȱ
Aȱrelatedȱaspectȱoccursȱinȱ1QMȱIXȱ15Ȭ16ȱwhereȱGabrielȱisȱincludedȱ
amongȱtheȱfourȱarchangelsȱwhoȱsupportȱtheȱsonsȱofȱlightȱinȱtheirȱstrifeȱ
againstȱtheȱsonsȱofȱdarknessȱ(seeȱabove).ȱAsȱaȱmemberȱofȱtheȱsameȱanȬ
gelicȱgroup,ȱGabrielȱalreadyȱputsȱanȱendȱtoȱtheȱdefilementȱandȱwickedȬ
nessȱcausedȱbyȱtheȱfallenȱwatchersȱ(1Enȱ9Ȭ10).ȱHere,ȱitȱisȱhisȱspecialȱtaskȱ
toȱ destroyȱ theȱ giantsȱ thatȱ wereȱ bornȱ byȱ theȱ mortalȱ womenȱ whoȱ hadȱ
forbiddenȱintercourseȱwithȱtheȱwatchersȱ(10:9Ȭ10).ȱItȱis,ȱhowever,ȱnoteȬ
worthyȱ thatȱ thisȱ passageȱisȱ aȱ doubletȱ toȱ 10:15ȱ whereȱ similarȱ measuresȱ
areȱ takenȱ byȱ Michael.ȱ Oneȱ may,ȱ therefore,ȱ assumeȱ thatȱ Gabriel’sȱ misȬ
sionȱagainstȱtheȱbreedȱofȱtheȱwatchersȱisȱpossiblyȱaȱlaterȱadditionȱwhichȱ
servedȱ theȱ purposeȱ ofȱ “fill[ing]ȱ outȱ theȱ numberȱ ofȱ theȱ archangelsȱ toȱ aȱ
traditionalȱfour.”62ȱ
57ȱȱ Theȱserpentsȱ(dra,kontej)ȱareȱmostȱlikelyȱtoȱbeȱinterpretedȱasȱtheȱseraphim,ȱ“identiȬ
fiedȱwithȱ theȱ fieryȱswordȱofȱGenȱ 3:24”ȱ(Nickelsburg,ȱ1ȱEnochȱ1ȱ296;ȱcf.ȱBlack,ȱBookȱ
163;ȱMach,ȱEntwicklungsstadienȱ264).ȱ
58ȱȱ Black,ȱBookȱ200.ȱ
59ȱȱ Asȱ aȱ revelatoryȱ angel,ȱ Gabrielȱ alsoȱ appearsȱ inȱ Lukeȱ 1:19,ȱ 26ȱ whereȱ heȱ foretellsȱ theȱ
birthsȱofȱJohnȱtheȱBaptistȱandȱJesus.ȱȱ
60ȱȱ Cf.ȱ Collins,ȱ Danielȱ 373Ȭ374.ȱ See,ȱ however,ȱ Charles,ȱ Commentaryȱ 258,ȱ whoȱ arguesȱ
thatȱtheȱangelȱmustȱbeȱofȱhigherȱrankȱthanȱGabriel,ȱbecauseȱheȱhasȱaȱmoreȱpowerfulȱ
effectȱ onȱ Daniel.ȱ Thisȱ argumentȱ isȱ farȱ fromȱ convincing,ȱ becauseȱ itȱ ignoresȱ theȱ factȱ
thatȱ Danȱ 8Ȭ12ȱ wereȱ writtenȱ byȱ moreȱ thanȱ oneȱ author.ȱ Differentȱ descriptionsȱ ofȱ oneȱ
andȱtheȱsameȱangelicȱbeingȱmayȱthereforeȱeasilyȱexistȱsideȱbyȱside.ȱ
61ȱȱ OnȱthisȱrenderingȱofȱtheȱnameȱGabriel,ȱseeȱe.g.ȱFitzmyer,ȱGospelȱ328;ȱCollins,ȱDanielȱ
336.ȱAlternatively,ȱoneȱcouldȱinterpretȱitȱasȱ“manȱofȱGod”ȱorȱ“GodȱhasȱshownȱhimȬ
selfȱstrong.”ȱOnȱtheȱlatterȱoption,ȱseeȱNoth,ȱPersonennamenȱ190.ȱȱ

