Jacques Van Ruiten (2007) - Angels and Demons in The Book of Jubilees. 'Angels, The Concept of Celestial Beings... ', Pp. 585-610

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AngelsȱandȱDemonsȱinȱtheȱBookȱofȱJubileesȱ
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JACQUESȱVANȱRUITEN,ȱGRONINGENȱ
Introductionȱ
TheȱbookȱofȱJubileesȱisȱpresentedȱasȱaȱrevelationȱwhichȱMosesȱreceivesȱatȱ
MountȱSinai.1ȱItȱactuallyȱconsistsȱofȱaȱrewritingȱandȱinterpretationȱofȱtheȱ
biblicalȱ narrativeȱ fromȱ theȱ creationȱ untilȱ theȱ arrivalȱ ofȱ theȱ childrenȱ ofȱ
IsraelȱatȱMountȱSinai.ȱAlthoughȱtheȱtextȱofȱJubileesȱisȱguidedȱtoȱaȱlargeȱ
extentȱbyȱtheȱbiblicalȱbooksȱofȱGenesisȱandȱExodusȱasȱfarȱasȱcontentȱandȱ
sequenceȱ areȱ concerned,ȱ oneȱ shouldȱ acknowledgeȱ thatȱ otherȱ sourcesȱ
andȱ traditionsȱ areȱalsoȱ incorporatedȱinȱtheȱ book.ȱ Oneȱ canȱ pointȱ toȱ theȱ
additionȱ ofȱ materialȱ originatingȱ fromȱ theȱ Enochicȱ traditionsȱ (4:15Ȭ26;ȱ
5:1Ȭ12;ȱ7:20Ȭ39;ȱ10:1Ȭ17),2ȱtheȱAramaicȱDocumentȱofȱLeviȱ(e.g.,ȱJub.ȱ31Ȭ32),3ȱ
andȱ 4QVisionsȱ ofȱ Amramȱ (Jub.ȱ 46).4ȱ Someȱ scholarsȱ optȱ forȱ aȱ commonȱ
sourceȱforȱ1ȱEnoch,ȱJubileesȱandȱsomeȱQumranȱtextsȱ(theȱsoȬcalledȱBookȱofȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
1ȱȱ Accordingȱ toȱ bothȱ externalȱ andȱ internalȱ evidence,ȱ theȱ bookȱ ofȱ Jubileesȱ wouldȱ haveȱ
beenȱ writtenȱ inȱ theȱ middleȱ ofȱ theȱ secondȱ centuryȱ B.C.E.ȱ Cf.ȱ Berger,ȱ Buchȱ 298Ȭ300;ȱ
Charles,ȱ Bookȱ lviiȬlxvi;ȱ Davenport,ȱ Eschatology,ȱ 10Ȭ18;ȱ Nickelsburg,ȱ Literatureȱ 78;ȱ
VanderKam,ȱStudiesȱ214Ȭ285.ȱ
2ȱȱ Seeȱ especiallyȱ VanderKam,ȱ Enochȱ Traditions.ȱ Thisȱ workȱ influencedȱ VanderKam’sȱ
Growthȱ179Ȭ188,ȱandȱformedȱtheȱbasisȱofȱaȱchapterȱinȱVanderKam,ȱManȱ110Ȭ121.ȱSeeȱ
alsoȱsomeȱofȱhisȱpredecessors:ȱCharles,ȱBookȱxliv,ȱ36Ȭ39,ȱ43Ȭ44;ȱGrelot,ȱLaȱlégendeȱ5Ȭ
26,ȱ 181Ȭ210;ȱ Milik,ȱ Bookȱ ofȱ Enoch.ȱ VanderKamȱ isȱ followedȱ by,ȱ e.g.,ȱ Nickelsburg,ȱ 1ȱ
Enochȱ71Ȭ76.ȱ
3ȱȱ Grélotȱ andȱ othersȱ optȱ forȱ aȱ dependencyȱ ofȱ Jubileesȱ onȱ theȱ Testamentȱ ofȱ Levi.ȱ Seeȱ
Grélot,ȱAncienȱ253Ȭ263ȱ(esp.ȱ255);ȱGrélot,ȱLivreȱ109Ȭ131.ȱSoȱalso,ȱe.g.,ȱStone,ȱFiguresȱ
575Ȭ586.ȱSeeȱalsoȱGrélot,ȱCentsȱ559Ȭ570;ȱPuech,ȱQumrânȱ4.22,ȱ285Ȭ286;ȱDrawnel,ȱWisȬ
domȱ63Ȭ75;ȱGreenfieldȱ/ȱStoneȱ/ȱEshel,ȱLeviȱDocumentȱ19Ȭ22;ȱDeȱJonge,ȱTestamentȱ367Ȭ
385ȱ(esp.ȱ373Ȭ376)ȱ(reprintedȱinȱJewishȱEschatologyȱ244Ȭ262).ȱAccordingȱtoȱKugler,ȱaȱ
soȬcalledȱ “LeviȬapocryphon”ȱ wasȱ theȱ sourceȱ forȱ bothȱ theȱ Aramaicȱ Leviȱ Documentȱ
andȱ Jubilees;ȱ cf.ȱ Kugler,ȱ Patriarchȱ 138.ȱ Accordingȱ toȱ Beckerȱ bothȱ theȱ Aramaicȱ Leviȱ
DocumentȱandȱJubileesȱgoȱbackȱtoȱcommonȱoralȱtraditions;ȱcf.ȱBecker,ȱUntersuchunȬ
genȱ86.ȱ
4ȱȱ Cf.ȱMilik,ȱ4QȱVisionsȱ77Ȭ97ȱ(esp.ȱ97);ȱPuech,ȱQumrânȱ4.22,ȱ285Ȭ286,ȱ322Ȭ324;ȱHalpernȬ
Amaru,ȱFathersȱ135Ȭ152ȱ(esp.ȱ146Ȭ152).ȱ
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586ȱ JacquesȱvanȱRuitenȱ
Noah),5ȱ butȱ othersȱ speakȱ aboutȱ theȱ incorporationȱ ofȱ otherȱ traditionsȱ
withinȱ theȱ renderingȱ andȱ explanationȱ ofȱ theȱ biblicalȱ text,ȱ orȱ aboutȱ aȱ
fusionȱandȱreconciliationȱofȱdifferentȱJewishȱstreamsȱinȱtheȱ2ndȱcenturyȱ
B.C.E.ȱȱ
Asȱ farȱ asȱ angelsȱ areȱ concerned,ȱ theȱ authorȱ followsȱ toȱ aȱ certainȱ exȬ
tentȱtheȱbiblicalȱtext.ȱHowever,ȱheȱgoesȱbeyondȱtheȱbiblicalȱtextȱwithȱhisȱ
moreȱelaborateȱangelology,ȱinȱwhichȱtheȱinfluenceȱofȱotherȱsourcesȱandȱ
traditionsȱ isȱ alsoȱ apparent.ȱ Accordingȱ toȱ Jubilees,ȱ thereȱ areȱ bothȱ goodȱ
andȱ evilȱ angels.ȱ Whereasȱ humansȱ liveȱ onȱ earth,ȱ theȱ goodȱ angelsȱ liveȱ
togetherȱwithȱGodȱinȱheaven.ȱTheȱdemonsȱandȱtheȱangelsȱwhoȱsinnedȱ
areȱpunishedȱinȱtheȱdepthsȱofȱtheȱearth.6ȱHowever,ȱangelsȱandȱdemonsȱ
canȱalsoȱbeȱactiveȱonȱearth.ȱGodȱsentȱsomeȱangelsȱonȱearthlyȱmissions,ȱ
andȱ someȱ ofȱ theȱ demonsȱ areȱ allowedȱ toȱ serveȱ theirȱ leader,ȱ princeȱ
Mastema,ȱonȱearth.ȱȱ
Inȱ thisȱ paper,ȱ Iȱ wouldȱlikeȱ toȱ goȱ intoȱ theȱ creationȱ ofȱangelsȱ onȱ theȱ
firstȱ dayȱ ofȱ creation,ȱ andȱ intoȱ theirȱ activitiesȱ (praisingȱ God,ȱ keepingȱ
sabbathȱ andȱ festivals).ȱ Iȱ willȱ thenȱ dealȱ withȱ theȱ angelȱ ofȱ theȱ presence,ȱ
theȱmostȱprominentȱangelicȱcharacterȱinȱtheȱbook.ȱSubsequently,ȱIȱwillȱ
payȱattentionȱtoȱtheȱwatchers,ȱangelsȱwhoȱwereȱsentȱbyȱGodȱonȱaȱposiȬ
tiveȱ missionȱ toȱ earth,ȱ butȱ whoȱ sinnedȱ withȱ theȱ daughtersȱ ofȱ menȱ andȱ
wereȱpunishedȱandȱboundȱinȱtheȱdepthsȱofȱtheȱearth.ȱFinally,ȱIȱwillȱdealȱ
withȱ theȱ spiritsȱ ofȱ theirȱ offspring,ȱ theȱ demons,ȱ whoȱ remainȱ afterȱ theȱ
flood,ȱandȱwhoȱareȱinȱtheȱserviceȱofȱtheirȱleader,ȱtheȱprinceȱofȱMastema.ȱ
TheȱCreationȱofȱAngelsȱonȱtheȱFirstȱDayȱofȱCreationȱ
InȱJubilees,ȱtheȱcreationȱofȱangelsȱoccursȱasȱtheȱfourthȱworkȱofȱcreationȱ
onȱtheȱfirstȱdayȱ(2:2Ȭ3).7ȱȱ
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2:2aȱ Forȱonȱtheȱfirstȱdayȱheȱcreatedȱtheȱheavensȱthatȱareȱabove,ȱ
andȱtheȱearth,ȱandȱtheȱwaters,ȱȱ
2bȱ andȱallȱtheȱspiritsȱwhoȱserveȱbeforeȱhim,ȱnamely:8ȱ
2cȱ Theȱangelsȱofȱtheȱpresence;ȱ
5ȱȱ See,ȱ e.g.,ȱ Garcíaȱ Martínez,ȱ Qumranȱ 1Ȭ44;ȱ Stone,ȱ Book(s)ȱ 4Ȭ23.ȱ Othersȱ evenȱ considerȱ
JubileesȱasȱanȱEnochicȱdocument,ȱinȱwhichȱtheȱsoȬcalledȱZadokiteȱTorahȱ(i.e.,ȱGenesisȱ
andȱ Exodus)ȱ wasȱ incorporatedȱ andȱ digestedȱ inȱ theȱ Enochicȱ revelation.ȱ Seeȱ BoccacȬ
cini,ȱEsseneȱHypothesisȱ86Ȭ98.ȱSeeȱalsoȱSacchi,ȱLibroȱ179Ȭ411.ȱ
6ȱȱ Forȱtheȱdivisionȱofȱrealityȱinȱthreeȱareas,ȱseeȱDimant,ȱ Mym#ȱ ynbȱ97Ȭ118;ȱaȱsummaryȱofȱ
Dimant’sȱarticleȱinȱVanderKam,ȱAngelȱ378Ȭ380.ȱ
7ȱȱ Forȱtheȱfollowing,ȱseeȱalsoȱVanȱRuiten,ȱHistory,ȱ20Ȭ27.ȱ
8ȱȱ TheȱEthiopicȱreadingȱisȱwaȱ(“and”).ȱHowever,ȱtheȱmeaningȱofȱwaȱcouldȱbeȱ“namely.”ȱ
Cf.ȱVanderKam,ȱStudiesȱIIȱ7.ȱ

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ȱ AngelsȱandȱDemonsȱinȱtheȱBookȱofȱJubileesȱ 587ȱ
ȱ theȱangelsȱofȱholiness;ȱȱ
ȱ theȱangelsȱofȱtheȱspiritsȱofȱfire;ȱ
ȱ theȱangelsȱofȱtheȱspiritsȱofȱtheȱwinds;ȱ
ȱ theȱangelsȱofȱtheȱspiritsȱofȱtheȱclouds,ȱofȱdarkness,ȱsnow,9ȱ
hail,ȱandȱfrost;ȱ
ȱ theȱangelsȱofȱtheȱsounds,ȱtheȱthunders,ȱandȱtheȱlightnings;ȱ
ȱ andȱtheȱangelsȱofȱtheȱspiritsȱofȱcoldȱandȱheat,ȱofȱwinter,ȱ
spring,ȱautumn,ȱandȱsummer;ȱ
2dȱ andȱofȱallȱtheȱspiritsȱofȱhisȱcreaturesȱwhichȱareȱinȱtheȱheavȬ
ens,ȱonȱearth,ȱandȱinȱeveryȱ(place).ȱ
2eȱ (Thereȱwereȱalso)ȱtheȱdepths,ȱdarknessȱandȱlight,ȱdawnȱandȱ
eveningȱwhichȱheȱpreparedȱthroughȱtheȱknowledgeȱofȱhisȱ
mind.ȱ
3aȱ Thenȱweȱsawȱhisȱworksȱȱ
3bȱ andȱblessedȱhim.ȱ
3cȱ Weȱofferedȱpraiseȱbeforeȱhimȱregardingȱallȱhisȱworksȱȱ
3dȱ becauseȱheȱhadȱmadeȱsevenȱgreatȱworksȱonȱtheȱfirstȱday.ȱ
ȱ
Thisȱtext,ȱinȱwhichȱtheȱcreationȱofȱangelsȱtakesȱaȱprominentȱposition,ȱcanȱ
beȱ consideredȱ aȱ rewritingȱ ofȱ Genȱ 1:1Ȭ5.ȱ Itȱ isȱ strikingȱ thatȱ theȱ authorȱ ofȱ
Jubileesȱ usesȱ Genȱ 1:1Ȭ2ȱ togetherȱ withȱ Genȱ 1:3Ȭ5ȱ asȱ aȱ descriptionȱ ofȱ theȱ
firstȱ dayȱ ofȱ creation.10ȱ Itȱ isȱunthinkableȱforȱ Jubileesȱ thatȱ somethingȱelseȱ
couldȱhaveȱprecededȱthisȱfirstȱday.ȱNothingȱbutȱGodȱexistedȱbeforeȱtheȱ
creation.11ȱTheȱnumberȱofȱcreatedȱworksȱonȱtheȱfirstȱdayȱisȱsevenȱ(Jub.ȱ
2:3d).ȱMostȱprobablyȱtheȱfollowingȱitemsȱwereȱinȱtheȱauthor’sȱmind:ȱtheȱ
heavens,ȱtheȱearth,ȱtheȱwaters,ȱtheȱspirits,ȱtheȱdepths,ȱtheȱdarkness,ȱandȱ
theȱlight.12ȱHeȱarrivesȱatȱtheseȱitemsȱbecauseȱheȱconsidersȱnotȱonlyȱtheȱ
heavensȱandȱtheȱearthȱasȱobjectsȱofȱtheȱverbȱ )rbȱ(Genȱ1:1),ȱbutȱalsoȱtheȱ
9ȱȱ TheȱEthiopicȱreadingȱisȱkwΩlluȱ(“all”).ȱTheȱGreekȱversionȱpreservedȱinȱEpiphaniusȱhasȱ
“snow.”ȱForȱtheȱemendationȱofȱ“all”ȱintoȱ“snow”ȱcf.ȱCharles,ȱMashafaȱkufaleȱ5ȱn.ȱ44;ȱ
Charles,ȱBookȱ13;ȱVanderKam,ȱStudiesȱIIȱ7.ȱBerger,ȱBuchȱ323ȱn.ȱk,ȱpreferredȱtheȱreadȬ
ingȱofȱmss.ȱ9,ȱ38:ȱ“ofȱallȱdarkness,”ȱinsteadȱofȱ“ofȱdarkness,ȱofȱall.”ȱȱ
10ȱȱ Alsoȱinȱ4ȱEzraȱ6:38Ȭ40;ȱJosephus,ȱAnt.ȱ1.27.ȱGenȱ1:1Ȭ2ȱisȱtreatedȱasȱpartȱofȱtheȱfirstȱdayȱofȱ
creation.ȱCf.ȱalsoȱSibyllineȱOraclesȱ3:20.ȱInȱGenesis,ȱ1:1Ȭ2ȱisȱnotȱpartȱofȱtheȱframeworkȱofȱ
theȱfirstȱsixȱdaysȱofȱcreation,ȱwhichȱconsistsȱofȱaȱsequenceȱofȱsections,ȱeachȱofȱwhichȱ
isȱgovernedȱbyȱtheȱdivineȱcommandȱandȱitsȱexecution.ȱ
11ȱȱ Cf.ȱVanderKam,ȱGenesisȱ306.ȱ
12ȱȱ Compareȱ Charles,ȱ Bookȱ 11;ȱ Testuz,ȱ Idéesȱ 19;ȱ Steck,ȱ Aufnahmeȱ 167;ȱ VanderKam,ȱ
Genesisȱ306.ȱLessȱprobably,ȱLittmannȱmentionsȱheaven,ȱearth,ȱwaters,ȱangelsȱofȱtheȱ
service,ȱangelsȱofȱtheȱnaturalȱphenomena,ȱangelsȱofȱtheȱspiritsȱofȱtheȱseasons,ȱangelsȱ
ofȱtheȱspiritsȱofȱlightȱandȱdarkness.ȱCf.ȱLittmann,ȱBuchȱ31Ȭ119.ȱAtȱfirstȱsight,ȱitȱisȱnotȱ
clearȱ whyȱ theȱ “dawn”ȱ andȱ theȱ “evening”ȱ (cf.ȱ 2:2e)ȱ areȱ notȱ countedȱ amongȱ theȱ creȬ
atedȱitems.ȱIfȱtheyȱhadȱbeen,ȱthisȱwouldȱhaveȱbroughtȱtheȱtotalȱofȱcreatedȱobjectsȱonȱ
theȱfirstȱdayȱupȱtoȱnine.ȱTheȱeveningȱisȱprobablyȱconsideredȱpartȱofȱdarkness,ȱwhileȱ
theȱdawnȱisȱconsideredȱpartȱofȱlight.ȱȱ

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itemsȱmentionedȱinȱGenȱ1:2.ȱTheȱsentencesȱofȱGenȱ1:2bcȱwereȱnotȱseenȱ
asȱ independentȱ nominalȱ clauses,ȱ butȱ wereȱ readȱ asȱ objectȱ phrasesȱ deȬ
pendentȱonȱtheȱverbȱ)rb.ȱTheȱauthorȱofȱJubileesȱprobablyȱreadȱGenȱ1:1Ȭ2ȱ
asȱfollows:ȱȱ
“Onȱtheȱfirstȱ(day)ȱGodȱcreatedȱtheȱheavens,ȱandȱtheȱearthȱ(...),ȱandȱdarkȬ
nessȱ(uponȱtheȱfaceȱof)ȱtheȱdepth,ȱandȱtheȱspiritȱofȱ(the)ȱElohimȱ(whichȱwasȱ
movingȱoverȱtheȱfaceȱof)ȱtheȱwaters.”ȱȱ
Thisȱ meansȱ thatȱ Genȱ 1:1Ȭ2ȱ containsȱ theȱ firstȱ sixȱ worksȱ ofȱ creation:ȱ 1.ȱ
heavens,ȱ 2.ȱ earth,ȱ 3.ȱ darkness,ȱ 4.ȱ depth,ȱ 5.ȱ spiritȱ ofȱ Elohim,ȱ 6.ȱ waters.ȱ
Accordingȱ toȱ theȱ authorȱ ofȱ Jubilees,ȱ theyȱ wereȱ madeȱ inȱ pairs:ȱ heavȬ
ens/earth,ȱdarkness/depth,ȱspirit/waters.ȱHowever,ȱheȱmadeȱsomeȱrearȬ
rangementȱofȱtheȱobjectsȱofȱcreation,ȱandȱheȱelaboratedȱonȱtheȱ“spiritȱofȱ
(the)ȱ Elohim.”ȱ Inȱ hisȱ rewriting,ȱ heȱ maintainsȱ theȱ positionȱ ofȱ theȱ firstȱ
pairȱ (2:2a:ȱ heavens/earth).ȱ Heȱ changes,ȱ however,ȱ theȱ orderȱ ofȱ theȱ secȬ
ondȱandȱthirdȱpairs,ȱasȱwellȱasȱtheȱinternalȱpositionȱofȱtheȱobjectsȱ(i.e.,ȱ
waters/spirit,ȱ depth/darkness).ȱ Thisȱ rearrangementȱ wasȱ madeȱ becauseȱ
ofȱlogicalȱconsiderations.ȱItȱisȱbecauseȱ“darkness”ȱwasȱcreatedȱuponȱtheȱ
faceȱofȱtheȱ“depth”ȱ(Genȱ1:2b),ȱthatȱtheȱ“depth”ȱhadȱtoȱbeȱcreatedȱbeforeȱ
theȱ “darkness.”ȱ Becauseȱ “theȱ spiritȱ ofȱ Elohim”ȱ wasȱ createdȱ movingȱ
overȱtheȱfaceȱofȱtheȱ“waters,”ȱtheȱ“waters”ȱhadȱtoȱbeȱcreatedȱbeforeȱtheȱ
“spirit.”ȱ
Veryȱ strikingȱ isȱ theȱ mentionȱ ofȱ theȱ creationȱ ofȱ angelsȱ inȱ Jubilees.ȱ Itȱ
occursȱasȱtheȱfourthȱworkȱofȱcreationȱonȱtheȱfirstȱday,ȱandȱitȱthereforeȱ
takesȱtheȱcentralȱposition.13ȱTheȱangelsȱareȱmentionedȱinȱseveralȱplacesȱ
inȱtheȱBible,ȱbutȱnothingȱisȱsaidȱaboutȱtheirȱcreation.ȱManyȱancientȱinȬ
terpreters,ȱ therefore,ȱ foundȱ itȱ necessaryȱ toȱ speakȱ aboutȱ theirȱ creationȱ
sometimeȱduringȱtheȱfirstȱsixȱdays.14ȱAtȱfirstȱsight,ȱthereȱseemsȱtoȱbeȱnoȱ
counterpartȱtoȱthisȱcreationȱinȱGenesis.ȱHowever,ȱaccordingȱtoȱJubilees,ȱ
theȱangelsȱwereȱcreatedȱonȱtheȱfirstȱdayȱofȱcreation.ȱTheȱtextualȱclueȱforȱ
thisȱ interpretationȱ canȱ beȱ foundȱ inȱ Genȱ 1:2,ȱ whichȱ speaksȱ aboutȱ theȱ