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Theȱlastȱamongȱtheȱsevenȱarchangelsȱmentionedȱinȱ1Enȱ20ȱisȱRemielȱ
“whomȱGodȱhasȱputȱinȱchargeȱofȱthemȱthatȱrise”ȱ(20:8).ȱAsȱhasȱalreadyȱ
beenȱnoted,ȱtheȱrespectiveȱverseȱisȱnotȱonlyȱtextuallyȱdubious,ȱbutȱalsoȱ
providesȱtheȱonlyȱevidenceȱforȱanȱangelȱofȱthatȱnameȱinȱ1ȱEnoch.63ȱYet,ȱ
maybeȱtheȱanonymousȱangelȱpresentingȱtheȱheavenlyȱtabletsȱinȱ81:1ȱisȱ
toȱ beȱ identifiedȱ withȱ Remiel.ȱ Hisȱ descriptionȱ inȱ 20:8ȱ suggestsȱ thatȱ ReȬ
mielȱwasȱconnectedȱwithȱtheȱresurrectionȱofȱtheȱdead,ȱaȱconnectionȱthatȱ
mayȱinvolveȱaȱplayȱonȱtheȱrootȱ ʭʥʸȱHifilȱ(“toȱliftȱup”),ȱwhichȱisȱpartȱofȱ
hisȱname.64ȱTheȱparticularȱfunctionȱofȱRemielȱmightȱhaveȱbeenȱtoȱleadȱ
theȱresurrectedȱfromȱtheȱnetherȱworldȱ“toȱtheȱjudgementȱseatȱofȱGod.”65ȱ
Theȱ pictureȱ ofȱ Remielȱ thatȱ isȱ drawnȱ byȱ 1Enȱ 20:8ȱ isȱ reminiscentȱ ofȱ theȱ
angelȱJeremielȱinȱ4ȱEzraȱ4:36ȱwhoȱtellsȱtheȱsoulsȱofȱtheȱrighteousȱaboutȱ
theȱpreconditionsȱofȱtheirȱresurrection.ȱPossiblyȱRemielȱandȱJeremielȱareȱ
butȱdifferentȱnamesȱforȱtheȱsameȱangelicȱfigure.66ȱ
4.ȱConclusionsȱ
Fromȱ theȱ fourthȱ centuryȱ BCEȱ onwardȱ thereȱ isȱ aȱ numberȱ ofȱ Jewishȱ
sourcesȱthatȱdealȱeitherȱwithȱgroupsȱofȱarchangelsȱorȱwithȱsomeȱofȱtheirȱ
individualȱrepresentatives.ȱTheȱrespectiveȱtextsȱalreadyȱreflectȱaȱdiverȬ
sityȱofȱtraditionsȱthatȱdoȱnotȱfitȱinȱoneȱbigȱpicture,ȱbutȱratherȱexistȱsideȱ
byȱ side.ȱ Neitherȱ theȱ overallȱ numberȱ ofȱ archangelsȱ norȱ theȱ namesȱ ofȱ
thoseȱwhoȱwereȱtoȱbeȱcountedȱamongȱthisȱnumberȱwasȱaȱsettledȱissue,ȱ
letȱaloneȱtheȱspecificȱtasksȱattributedȱtoȱeachȱofȱthem.ȱDependingȱonȱtheȱ
differentȱ literaryȱ contexts,ȱ theseȱ parametersȱ mayȱ varyȱ considerably,ȱ
andȱitȱisȱevidentȱthatȱdifferentȱangelicȱprotagonistsȱcouldȱbeȱentrustedȱ
withȱalmostȱidenticalȱtasksȱinȱorderȱtoȱreachȱaȱsignificantȱoverallȱnumȬ
berȱofȱarchangels.67ȱȱ
Asȱitȱisȱvirtuallyȱimpossibleȱtoȱdisentangleȱtheȱdifferentȱthreadsȱthatȱ
constituteȱ theȱ multifacetedȱ pictureȱ ofȱ theȱ archangelsȱ inȱ earlyȱ Jewishȱ
writings,ȱ theȱ historicalȱ developmentȱ ofȱ theȱ respectiveȱ partȱ ofȱ angelolȬ
ogyȱcannotȱbeȱreconstructedȱwithȱcertainty.ȱYet,ȱitȱisȱclearȱthatȱtheȱarchȬ
angelsȱmustȱatȱleastȱhaveȱbeenȱofȱimportanceȱforȱtheȱtheologyȱofȱcertainȱ
JewishȱcirclesȱfromȱearlyȱSecondȱTempleȱtimesȱonward.ȱFromȱwhatȱweȱ
63ȱȱ See,ȱhowever,ȱ1Enȱ6:7ȱwhereȱaȱcertainȱRamaelȱ(4QEnaȱFr.ȱ1ȱIIIȱ7:ȱʬ]ʠʮʲʸ)ȱisȱmentionedȱ
asȱoneȱofȱtheȱchieftainsȱofȱtheȱrebelȱwatcherȱShemihazah.ȱ
64ȱȱ Cf.ȱNickelsburg,ȱ1ȱEnochȱ1ȱ296.ȱ
65ȱȱ Black,ȱBookȱ163.ȱ
66ȱȱ Cf.ȱ Boussetȱ /ȱ Greßmann,ȱ Religionȱ 325;ȱ Nickelsburg,ȱ 1ȱ Enochȱ 1ȱ 296.ȱ See,ȱ however,ȱ
Stone,ȱFourthȱEzraȱ97,ȱwhoȱdeniesȱtheȱidentityȱofȱRemielȱandȱJeremiel.ȱ
67ȱȱ SeeȱaboveȱwithȱregardȱtoȱtheȱcommissioningȱofȱGabrielȱinȱ1Enȱ10:9Ȭ10.ȱ