“spiritȱofȱGod”ȱ(Myhl) xwr)ȱJubileesȱreadsȱthisȱphraseȱasȱanȱobjectȱclauseȱ
13ȱȱ CompareȱVanderKam,ȱGenesisȱ306.ȱ
14ȱȱ See,ȱe.g.,ȱSirȱ16:26Ȭ30;ȱ11Q5,ȱXXVIȱ(“HymnȱtoȱtheȱCreator”);ȱ2ȱEnȱ29:3ȱ(onȱtheȱsecondȱ
day);ȱTgȱPsȬJȱGenȱ1:26ȱ(onȱtheȱsecondȱday);ȱGenȱrȱ1:3ȱ(onȱtheȱfifthȱday);ȱPREȱ4ȱ(onȱtheȱ
secondȱday);ȱcf.ȱalsoȱShepherdȱofȱHermas,ȱVisionȱ4:1.ȱThereȱareȱsomeȱindicationsȱinȱ
theȱBibleȱthatȱtheȱangelsȱwereȱcreatedȱinȱtheȱfirstȱweekȱofȱcreation.ȱCf.ȱKugel,ȱBibleȱ
58Ȭ59.ȱGenȱ2:1ȱstatesȱthatȱtheȱheavensȱandȱtheȱearthȱwereȱfinished,ȱandȱallȱtheirȱhostsȱ
(M)bc).ȱTheȱphraseȱ“hostsȱofȱheaven”ȱcouldȱbeȱusedȱinȱconnectionȱwithȱangelsȱ(e.g.,ȱ
1ȱKingsȱ22:19).ȱOneȱcouldȱinterpretȱGenȱ2:1ȱasȱindicatingȱthatȱ“theȱhostȱofȱheaven,”ȱ
i.e.ȱ theȱ angels,ȱ wasȱ createdȱ beforeȱ theȱ firstȱ Sabbath.ȱ Inȱ aȱ contextȱ thatȱ refersȱ toȱ theȱ
creationȱ ofȱ theȱ world,ȱ theȱ angelsȱ areȱ alsoȱ mentionedȱ inȱ Psȱ 104:4ȱ (“[God]ȱ ...ȱ whoȱ
makesȱ theȱ windsȱ hisȱ angels,ȱ fireȱ andȱ flameȱ hisȱ servants”)ȱ andȱ inȱ Jobȱ 38:7ȱ (“...ȱ theȱ
morningȱstarsȱsangȱtogether,ȱandȱallȱtheȱsonsȱofȱGodȱshoutedȱforȱjoy”).ȱ

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ofȱtheȱverbȱ )rbȱ(Genȱ1:1):ȱ“Godȱcreatedȱtheȱheavensȱ...ȱandȱtheȱspiritȱofȱ
Elohim.”15ȱTheȱwordȱMyhl)ȱ(Elohim)ȱisȱusuallyȱtranslatedȱhereȱasȱ“God.”ȱ
Theȱwordȱcouldȱalsoȱmeanȱ(foreign)ȱgods.ȱInȱ4:21ȱ(“Heȱwas,ȱmoreover,ȱ
withȱ God’sȱ angels”)ȱ theȱ authorȱ ofȱ Jubileesȱ understandsȱ theȱ Elohimȱ
(Myhl)h)ȱofȱGenȱ5:22,ȱ24ȱ(“EnochȱwalkedȱwithȱGod”)ȱasȱaȱreferenceȱtoȱ
hisȱ stayȱ withȱ theȱ angels.16ȱ Alsoȱ inȱ 2:2,ȱ heȱ showsȱ thatȱ heȱ understandsȱ
Elohimȱ (ofȱ Genȱ 1:2)ȱ asȱ meaningȱ “angels.”17ȱ Sevenȱ kindsȱ ofȱ angelsȱ areȱ
enumerated,ȱwhichȱcoincidesȱwithȱtheȱsevenȱitemsȱcreatedȱonȱtheȱfirstȱ
day.ȱTheyȱseemȱtoȱbeȱorderedȱinȱaȱhierarchicalȱway.ȱThereȱareȱtwoȱleadȬ
ingȱ groupsȱ (theȱ angelsȱ ofȱ theȱ presenceȱ andȱ theȱ angelsȱ ofȱ holiness),ȱ
whereasȱtheȱothersȱareȱinȱchargeȱofȱdifferentȱaspectsȱofȱGod’sȱcreation.ȱ
Thoseȱangelsȱwhoȱareȱconnectedȱwithȱcosmicȱphenomenaȱdoȱnotȱoccurȱ
elsewhereȱ inȱ Jubilees.ȱ Theȱ twoȱ greatȱ kindsȱ ofȱ angels,ȱ however,ȱ areȱ
prominentȱ inȱ theȱ restȱ ofȱ Jubilees,ȱ whichȱ isȱ presentedȱ asȱ anȱ angelicȱ disȬ
course.ȱ Theseȱ angelsȱ areȱ describedȱ inȱ anthropologicalȱ terms.ȱ Theyȱ
speakȱ withȱ people,ȱ oneȱ ofȱ themȱ teachesȱ Abramȱ toȱ speakȱ Hebrewȱ
(12:27),ȱandȱonlyȱtheseȱtwoȱkindsȱareȱcreatedȱcircumcisedȱ(15:27Ȭ28).ȱ
AngelsȱPraiseȱandȱBlessȱGodȱ
TheȱfirstȱactivityȱofȱtheȱangelsȱisȱpraisingȱandȱblessingȱGod.ȱTheȱauthorȱ
ofȱ Jubileesȱ achievesȱ thisȱ byȱ replacingȱ theȱ formulaȱ ofȱ divineȱ approvalȱ
(Genȱ1:4a:ȱ“AndȱGodȱsawȱthatȱtheȱlightȱwasȱgood”)ȱwithȱtheȱapprovalȱ
ofȱ theȱ angelsȱ (2:3aȬc:ȱ “Thenȱ weȱ sawȱ hisȱ worksȱ andȱ blessedȱ him.ȱ Weȱ
offeredȱpraiseȱbeforeȱhimȱregardingȱallȱhisȱworks”).ȱTheȱauthorȱisȱinfluȬ
encedȱ hereȱ byȱ Jobȱ 38:7,ȱ whereȱ theȱ angelsȱ praiseȱ God’sȱ workȱ ofȱ creaȬ
tion.18ȱ Moreover,ȱ Jubileesȱ reflectsȱ theȱ influenceȱ ofȱ another,ȱ nonȬbiblicalȱ
workȱ –ȱ theȱ Qumranȱ “Hymnȱ toȱ theȱ Creator”ȱ (11Q5,ȱ XXVIȱ =ȱ 11QPsaȱ
XXVI).19ȱThisȱhymnȱisȱregardedȱmainlyȱasȱaȱparaphraseȱofȱJerȱ51:13,ȱ16ȱ
15ȱȱ Severalȱexegetesȱhaveȱpointedȱtoȱtheȱwordȱ“spirit”ȱ(xwr)ȱasȱtheȱtextualȱclue.ȱCompareȱ
Epstein,ȱLivreȱ84Ȭ85;ȱCharles,ȱBookȱ11ȱ(note),ȱSteck,ȱAufnahmeȱ157ȱn.ȱ14.ȱMoreȱprecisely,ȱ
itȱisȱtheȱphraseȱMyhwl) xwrȱusuallyȱtranslatedȱasȱ“theȱspiritȱofȱGod”ȱthatȱservesȱasȱtheȱ
pretextȱforȱtheȱmentionȱofȱtheȱangels.ȱCompareȱalsoȱVanderKam,ȱGenesisȱ306,ȱalthoughȱ
heȱdoesȱnotȱexplainȱwhyȱtheȱphraseȱMyhwl) xwrȱisȱtheȱtextualȱclue.ȱ
16ȱȱ Cf.ȱVanderKam,ȱManȱ115.ȱ
17ȱȱ Theȱ LXXȱ sometimesȱ translatesȱ Myhwl)ȱ byȱ a;ggeloiȱ (“angels”):ȱ e.g.,ȱ LXXȱ Psȱ 8:6;ȱ 96:7;ȱ
138:1.ȱ
18ȱȱ Jobȱ38:4a,ȱ7:ȱ“WhereȱwereȱyouȱwhenȱIȱlaidȱtheȱfoundationȱofȱtheȱearth?ȱ...ȱwhenȱtheȱ
morningȱstarsȱsangȱtogether,ȱandȱallȱtheȱsonsȱofȱGodȱshoutedȱforȱjoy?”ȱCf.ȱVanderȬ
Kam,ȱGenesisȱ310.ȱ
19ȱȱ Theȱtextȱofȱtheȱ“HymnȱofȱtheȱCreator”ȱwasȱpublishedȱbyȱSanders,ȱPsalmsȱ89Ȭ91.ȱCf.ȱ
GarcíaȱMartínezȱ/ȱTigchelaarȱ/ȱVanȱderȱWoude,ȱDiscoveriesȱpls.ȱIVȬV.ȱ

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(=ȱ10:13)ȱwithȱsomeȱrearrangement.ȱItȱshowsȱalsoȱsomeȱinfluenceȱfromȱ
Psȱ149Ȭ150.20ȱTheȱinfluenceȱofȱthisȱhymnȱonȱJubileesȱisȱrestrictedȱtoȱlinesȱ
11Ȭ12,ȱwhichȱrunȱparallelȱtoȱ2:2eȬ3c:ȱȱ
11Q5,ȱXXVI:11bȬ12ȱ(=ȱ11QPsa):ȱHymnȱ 4Qȱ216,ȱV:10Ȭ11ȱ(=Jub.ȱ2:2eȬ3c)ȱ
toȱtheȱCreatorȱ
11bȱ HEȱSEPARATEDȱlightȱFROMȱdarkȬ 2eȱdarkness,ȱlightȱANDȱdawn,21ȱANDȱ
ness,ȱ EVENINGȱWHICHȱȱ
11cȱ heȱpreparedȱtheȱdawnȱthroughȱ ȱ heȱpreparedȱthroughȱtheȱknowlȬ
theȱknowledgeȱofȱhisȱmindȱȱ edgeȱofȱhisȱmind.22ȱ
12aȱȱThenȱallȱangelsȱsawȱhimȱȱ 3aȱThenȱweȱsawȱhisȱworksȱȱ
ȱ andȱsangȱȱ 3bȱandȱblessedȱHIM.ȱ
12bȱ FORȱHEȱSHOWEDȱTHEMȱWHATȱTHEYȱ 3cȱWeȱofferedȱpraiseȱBEFOREȱHIMȱREȬ
HADȱNOTȱKNOWN.ȱ GARDINGȱALLȱHISȱWORKS.ȱ
Theȱ similaritiesȱ betweenȱ theȱ twoȱ textsȱ areȱ striking.ȱ Firstly,ȱ Iȱ wouldȱ
pointȱ toȱ theȱ mentionȱ ofȱ “light”ȱ andȱ “darkness”ȱ inȱ 11Q5,XXVI:11bȱ andȱ
Jub.ȱ2:2e,ȱ inȱ reversedȱorder.ȱ Secondly,ȱinȱ bothȱ textsȱ thereȱ isȱ theȱ phraseȱ
“heȱpreparedȱthroughȱtheȱknowledgeȱofȱhisȱmind”ȱ(11Q5,XXVI:11c;ȱJub.ȱ
2:2e).23ȱThereȱis,ȱofȱcourse,ȱaȱdifferenceȱinȱtheȱobjectȱofȱtheȱverbȱ“toȱpreȬ
pare.”ȱ Inȱ 11Q5ȱ itȱ isȱ onlyȱ “theȱ dawn”ȱ thatȱ isȱ prepared,ȱ inȱ Jubileesȱ itȱ isȱ
“darkness,ȱlight,ȱdawn,ȱandȱevening.”ȱThirdly,ȱtheȱverbȱ“toȱsee”ȱoccursȱ
inȱbothȱtexts.ȱTheȱsubjectȱinȱ11Q5,ȱXXVI:12aȱisȱ“allȱtheȱangels,”ȱinȱJub.ȱ
2:3aȱ itȱ isȱ theȱ firstȬpersonȱ pluralȱ (“we”)ȱ becauseȱ itȱ isȱ theȱ speechȱ ofȱ anȱ
angel.ȱTheȱobjectȱofȱseeingȱisȱdifferentȱinȱtheȱtwoȱtexts,ȱinȱtheȱhymnȱitȱisȱ
“him,”ȱinȱJubileesȱitȱisȱ“hisȱworks.”ȱNote,ȱhowever,ȱthatȱtheȱhymnȱconȬ
tinuesȱwithȱ“...ȱheȱshowedȱthemȱwhatȱtheyȱhadȱnotȱknown.”ȱFinally,ȱitȱ
isȱpossibleȱthatȱtheȱphrasesȱ“weȱblessedȱhimȱ...ȱweȱofferedȱpraise”ȱ(Jub.ȱ
2:3bȬc)ȱreflectȱtheȱangels’ȱoutburstȱinȱ11Q5,ȱXXVI:12aȱ(“andȱsang”).24ȱȱ
20ȱȱ Forȱanȱanalysisȱofȱtheȱ“HymnȱofȱtheȱCreator,”ȱseeȱSkehan,ȱComplexȱ195Ȭ205;ȱSkehan,ȱ
Jubileesȱ343Ȭ347.ȱ
21ȱȱ Inȱ theȱ orderingȱ ofȱ theȱ Hebrewȱ textȱ ofȱ Qumranȱ theȱ lastȱ twoȱ itemsȱ areȱ “dawnȱ andȱ
[light”ȱ(4Q216,ȱ5:10).ȱ
22ȱȱ Theȱ Hebrewȱ textȱ ofȱ Qumranȱ readsȱ “throughȱ hisȱ [know]ledge”ȱ (4Q216,ȱ 5:10).ȱ VanȬ
derKamȱ mentionsȱ theȱ factȱ thatȱ Milikȱ proposedȱ reconstructingȱ “throughȱ hisȱ wisȬ
dom”.ȱVanderKam,ȱGenesisȱ309;ȱcf.ȱVanderKamȱ/ȱMilik,ȱJubileesȱ16.ȱ
23ȱȱ Ifȱ Milikȱ isȱ rightȱ inȱ hisȱ reconstructionȱ ofȱ theȱ Hebrewȱ ofȱ 4Q216,ȱ 5:10:ȱ “whichȱ heȱ preȬ
paredȱ throughȱ hisȱ wisdom,”ȱ thenȱ Jubileesȱ couldȱ reflectȱ 11Q5,ȱ XXVI:14ȱ (“[he]ȱ whoȱ
preparedȱtheȱworldȱwithȱhisȱwisdom.”ȱItȱisȱthenȱalsoȱpossibleȱthatȱtheȱselfȬreferenceȱ
ofȱ wisdomȱ inȱ aȱ creationȱ contextȱ inȱ Provȱ 8:22ȱ hasȱ influencedȱ Jub.ȱ 2:2e.ȱ Cf.ȱ VanderȬ
Kam,ȱGenesisȱ309.ȱ
24ȱȱ CompareȱSkehan,ȱJubileesȱ346.ȱSkehanȱstatesȱthatȱbothȱverbsȱinȱJubileesȱareȱanȱexpliciȬ
tationȱofȱtheȱangels’ȱoutburstȱinȱtheȱhymn.ȱ

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CulticȱActivitiesȱofȱAngelsȱȱ
Theȱangelsȱareȱalsoȱinvolvedȱinȱotherȱactivities.ȱInȱheaven,ȱtheȱsabbathȱ
isȱ kept,ȱ theȱ festivalȱ ofȱ weeksȱ isȱ celebrated,ȱ andȱ theȱ angelsȱ areȱ circumȬ
cised.ȱByȱkeepingȱtheseȱcommandments,ȱtheȱangelsȱkeepȱtheȱlawsȱthatȱ
areȱputȱinȱrelationȱtoȱtheȱcovenantȱbetweenȱIsraelȱandȱGod.ȱInȱJubilees,ȱ
thereȱisȱaȱcorrelationȱbetweenȱculticȱpracticeȱinȱheavenȱandȱonȱearth.25ȱȱ
TheȱsabbathȱobservanceȱisȱofȱcrucialȱimportanceȱforȱJubilees,ȱandȱitȱ
isȱreferredȱtoȱinȱtheȱbeginningȱandȱatȱtheȱendȱofȱtheȱbookȱ(1:14;ȱ2:17Ȭ33;ȱ
50:6Ȭ13).ȱTheȱpracticeȱofȱkeepingȱtheȱsabbathȱisȱnotȱonlyȱanȱimitatioȱdeiȱ
(cf.ȱ2:1:ȱ“Andȱheȱ(=ȱtheȱLordȱGod)ȱkeptȱsabbathȱonȱtheȱseventhȱday,ȱandȱ
sanctifiedȱitȱforȱallȱages”),ȱbutȱalsoȱanȱimitatioȱangelorum.ȱInȱtheȱdescripȬ
tionȱofȱtheȱsabbathȱofȱtheȱcreationȱ(2:17Ȭ24),ȱwhichȱcontainsȱseveralȱeleȬ
mentsȱdeviatingȱfromȱtheȱprincipalȱbasicȱtextȱ(Genȱ2:1Ȭ3),ȱitȱrecountsȱtheȱ
givingȱofȱtheȱsabbathȱtoȱtheȱtwoȱgreatȱkindsȱofȱangelsȱ(2:17Ȭ18):ȱȱ
2:17aȱ Heȱgaveȱusȱtheȱsabbathȱdayȱasȱaȱgreatȱsignȱ
17bȱ soȱthatȱweȱshouldȱperformȱworkȱforȱsixȱdaysȱ
17cȱ andȱthatȱweȱshouldȱkeepȱsabbathȱfromȱallȱworkȱonȱtheȱ
seventhȱday.ȱ
18ȱ Heȱtoldȱusȱ–ȱallȱtheȱangelsȱofȱtheȱpresenceȱandȱallȱtheȱanȬ
gelsȱofȱholinessȱ(theseȱtwoȱgreatȱkinds)ȱ–ȱtoȱkeepȱsabbathȱ
withȱhimȱinȱheavenȱandȱonȱearth.
Genȱ 2:2b,ȱ 3aȱ statesȱ thatȱ Godȱ keptȱ sabbathȱ onȱ theȱ seventhȱ day.ȱ Inȱ theȱ
Ethiopicȱ textȱ ofȱ 2:17,ȱ theȱ sabbathȱ ofȱ Godȱ seemsȱ toȱ beȱ pushedȱ intoȱ theȱ
background.26ȱInsteadȱitȱsaysȱthatȱtheȱsabbathȱdayȱisȱgivenȱtoȱtheȱhigherȱ
angels.ȱNote,ȱhowever,ȱ2:18,ȱwhereȱitȱsaysȱthatȱtheseȱangelsȱshouldȱkeepȱ
sabbathȱ “withȱ him.”ȱ Inȱ theȱ Hebrewȱ fragmentsȱ ofȱ Qumran,ȱ itȱ saysȱ exȬ
plicitlyȱthatȱGodȱrestedȱonȱtheȱsabbathȱday.ȱTheȱtextȱofȱ4Q216,ȱ7:6ȱreadsȱ
w]bȱ tb#ȱ r#)ȱ (“onȱ whichȱ heȱ keptȱ sabbath”).27ȱ Theȱ formulationȱ comesȱ
closeȱtoȱGenȱ2:2bȱ(y(yb#hȱMwybȱtb#yw)ȱandȱGenȱ2:3aȱ(wbȱtb#),ȱalthoughȱitȱ
isȱ notȱ identicalȱ withȱ eitherȱ ofȱ theseȱ phrases.28ȱ Jubileesȱ drawsȱ aȱ parallelȱ
betweenȱ Israelȱ andȱ theȱ angels.ȱ Justȱ asȱ theȱ angelsȱ keepȱ sabbathȱ withȱ
God,ȱ soȱ Israelȱ keepsȱ sabbathȱ withȱ theȱ angels.ȱ Israelȱ isȱ theȱ onlyȱ nationȱ
25ȱȱ Forȱtheȱsynchronisationȱofȱculticȱpracticesȱonȱearthȱasȱinȱheaven,ȱseeȱScott,ȱEarthȱ1Ȭ
15.ȱSeeȱalsoȱEgo,ȱZeitȱ207Ȭ219.ȱ
26ȱȱ Steck,ȱAufnahmeȱ161.ȱ
27ȱȱ VanderKamȱ/ȱMilik,ȱJubileesȱ19.ȱ
28ȱȱ VanderKamȱ /ȱ Milik,ȱ Jubileesȱ 21.ȱ Theȱ commandmentȱ inȱ relationȱ toȱ theȱ sabbathȱ inȱ
Exodȱ 20:11ȱ usesȱ theȱ verbȱ xwnȱ forȱ Godȱ onȱ theȱ seventhȱ day.ȱ Cf.ȱ Brooke,ȱ Exegeticalȱ
Strategiesȱ42Ȭ43.ȱNote,ȱhowever,ȱthatȱalsoȱExodȱ31:17ȱspeaksȱaboutȱtheȱdivineȱrest.ȱItȱ
usesȱtheȱphraseȱ#pnyw tb#.ȱȱ

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permittedȱtoȱdoȱsoȱ(2:31),ȱsoȱtheyȱwillȱbeȱholyȱandȱblessedȱthroughoutȱ
allȱtimesȱlikeȱtheȱangelsȱ(2:28).ȱ
Theȱ rainbowȱ inȱ theȱ cloudsȱ wasȱ theȱ signȱ ofȱ theȱ covenantȱ immediȬ
atelyȱafterȱtheȱflood.ȱTheȱcovenant,ȱhowever,ȱisȱeternal,ȱbecauseȱitȱalsoȱ
appliesȱtoȱlaterȱgenerations.ȱTherefore,ȱtheȱIsraelitesȱhaveȱtoȱrenewȱtheȱ
covenantȱeachȱyearȱatȱtheȱfestivalȱofȱweeksȱ(6:17).ȱInȱthisȱway,ȱtheȱfestiȬ
valȱofȱweeksȱinȱfactȱbecomesȱtheȱsignȱofȱtheȱcovenant.ȱWhatȱisȱfascinatȬ
ingȱ toȱ readȱ isȱ thatȱ theȱ festivalȱ hadȱ alreadyȱ beenȱ celebratedȱ inȱ heavenȱ
sinceȱtheȱtimeȱofȱcreation:ȱȱ
ȱ
6:17aȱ Forȱthisȱreasonȱitȱhasȱbeenȱordainedȱandȱwrittenȱonȱtheȱȱ
ȱ ȱ heavenlyȱtabletsȱ
bȱ ȱ thatȱtheyȱshouldȱcelebrateȱtheȱfestivalȱofȱweeksȱduringȱ
ȱ thisȱmonthȱ–ȱonceȱaȱyearȱ–ȱtoȱrenewȱtheȱcovenantȱeachȱ
ȱ andȱeveryȱyear.ȱ
18aȱ ȱ Thisȱentireȱfestivalȱhadȱbeenȱcelebratedȱinȱheavenȱfromȱ
ȱ theȱtimeȱofȱcreationȱuntilȱtheȱlifetimeȱofȱNoahȱ–ȱforȱ26ȱ
ȱ jubileesȱandȱfiveȱweeksȱofȱyears.ȱ
b Then Noah and his sons kept it for seven jubilees and one
week of years until Noah’s death.