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learnȱinȱ1EnȱandȱtheȱBookȱofȱDaniel,ȱtheȱarchangelsȱfeatureȱprimarilyȱasȱ
God’sȱsupremeȱagentsȱinȱfightingȱtheȱwickedȱthroughoutȱhistoryȱandȱinȱ
revealingȱtheȱmysteriesȱofȱtheȱworldȱandȱtheȱhiddenȱcourseȱofȱhistoryȱtoȱ
theȱ chosenȱ ones.ȱ Thisȱ is,ȱ however,ȱ onlyȱ theȱ perspectiveȱ weȱ gainȱ fromȱ
someȱselectȱwritingsȱwhichȱreflectȱtheȱsophisticatedȱpositionsȱofȱtheoloȬ
gians.ȱ Stillȱ aȱ differentȱ matterȱ areȱ theȱ beliefsȱ andȱ practicesȱ ofȱ theȱ comȬ
monȱ peopleȱ onȱ whichȱ theȱ literaryȱ sourcesȱ discussedȱ inȱ thisȱ articleȱ reȬ
mainȱsilent.68ȱ
Abstractȱ
TheȱBookȱofȱWatchersȱ(1Enȱ6Ȭ36)ȱcontainsȱtwoȱlistsȱofȱarchangelsȱwhichȱ
onlyȱ agreeȱ inȱ countingȱ Michael,ȱ Gabrielȱ andȱ Raphaelȱ amongȱ theȱ suȬ
premeȱheavenlyȱbeings.ȱTheȱmajorȱdifferenceȱbetweenȱbothȱlistsȱliesȱinȱ
theȱ overallȱ numberȱ ofȱ archangels.ȱ Whileȱ 1Enȱ 9Ȭ10ȱ countȱ fourȱ angelicȱ
princesȱ (theȱ threeȱ aforementionedȱ angelsȱ andȱ Sariel)ȱ whoȱ opposeȱ theȱ
fallenȱ watchers,ȱ 1Enȱ 20ȱ givesȱ theȱ namesȱ ofȱ sevenȱ archangelsȱ (addingȱ
Uriel,ȱRaguel,ȱSarielȱandȱRemielȱtoȱtheȱgroupȱofȱtheȱthree)ȱwhoȱaccomȬ
panyȱEnochȱonȱhisȱheavenlyȱjourneyȱ(1Enȱ21Ȭ36).ȱBothȱtraditionsȱhaveȱ
hadȱaȱgreatȱimpactȱuponȱreceptionȱhistory,ȱwhichȱisȱalreadyȱshownȱbyȱ
theirȱ attestationȱ inȱ otherȱ Jewishȱ sourcesȱ ofȱ Secondȱ Templeȱ times.ȱ Theȱ
individualȱ profileȱ ofȱ aȱ specificȱ archangelȱ isȱ notȱ alwaysȱ clearȬcutȱ andȱ
mayȱbecomeȱalmostȱunrecognizableȱwhenȱtheȱrespectiveȱangelȱisȱactingȱ
asȱ partȱ ofȱ aȱ group.ȱ However,ȱ thereȱ areȱ certainȱ characteristicsȱ (e.g.ȱ MiȬ
chael’sȱ patronageȱ overȱ Israelȱ andȱ Raphael’sȱ healingȱ powers)ȱ thatȱ areȱ
alreadyȱ dominantȱ inȱ theȱ earlyȱ Jewishȱ sourcesȱ andȱ haveȱ remainedȱ soȱ
untilȱtoday.ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
68ȱȱ Onlyȱbeneathȱtheȱsurfaceȱofȱtheȱtextsȱoneȱgetsȱaȱglimpseȱofȱpopularȱbeliefsȱconnectedȱ
withȱsomeȱofȱtheȱarchangels.ȱTheȱmostȱobviousȱexampleȱisȱRaphael,ȱwhoseȱhealingȱ
powersȱareȱhardlyȱaȱmereȱtheoreticalȱconcept,ȱbutȱmostȱlikelyȱreflectȱtheȱpracticeȱofȱ
appealingȱ toȱ thisȱ veryȱ angelȱ inȱ orderȱ toȱ achieveȱ healingȱ (cf.ȱ alsoȱ theȱ sceneȱ inȱ Johnȱ
5:4).ȱStillȱoneȱstepȱfurtherȱisȱtheȱ(cultic)ȱworshipȱofȱcertainȱangels,ȱwhichȱisȱreflectedȱ
byȱpolemicȱstatementsȱ(cf.ȱe.g.ȱRevȱ19:10;ȱColȱ2:18);ȱonȱthisȱissueȱseeȱMach,ȱEntwickȬ
lungsstadien,ȱ291Ȭ300.ȱ

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ȱ

Althoughȱ theȱ monotheisticȱ creedȱ becameȱ theȱ fundamentalȱ basisȱ ofȱ

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“complexȱ Babylonianȱ systemȱ ofȱ astralȱ andȱ cosmicȱ symbolism”12ȱ fromȱ

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alreadyȱ existingȱ traditionȱ ofȱ sevenȱ archangels.17ȱ Alternatively,ȱ oneȱ

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Berner,ȱ C.,ȱ Jahre,ȱ Jahrwochenȱ undȱ Jubiläen.ȱ Heptadischeȱ GeschichtskonzepȬ

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