ȱ
Alsoȱcircumcisionȱisȱinitiatedȱinȱtheȱsameȱsequenceȱasȱtheȱsabbathȱandȱ
theȱfestivalȱofȱweeks:ȱfirstȱtheȱangels,ȱthenȱIsrael.ȱItȱisȱalsoȱaȱsignȱofȱIsȬ
rael’sȱelection:ȱ
ȱ
15:25aȱ Thisȱlawȱisȱ(valid)ȱforȱallȱhistoryȱforever.ȱȱ
bȱ Thereȱisȱnoȱcircumcisingȱofȱdays,ȱnorȱomittingȱanyȱdayȱ
ofȱtheȱeightȱdaysȱȱ
cȱ becauseȱitȱisȱanȱeternalȱordinanceȱordainedȱȱ
dȱ andȱwrittenȱonȱtheȱheavenlyȱtablets.ȱȱ
26aȱ Anyoneȱwhoȱisȱborn,ȱtheȱfleshȱofȱwhoseȱprivateȱpartsȱhasȱ
notȱbeenȱcircumcisedȱbyȱtheȱeighthȱdayȱdoesȱnotȱbelongȱ
toȱtheȱpeopleȱofȱtheȱpactȱwhichȱtheȱLordȱmadeȱwithȱ
Abrahamȱ
bȱ butȱtoȱtheȱpeopleȱ(meantȱfor)ȱdestruction.ȱȱ
cȱ Moreover,ȱthereȱisȱnoȱsignȱonȱhimȱthatȱheȱbelongsȱtoȱtheȱ
Lord,ȱȱ
dȱ butȱ(heȱisȱmeant)ȱforȱdestruction,ȱforȱbeingȱdestroyedȱ
fromȱtheȱearth,ȱandȱforȱbeingȱuprootedȱfromȱtheȱearthȱȱ
eȱ becauseȱheȱhasȱviolatedȱtheȱcovenantȱofȱtheȱLordȱourȱ
God.ȱȱ
27aȱ ȱ ForȱthisȱisȱwhatȱtheȱnatureȱofȱallȱtheȱangelsȱofȱtheȱpresȬȱ
ȱ ȱ enceȱandȱallȱtheȱangelsȱofȱholinessȱwasȱlikeȱfromȱtheȱdayȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ofȱtheirȱcreation.ȱȱ
bȱ Inȱfrontȱofȱtheȱangelsȱofȱtheȱpresenceȱandȱtheȱangelsȱofȱ
holinessȱheȱsanctifiedȱIsraelȱtoȱbeȱwithȱhimȱandȱhisȱholyȱ
angels.ȱ ȱ

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ȱ
Israelȱ isȱ sanctifiedȱ byȱ theȱ identificationȱ asȱ God’sȱ holyȱ peopleȱ inȱ theȱ
flesh.ȱ Justȱ asȱ theȱ heavenlyȱ angels,ȱ whoȱ apparentlyȱ haveȱ maleȱ sexualȱ
organs,ȱbelongȱtoȱaȱdifferentȱorderȱofȱbeingȱfromȱtheȱearthlyȱcreation,ȱsoȱ
Israelȱbelongsȱtoȱaȱdifferentȱorderȱofȱbeingȱfromȱtheȱrestȱofȱhumanity.29ȱ
Israelȱhasȱtoȱkeepȱthisȱsignȱofȱtheȱcovenant,ȱortherwiseȱitȱwillȱbeȱuprooȬ
tedȱ fromȱ theȱ earthȱ (15:28).ȱ Israelitesȱ whoȱ areȱ notȱ circumcisedȱ willȱ beȬ
comeȱlikeȱtheȱgentileȱnationsȱwhoȱareȱruledȱbyȱtheȱspiritsȱthatȱletȱhemȱ
astrayȱ(15:31).ȱOverȱIsraelȱaloneȱheȱmadeȱnoȱangelȱorȱspiritȱrule.ȱIsraelȱisȱ
ruledȱbyȱGodȱdirectly,ȱ“heȱwillȱguardȱthemȱandȱrequireȱthemȱforȱhimȬ
selfȱ fromȱ hisȱ angels,ȱ hisȱ spirits,ȱ andȱ everyone,ȱ andȱ allȱ hisȱ powers”ȱ
(15:32).ȱ
Theȱsameȱthemeȱofȱculticȱserviceȱonȱearthȱasȱinȱheavenȱoccursȱagainȱ
inȱtheȱblessingȱofȱIsaacȱonȱhisȱdeathbedȱforȱLeviȱandȱJudahȱ(31:13Ȭ20):ȱ
“Serveȱ inȱ hisȱ templeȱ likeȱ theȱ angelsȱ ofȱ theȱ presenceȱ andȱ likeȱ theȱ holyȱ
ones”ȱ(31:14).ȱLeviȱandȱhisȱdescendantsȱwereȱelectedȱfromȱallȱhumanity,ȱ
includingȱIsrael,ȱtoȱserveȱasȱpriestsȱinȱtheȱearthlyȱtempleȱandȱtoȱdoȱsoȱinȱ
correspondenceȱwithȱtheȱheavenlyȱpriests,ȱtheȱangels,ȱwhoȱserveȱbeforeȱ
Godȱinȱheaven.30ȱȱ
TheȱAngelsȱofȱtheȱPresenceȱ
Inȱtheȱlistȱofȱcreatedȱangelsȱ(2:2Ȭ3),ȱtheȱangelsȱofȱtheȱpresenceȱappearȱasȱ
theȱfirstȱkind.ȱTheyȱseemȱthereforeȱtoȱserveȱinȱtheȱhighestȱheaven.ȱAlso,ȱ
theȱ titleȱ probablyȱ indicatesȱ thatȱ theseȱ angelsȱ couldȱ enterȱ intoȱ theȱ veryȱ
presenceȱofȱGodȱhimself.31ȱOneȱofȱtheȱangelsȱofȱtheȱpresenceȱdictatesȱtheȱ
contentsȱofȱJubileesȱ2Ȭ50ȱtoȱMoses:ȱ“DictateȱtoȱMosesȱ(starting)ȱfromȱtheȱ
beginningȱofȱtheȱcreationȱuntilȱtheȱtimeȱwhenȱmyȱtempleȱisȱbuiltȱamongȱ
themȱ throughoutȱ theȱ agesȱ ofȱ eternity”ȱ (1:27).ȱ Inȱ 1:29,ȱ theȱ angelȱ ofȱ theȱ
presenceȱisȱdescribedȱasȱ“goingȱalongȱinȱfrontȱofȱtheȱIsraeliteȱcamp.”ȱHeȱ
tookȱtheȱtabletsȱfromȱwhichȱheȱdictatedȱonȱGod’sȱordersȱ(2:1).ȱTheȱbookȱ
itselfȱ claimsȱ toȱ beȱ partȱ ofȱ theȱ revelationȱ grantedȱ toȱ Mosesȱ onȱ Mountȱ
Sinai.ȱ Godȱ ordersȱ theȱ angelȱ toȱ dictateȱ theȱ courseȱ ofȱ eventsȱ thatȱ haveȱ
takenȱplace,ȱwhichȱisȱwrittenȱonȱtheȱheavenlyȱtablets,ȱtoȱMoses,ȱwhoȱinȱ
turnȱ isȱ entrustedȱ withȱ theȱ taskȱ ofȱ bringingȱ andȱ explainingȱ theȱ comȬ
mandmentsȱ andȱ historyȱ ofȱ theseȱ heavenlyȱ tabletsȱ toȱ Israel.ȱ Thisȱ isȱ aȱ
veryȱstrongȱclaimȱforȱauthority.ȱGodȱcommandsȱtheȱangelȱofȱtheȱpresȬ
enceȱ (whoȱ isȱ veryȱ closeȱ toȱ him)ȱ toȱ readȱ theȱ wordsȱ toȱ Mosesȱ fromȱ theȱ
29ȱȱ Hayes,ȱImpuritiesȱ75;ȱScott,ȱEarthȱ4.ȱ
30ȱȱ Scott,ȱEarthȱ4.ȱ
31ȱȱ Cf.ȱVanderKam,ȱAngelȱ382.ȱ

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heavenlyȱtablets.ȱTheȱbookȱpresentsȱitselfȱasȱbeingȱinspiredȱandȱreliable:ȱ
God,ȱtheȱtablets,ȱtheȱangelȱandȱMoses.32ȱ
Theȱ conceptionȱ ofȱ theȱ angelȱ ofȱ theȱ presenceȱ whoȱ speaksȱ inȱ God’sȱ
nameȱisȱpossiblyȱderivedȱfromȱexegesisȱofȱtheȱexpressionȱ wynp K)lm inȱ
Isaȱ63:9.33ȱMoreover,ȱtheȱangelȱwhoȱaccompaniedȱtheȱIsraelitesȱonȱtheirȱ
journeyȱinȱtheȱwildernessȱpossiblyȱinfluencedȱtheȱshapeȱofȱtheȱangelȱofȱ
theȱ presence.ȱ Seeȱ especiallyȱ Exodȱ 14:19ȱ (“Thenȱ theȱ angelȱ ofȱ Godȱ whoȱ
wentȱbeforeȱtheȱhostȱofȱIsraelȱmovedȱandȱwentȱbehindȱthem”)ȱandȱExodȱ
23:20Ȭ23ȱ(“Behold,ȱIȱsendȱanȱangelȱbeforeȱyou,ȱtoȱguardȱyouȱonȱtheȱwayȱ
andȱtoȱbringȱyouȱtoȱtheȱplaceȱwhichȱIȱhaveȱprepared.ȱGiveȱheedȱtoȱhimȱ
andȱhearkenȱtoȱhisȱvoice,ȱdoȱnotȱrebelȱagainstȱhim,ȱforȱheȱwillȱnotȱparȬ
donȱyourȱtransgression;ȱforȱmyȱnameȱisȱinȱhim.ȱButȱifȱyouȱhearkenȱatȬ
tentivelyȱ toȱ hisȱ voiceȱ andȱdoȱ allȱ thatȱ Iȱsay,ȱ thenȱ Iȱ willȱ beȱ anȱenemyȱ toȱ
yourȱ enemiesȱ andȱ anȱ adversaryȱ toȱ yourȱ adversaries.ȱ Whenȱ myȱ angelȱ
goesȱbeforeȱyou,ȱandȱbringsȱyouȱ…”).34ȱTheȱangelȱofȱGodȱseemsȱtoȱbeȱanȱ
extensionȱofȱGod’sȱpersonality.35ȱInȱtheȱbookȱofȱJubilees,ȱtheȱangelȱofȱtheȱ
presenceȱclaimsȱforȱhimselfȱwhatȱareȱwordsȱorȱdeedsȱofȱGodȱinȱGenesisȱ
andȱExodusȱ(cf.ȱ6:19,ȱ22;ȱ12:22;ȱ30:12;ȱ48:4,ȱ13).36ȱInȱtheȱbookȱofȱJubilees,ȱ
theȱ prominentȱ positionȱ ofȱtheȱ angelȱofȱ theȱ presenceȱisȱ inȱ lineȱ withȱ theȱ
removalȱofȱalmostȱallȱofȱGod’sȱdirectȱcontactȱwithȱtheȱworld.ȱHeȱprefersȱ
toȱactȱandȱcommunicateȱthroughȱmediators.37ȱȱ
TheȱWatchersȱandȱTheirȱOffspringȱ
Someȱ angelsȱ wereȱ sentȱ byȱ Godȱ onȱ aȱ missionȱ toȱ earth.ȱ Theyȱ areȱ calledȱ
theȱwatchers.38ȱAccordingȱtoȱJubilees,ȱGodȱsentȱthemȱinȱtheȱdaysȱofȱJaredȱ
(4:15).ȱTheȱauthorȱisȱmakingȱaȱpunȱhereȱbyȱwhichȱtheȱnameȱ“Jared”ȱisȱ
relatedȱtoȱtheȱverbȱqry (“toȱdescend”):ȱȱ
ȱ
32ȱȱ Cf.ȱNajman,ȱInterpretationȱ379Ȭ410;ȱNajman,ȱSinaiȱ41Ȭ69.ȱ
33ȱȱ Cf.ȱFischer,ȱJahweȱ10;ȱVanderKam,ȱAngelȱ383.ȱȱ
34ȱȱ SeeȱalsoȱExodȱ32:34ȱ(“Behold,ȱmyȱangelȱshallȱgoȱbeforeȱyou”);ȱ33:2ȱ(“AndȱIȱwillȱsendȱ
anȱangelȱbeforeȱyou”).ȱCompareȱNumȱ20:16ȱ(“WhenȱweȱcriedȱtoȱtheȱLord,ȱheȱheardȱ
ourȱ voice,ȱ andȱ sentȱ anȱ angelȱ andȱ broughtȱ usȱ forthȱ outȱ ofȱ Egypt”)ȱ withȱ Deutȱ 26:7Ȭ8ȱ
(“Thenȱ weȱcriedȱ toȱtheȱ Lordȱtheȱ Godȱofȱourȱ fathers,ȱandȱ theȱLordȱheardȱourȱvoice,ȱ
andȱsawȱourȱaffliction,ȱourȱtoil,ȱandȱourȱoppression;ȱandȱtheȱLordȱbroughtȱusȱforthȱ
outȱofȱEgyptȱ…”);ȱMalȱ3:1.ȱ
35ȱȱ Fossum,ȱNameȱ86;ȱVanderKam,ȱAngelȱ386Ȭ387.ȱ
36ȱȱ VanderKam,ȱAngelȱ390Ȭ392.ȱ
37ȱȱ VanderKam,ȱAngelȱ392Ȭ393.ȱ
38ȱȱ Forȱtheȱfollowing,ȱseeȱalsoȱVanȱRuiten,ȱHistoryȱ181Ȭ197.ȱ

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15aȱ DuringȱtheȱsecondȱweekȱofȱtheȱtenthȱjubileeȱMalalaelȱmarȬ
riedȱDinah,ȱtheȱdaughterȱofȱBarakiel,ȱtheȱdaughterȱofȱhisȱfaȬ
ther’sȱbrother.ȱ
bȱ Sheȱgaveȱbirthȱtoȱaȱsonȱforȱhimȱinȱtheȱthirdȱweek,ȱinȱitsȱsixthȱ
year.ȱȱ
cȱ HeȱnamedȱhimȱJared,ȱ
dȱ becauseȱduringȱhisȱlifetimeȱtheȱangelsȱofȱtheȱLordȱwhoȱwereȱ
calledȱwatchersȱdescendedȱtoȱearthȱtoȱteachȱmankindȱȱ
eȱ Andȱtoȱdoȱwhatȱisȱjustȱandȱuprightȱuponȱtheȱearth.ȱȱ
ȱ
TheȱauthorȱofȱJubileesȱisȱobviouslyȱreferringȱtoȱtheȱstoryȱofȱtheȱwatchersȱ
descendingȱ fromȱ heaven.ȱThisȱ motifȱ occursȱ mostȱ clearlyȱ inȱ theȱ Bookȱ ofȱ
Watchersȱ (1Enȱ 6:6;ȱ cf.ȱ 86:1).ȱ However,ȱ theȱ reasonȱ forȱ theȱ watchers’ȱ deȬ
scentȱ toȱ earthȱ is,ȱ accordingȱ toȱ Jubilees,ȱ quiteȱ differentȱ fromȱ theȱ reasonȱ
givenȱinȱ1ȱEnoch.ȱAccordingȱtoȱ4:15,ȱtheyȱcameȱ“toȱteachȱmankindȱandȱ
toȱdoȱwhatȱisȱjustȱandȱuprightȱuponȱtheȱearth.”ȱTheȱoriginalȱreasonȱwasȱ
thusȱaȱpositiveȱone.ȱThisȱisȱconfirmedȱbyȱ5:6:ȱ“...ȱhisȱangelsȱwhomȱheȱ(=ȱ
theȱLord)ȱhadȱsentȱtoȱearthȱ...”ȱItȱisȱonlyȱafterȱtheyȱarriveȱonȱearthȱthatȱ
theyȱgoȱastray;ȱSeeȱ4:22:ȱ“Heȱtestifiedȱtoȱtheȱwatchersȱwhoȱhadȱsinnedȱ
withȱtheȱdaughtersȱofȱmenȱbecauseȱtheyȱhadȱbegunȱtoȱmixȱwithȱearthlyȱ
womenȱsoȱthatȱtheyȱbecameȱdefiled.”ȱȱ
Theȱnegativeȱsideȱofȱtheȱwatchersȱisȱdescribedȱinȱ5:1Ȭ19,ȱanȱelaboraȬ
tionȱ ofȱ Genȱ 6:1Ȭ4.ȱ Inȱ Jubilees,ȱ theȱ“sonsȱofȱ God”ȱ ofȱ Genȱ 6:2,ȱ 4ȱ areȱinterȬ
pretedȱasȱ“angelsȱofȱGod.”ȱThisȱreflectsȱtheȱoldestȱinterpretationȱofȱthisȱ
text. 39ȱItȱoccursȱinȱ1Enȱ6Ȭ11ȱ(firstȱhalfȱofȱtheȱsecondȱcenturyȱB.C.E.),40ȱbutȱ
itȱoriginatedȱlongȱbeforeȱthen.41ȱTheȱoldestȱreadingȱofȱLXXȱisȱprobablyȱ
“sonsȱofȱGod.”ȱLaterȱinȱtheȱhistoryȱofȱtheȱmanuscriptsȱofȱtheȱLXXȱitȱwasȱ
alteredȱtoȱtheȱ“angelsȱofȱGod”ȱinȱGenȱ6:2.42ȱLaterȱstill,ȱtheȱ“sonsȱofȱGod”ȱ
wasȱ interpretedȱ asȱ humansȱ wieldingȱ power,ȱ and,ȱ finally,ȱ asȱ righteousȱ
men,ȱtheȱSethites.43ȱȱ
ȱ
39ȱȱ SeeȱAlexander,ȱTargumimȱ60Ȭ71;ȱSalvesen,ȱSymmachusȱ31.ȱ
40ȱȱ Theȱinterpretationȱ“angels”ȱisȱsupposedȱinȱtheȱwholeȱtextȱofȱ1Enȱ6Ȭ11,ȱbutȱseeȱespeciallyȱ
1Enȱ6:2ȱ(“Andȱtheȱangels,ȱtheȱsonsȱofȱheaven”)ȱwhichȱisȱaȱrewritingȱofȱGenȱ6:2.ȱ
41ȱȱ Theȱ renderingȱ “angels”ȱ occursȱ alsoȱ inȱ Philoȱ (Deȱ Gigantibusȱ 2:6),ȱ Josephusȱ (Ant.ȱ 1.73),ȱ
andȱTestamentȱofȱReubenȱ5:7.ȱ
42ȱȱ Seeȱ Alexander,ȱ Targumimȱ 16.ȱ Harlȱ takesȱ itȱ theȱ otherȱ wayȱ around.ȱ Accordingȱ toȱ her,ȱ
“sonsȱofȱGod”ȱisȱaȱreturnȱtoȱtheȱHebrewȱtext.ȱTheȱGreekȱtextȱoriginallyȱreadȱ“angelsȱofȱ
God”ȱwhichȱavoidsȱaȱshockingȱanthropomorphism.ȱSeeȱHarl,ȱGenèseȱ125.ȱ
43ȱȱ Theȱreactionȱagainstȱtheȱrenderingȱ“angels”ȱwasȱfirstȱexpressedȱbyȱR.ȱSimeonȱb.ȱJohaiȱ
(aroundȱ150ȱC.E.)ȱinȱGenȱRȱ26:5.ȱHeȱtranslatesȱitȱasȱ“sonȱofȱtheȱnobles”ȱandȱcursedȱanyȬ
oneȱwhoȱcalledȱthemȱ“theȱsonsȱofȱGod”.ȱCf.ȱAlexander,ȱTargumimȱ61;ȱSalvesen,ȱSymȬ
machusȱ31.ȱ

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Theȱintercourseȱofȱtheȱangelsȱwithȱtheȱdaughtersȱofȱmenȱresultsȱinȱ
theȱ birthȱ ofȱ giantsȱ andȱ theȱ riseȱ ofȱ wickednessȱ onȱ earthȱ (5:1Ȭ3).ȱ Thisȱ isȱ
followedȱ byȱ theȱ pronouncementȱ ofȱ judgementȱ (5:4Ȭ8),ȱ firstȱ onȱ peopleȱ
andȱallȱfleshȱ(5:4)ȱtogetherȱwithȱtheȱmentionȱofȱtheȱrescueȱofȱNoahȱ(5:5),ȱ
thenȱ onȱ theȱ angelsȱ (Jubȱ 5:6)ȱ andȱ finallyȱ onȱ theȱ giants,ȱ theȱ offspringȱ ofȱ
theȱ angelsȱ(5:7Ȭ8).ȱ Theȱ pronouncementȱisȱfollowedȱ byȱ theȱ executionȱ ofȱ
judgementȱ(5:9Ȭ20).ȱTheȱaboveȱgroupsȱareȱmentionedȱinȱreverseȱorder.ȱ
Firstȱtheȱgiantsȱ(5:9),ȱthenȱtheȱangelsȱ(5:10Ȭ11),ȱthenȱtheȱdecisionȱtoȱresȬ
cueȱNoahȱisȱmentionedȱ(5:19)ȱandȱfinallyȱtheȱdecisionȱtoȱdestroyȱeveryȬ
thingȱ(5:20).ȱȱ
Genȱ6:4ȱdescribesȱtheȱ(natural)ȱintercourseȱofȱtheȱsonsȱofȱGodȱwithȱ
theȱ daughtersȱ ofȱ menȱ asȱ beingȱ followedȱ byȱ theȱ birthȱ ofȱ mightyȱ menȱ
(Myrbgh)ȱ whoȱ wereȱ appreciatedȱ (“theȱ menȱ ofȱ renown”)ȱ becauseȱ theyȱ
wereȱbornȱtoȱfightȱagainstȱtheȱ Mylpn.ȱTheseȱNephilimȱcanȱbeȱinterpretedȱ
asȱ “giants”ȱ becauseȱ ofȱ Numȱ 13:33ȱ (“Andȱ thereȱ weȱ sawȱ theȱ Nephilimȱ
[theȱ sonsȱ ofȱ Arak,ȱ whoȱ comeȱ fromȱ theȱ Nephilim];ȱ andȱ weȱ seemedȱ toȱ
ourselvesȱlikeȱgrasshoppers,ȱandȱsoȱweȱseemedȱtoȱthem”).44ȱTheyȱwereȱ
alreadyȱ onȱ earthȱ andȱ wereȱ aȱ dangerȱ forȱ men.45ȱ However,ȱ manyȱ ofȱ theȱ
ancientȱversionsȱidentifyȱMylpnȱwithȱMyrbgh.46ȱInȱthatȱcase,ȱtheȱNephilim,ȱ
interpretedȱasȱgiants,ȱwereȱtheȱoffspringȱofȱtheȱintercourseȱbetweenȱtheȱ
daughtersȱ ofȱ menȱ andȱ theȱ sonsȱ ofȱ God.ȱ Alsoȱ accordingȱ toȱ theȱ Bookȱ ofȱ
Jubilees,ȱ theȱ giantsȱ wereȱ theȱ offspringȱ ofȱ theȱ intercourseȱ betweenȱ theȱ
daughtersȱofȱmenȱandȱtheȱangelsȱofȱGodȱ(cf.ȱ5:1:ȱ“…ȱTheyȱgaveȱbirthȱtoȱ
childrenȱforȱthem,ȱandȱtheyȱwereȱgiants”).ȱTheseȱgiantsȱwereȱnotȱappreȬ
ciated.ȱ Theyȱ wereȱ notȱ mightyȱ men,ȱ butȱ negativeȱ figuresȱ thatȱ broughtȱ
harmȱtoȱpeople.47ȱInȱ1Enȱ6Ȭ11,ȱweȱfindȱtheȱsameȱnegativeȱinterpretationȱ
ofȱtheȱgiants,ȱwhichȱmeansȱthatȱ5:1ȱpossiblyȱreflectsȱaȱtraditionalȱviewȱ
ofȱtheȱpassage.ȱȱ
Jubȱ5:8ȱisȱaȱrenderingȱofȱGenȱ6:3,ȱwhichȱisȱtakenȱoutȱofȱitsȱimmediateȱ
context.ȱ Asȱ farȱ asȱ formȱ andȱ contentȱ areȱ concerned,ȱ theȱ contextȱ ofȱ Genȱ
6:3ȱisȱodd.ȱItȱfallsȱoutsideȱtheȱscopeȱofȱtheȱnarrativeȱinȱGenȱ6:1Ȭ2,ȱ4.ȱGenȱ
6:4ȱcontinuesȱGenȱ6:2.ȱTheȱstatementȱbyȱGodȱinȱGenȱ 6:3ȱisȱaȱreflectionȱ
onȱ whatȱ Heȱ hasȱ decided.ȱ Theȱ statementȱ consistsȱ ofȱ aȱ negativeȱ decreeȱ
(viz.,ȱ “myȱ spiritȱ shallȱ notȱ ...ȱ forever”)ȱ andȱ aȱ positiveȱ oneȱ (“Hisȱ daysȱ
44ȱȱ Theȱinterpretationȱ“giants”ȱforȱMylpnȱisȱcommonȱinȱtheȱmajorityȱofȱtheȱancientȱversionsȱ
(LXX,ȱTheodotion,ȱVulgate,ȱSamaritanȱTargum,ȱTargumȱOnqelos,ȱTargumȱNeofiti).ȱCf.ȱ
Salvesen,ȱ Symmachusȱ33.ȱForȱtheȱ “sonsȱofȱ Anak,”ȱ seeȱalsoȱNumȱ13:22,ȱ28;ȱ Deutȱ1:28;ȱ
2:10,ȱ11,ȱ21;ȱ9:1;ȱJoshȱ11:21,ȱ22;ȱ14:12,ȱ15;ȱ15:13,ȱ14;ȱ21:11;ȱJudgȱ1:20.ȱ
45ȱȱ Seeȱe.g.,ȱBartelmus,ȱHeroentumȱ156Ȭ159.ȱ
46ȱȱ SeeȱLXX,ȱSymmachus,ȱTargumȱOnqelos,ȱTargumȱNeofiti,ȱtheȱSamaritanȱTargum,ȱandȱ
theȱPeshitta.ȱ
47ȱȱ SeeȱalsoȱJubȱ7:21Ȭ25.ȱ

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shallȱbeȱaȱhundredȱandȱtwentyȱyears”).ȱTheȱjudgementȱofȱGodȱconcernsȱ
people.ȱThisȱdoesȱnotȱfitȱwellȱinȱtheȱcontext,ȱsinceȱtheȱ“sonsȱofȱGod”ȱareȱ
responsibleȱ forȱ thatȱ whichȱ happenedȱ inȱ Genȱ 6:1Ȭ2,ȱ 4.ȱ However,ȱ inȱ theȱ
biblicalȱtext,ȱnothingȱisȱsaidȱaboutȱtheirȱpunishmentȱnorȱaboutȱtheȱguiltȱ
ofȱpeople.ȱTheȱphraseȱ“hisȱdaysȱshallȱbeȱaȱhundredȱandȱtwentyȱyears”ȱ
hasȱalwaysȱbeenȱregardedȱasȱreferringȱeitherȱtoȱtheȱmaximumȱlifetimeȱ
amongȱ mankind48ȱ orȱ toȱ theȱ naturalȱ lifeȱ ofȱ theȱ generationȱ beforeȱ theȱ
flood.49ȱȱ
Withȱregardȱtoȱthisȱproblem,ȱitȱisȱstrikingȱtoȱseeȱthatȱinȱtheȱtextȱ ofȱ
Jubileesȱ theȱ rewritingȱ ofȱ Genȱ 6:3ȱ isȱ dislocatedȱ andȱ joinedȱ toȱ theȱ judgeȬ
mentȱonȱtheȱgiants.ȱAsȱfarȱasȱIȱcanȱsee,ȱthisȱisȱaȱreflectionȱofȱtheȱproblemȱ
thatȱnothingȱisȱsaidȱinȱtheȱbiblicalȱtextȱaboutȱtheȱpunishmentȱofȱtheȱsonsȱ
ofȱ Godȱ orȱ aboutȱ theȱ guiltȱ ofȱ people.ȱ Byȱ notȱ referringȱ theȱ statementȱ ofȱ
Genȱ6:3ȱtoȱmanȱinȱgeneral,ȱbutȱtoȱaȱspecificȱkindȱofȱpeople,ȱviz.ȱtheȱmorȬ
talȱ offspringȱ ofȱ theȱ sonsȱ ofȱ Godȱ andȱ theȱ daughtersȱ ofȱ man,ȱ theȱ judgeȬ
mentȱisȱmoreȱappropriate.ȱMoreover,ȱthisȱmeansȱthatȱtheȱauthorȱofȱJubiȬ
leesȱ doesȱ notȱ interpretȱ theȱ “hundredȱ andȱ twentyȱ years”ȱ asȱ theȱ
maximumȱ lifespanȱ ofȱ mankindȱ inȱ general,ȱ butȱ asȱ theȱ lifespanȱ ofȱ theȱ
generationȱ beforeȱ theȱ flood,ȱ meaningȱ theȱ giants.ȱ Besides,ȱ theȱ spanȱ ofȱ
oneȱ hundredȱ andȱ twentyȱ yearsȱ doesȱ notȱ fitȱ inȱ theȱ contextȱ ofȱ Genesis,ȱ
sinceȱtheȱlifetimeȱofȱtheȱpatriarchsȱexceedsȱthat.ȱByȱtransposingȱtheȱtextȱ
andȱ referringȱ itȱ toȱ theȱ generationȱ beforeȱ theȱ flood,ȱ viz.,ȱ theȱ giants,ȱ theȱ
authorȱ ofȱ Jubileesȱ hasȱ solvedȱ thisȱ problem.50ȱ Theȱ indicationȱ ofȱ timeȱ inȱ
5:1cȱ (“inȱ aȱ certainȱ [year]ȱ ofȱ thisȱ jubilee”)ȱ meansȱ theȱ firstȱ yearȱ ofȱ theȱ
twentyȬfifthȱjubilee,51ȱindicatingȱthatȱtheȱmarriagesȱbetweenȱtheȱangelsȱ
andȱ theȱ womenȱ tookȱ placeȱ inȱ a.m.ȱ 1177.ȱ Theȱ giantsȱ wereȱ bornȱ inȱ theȱ
sameȱyearȱorȱtheȱnextȱone.ȱThisȱwouldȱmeanȱthatȱallȱtheȱgiantsȱwouldȱ
haveȱ perishedȱ byȱ a.m.ȱ 1297ȱ orȱ 1298,ȱ atȱ leastȱ tenȱ yearsȱ beforeȱ theȱ floodȱ
came.ȱ Thusȱ theȱ floodȱ wasȱ notȱ aȱ punishmentȱ forȱ theȱ giantsȱ (orȱ forȱ theȱ
angels).ȱThisȱinterpretationȱisȱsupportedȱbyȱtheȱrestȱofȱtheȱtextȱ(esp.ȱ5:8Ȭ
9)ȱwhereȱtheȱpunishmentȱforȱtheȱgiantsȱisȱdescribed.ȱȱ
48ȱȱ Westermann,ȱGenesisȱ507.ȱ
49ȱȱ E.g.,ȱLXXȱGenȱ6:3ȱ(“Myȱspiritȱshallȱnotȱabideȱinȱthoseȱmenȱforȱever”),ȱandȱtheȱTargumsȱ
(e.g.ȱTargumȱOnqelos:ȱ“AndȱtheȱLordȱsaid:ȱThisȱwickedȱgenerationȱshallȱnotȱendureȱbeȬ
foreȱ meȱ forever,ȱ becauseȱ theyȱ areȱ flesh,ȱ andȱ theirȱ deedsȱ areȱ evil;ȱ letȱ anȱ extensionȱ beȱ
grantedȱtoȱthemȱforȱ120ȱyears,ȱ(toȱsee)ȱifȱtheyȱwillȱrepent”).ȱ
50ȱȱ Inȱ theȱ textȱofȱ1Enȱ10:9Ȭ10,ȱitȱ isȱ statedȱ thatȱ theȱ giantsȱ hopeȱ toȱ liveȱanȱeternalȱlife,ȱorȱatȱ
leastȱtheyȱhopeȱtoȱliveȱfiveȱhundredȱyears.ȱByȱsayingȱthatȱtheirȱdaysȱshallȱbeȱaȱhundredȱ
andȱ twentyȱ years,ȱ theȱ authorȱ ofȱ Jubileesȱ interpretsȱ theȱ dislocatedȱ Genȱ 6:3ȱ asȱ aȱ punishȬ
mentȱagainstȱthem.ȱ
51ȱȱ Berger,ȱ Buchȱ 349;ȱ VanderKam,ȱ Angelȱ Storyȱ 161.ȱ Cf.ȱ alsoȱ VanderKam,ȱ Angelȱ Storyȱ
158,ȱwhereȱheȱmakesȱtheȱpointȱthatȱtheȱangelsȱcameȱinȱtheȱlastȱjubileeȱinȱtheȱfirstȱhalfȱ
ofȱtheȱhistory.ȱ

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TheȱtextȱofȱGenȱ6:1Ȭ4ȱisȱalteredȱandȱrewrittenȱasȱaȱstoryȱofȱtheȱimȬ
prisonmentȱ ofȱ theȱ watchersȱ andȱ theȱ destructionȱ ofȱ theirȱ children.ȱ Itȱ isȱ
alsoȱcombinedȱwithȱelementsȱofȱtheȱfloodȱnarrative,ȱwhichȱportrayȱtheȱ
consequencesȱofȱlawlessness.52ȱȱ
TheȱfactȱthatȱtheȱstoryȱofȱtheȱsonsȱofȱGodȱprecedesȱtheȱstoryȱofȱtheȱ
floodȱmakesȱitȱimmediatelyȱeasyȱforȱanyȱreaderȱtoȱinterrelateȱbothȱstoȬ
ries.ȱInȱtheȱbiblicalȱallusionsȱtoȱtheȱstoryȱofȱtheȱflood,53ȱhowever,ȱthereȱisȱ
noȱ connectionȱ betweenȱ theȱ storyȱ ofȱ theȱ floodȱ andȱ theȱ storyȱ ofȱ theȱ
watchers,ȱbutȱinȱpostȬbiblicalȱearlyȱJewishȱliterature,ȱitȱoccursȱfrequently.ȱ
Iȱ wouldȱ pointȱ toȱ theȱ Damascusȱ Documentȱ (2:14Ȭ21),ȱ whichȱ wasȱ writtenȱ
notȱmuchȱlaterȱthanȱtheȱBookȱofȱJubilees,ȱinȱwhichȱbothȱjudgementsȱstandȱ
sideȱ byȱ side,ȱcomparableȱwithȱ Jubȱ5:1Ȭ19.54ȱ Inȱ otherȱ texts,ȱ Noahȱ onȱ theȱ
oneȱhand,ȱandȱtheȱsonsȱofȱGod,ȱcalledȱtheȱ(fallen)ȱangelsȱorȱtheȱwatchȬ
ers,ȱonȱtheȱother,ȱareȱputȱintoȱsharpȱcontrast.ȱInȱtheȱanticipationȱofȱtheȱ
floodȱ inȱ 4:22Ȭ24ȱ andȱ inȱ theȱ referenceȱ backȱ toȱ theȱ floodȱ inȱ 7:20Ȭ25,ȱ theȱ
floodȱisȱseenȱasȱtheȱjudgementȱofȱGodȱonȱtheȱbehaviourȱofȱtheȱsonsȱofȱ
God,ȱ calledȱ theȱ watchers.ȱ Inȱ otherȱ earlyȱ Jewishȱ writings,ȱ thereȱ isȱ alsoȱ
theȱ viewȱ thatȱ theȱ floodȱ isȱ aȱ punishmentȱ forȱ theȱ transgressionȱ ofȱ theȱ
watchers,ȱ forȱ example,ȱ theȱ Testamentȱ ofȱ theȱ Twelveȱ Patriarchsȱ (secondȱ
centuryȱB.C.E.).55ȱ
Consideringȱ theȱ factȱ thatȱ theȱ connectionȱ ofȱ theȱ storyȱ ofȱ theȱ floodȱ
withȱtheȱstoryȱofȱtheȱwatchersȱisȱalsoȱfoundȱelsewhereȱinȱearlyȱJewishȱ
literature,ȱ theȱ connectionȱ inȱ 5:1Ȭ19ȱ mightȱ beȱ aȱ traditionalȱ one.ȱ Inȱ thisȱ
respect,ȱ oneȱ canȱ alsoȱ pointȱ toȱ theȱ factȱ thatȱ theȱ passageȱ 5:4Ȭ12,ȱ whichȱ
mentionsȱ theȱ judgementsȱ onȱ men,ȱ angelsȱ andȱ giants,ȱ runsȱ veryȱ muchȱ
parallelȱtoȱ1Enȱ10:1Ȭ17.ȱTheȱpronouncementȱofȱtheȱfloodȱandȱtheȱrescueȱ
ofȱNoahȱareȱfoundȱinȱbothȱtexts,ȱfollowedȱbyȱtheȱjudgementȱagainstȱtheȱ
angels,ȱ theȱ judgementȱ againstȱ theȱ giants,ȱ thenȱ theȱ judgementȱ againstȱ
52ȱȱ Cf.ȱDavenport,ȱEschatologyȱ47.ȱ
53ȱȱ ExplicitȱreferencesȱtoȱtheȱstoryȱofȱtheȱfloodȱcanȱbeȱfoundȱinȱIsaȱ54:9Ȭ10ȱandȱEzȱ14:12Ȭ23ȱ
(esp.ȱv.ȱ14,ȱ20).ȱAllusionsȱtoȱtheȱfloodȱcanȱfoundȱinȱPsȱ29:10ȱandȱJobȱ22:15Ȭ20.ȱTheȱmotifȱ
ofȱtheȱfloodȱcanȱpossiblyȱbeȱfoundȱinȱIsaȱ24:1,ȱ4Ȭ5,ȱ18;ȱ26:20Ȭ21;ȱNahȱ1:8;ȱPsȱ18:16;ȱ65:5Ȭ8;ȱ
69:1;ȱ89:10;ȱ93:3;ȱDanȱ9:26.ȱCf.ȱLewis,ȱStudyȱ7Ȭ9.ȱ
54ȱȱ Cf.ȱalsoȱtheȱWisdomȱofȱSolomonȱ14:6;ȱ2ȱPeterȱ2:4Ȭ8ȱ(whichȱmustȱbeȱdatedȱinȱtheȱ2ndȱcenȬ
turyȱC.E.)ȱreads:ȱ“ForȱifȱGodȱdidȱnotȱspareȱtheȱangelsȱwhenȱtheyȱsinned,ȱbutȱcastȱthemȱ
intoȱhellȱandȱcommittedȱthemȱtoȱpitsȱofȱnetherȱgloomȱtoȱbeȱkeptȱuntilȱtheȱjudgement;ȱifȱ
heȱ didȱ notȱ spareȱ theȱ ancientȱ world,ȱ butȱ preservedȱ Noah,ȱ aȱ heraldȱ ofȱ righteousness,ȱ
withȱsevenȱotherȱpersons,ȱwhenȱheȱbroughtȱaȱfloodȱuponȱtheȱworldȱofȱtheȱungodly”.ȱ
55ȱȱ 3ȱMaccȱ2:4ȱ(1stȱcenturyȱB.C.E.)ȱhasȱtheȱfollowing:ȱ“Youȱ[God]ȱhaveȱdestroyedȱmenȱforȱ
theirȱwickedȱdeedsȱinȱtheȱpast,ȱamongȱthemȱgiantsȱrelyingȱonȱtheirȱownȱstrengthȱandȱ
selfȬconfidence,ȱ uponȱ whomȱ youȱ broughtȱ anȱ immeasurableȱ floodȱ ofȱ water”.ȱ Cf.ȱ alsoȱ
Lukeȱ17:26Ȭ27ȱ(“Asȱitȱ wasȱinȱtheȱdaysȱofȱNoah,ȱsoȱwillȱitȱbeȱinȱtheȱ daysȱofȱtheȱ sonȱofȱ
man.ȱ Theyȱ ate,ȱ theyȱ drank,ȱ theyȱ married,ȱ theyȱ wereȱ givenȱ inȱ marriage,ȱ untilȱ theȱ dayȱ
whenȱNoahȱenteredȱtheȱark,ȱandȱtheȱfloodȱcameȱandȱdestroyedȱthemȱall”).ȱ

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theȱ angelsȱ againȱ andȱ finallyȱ theȱ newȱ nature.56ȱ Itȱ isȱ especiallyȱ strikingȱ
thatȱtheȱdoublingȱofȱtheȱjudgementȱagainstȱtheȱangelsȱrunsȱparallelȱwithȱ
theȱ judgementȱ againstȱ Asaselȱ followedȱ byȱ theȱ judgementȱ againstȱ
Shemihaza.ȱ Despiteȱ theȱ parallelȱ structureȱ ofȱ theȱ contentȱ ofȱ bothȱ texts,ȱ
thereȱareȱmanyȱdifferencesȱinȱtheȱwording.ȱTheȱwriterȱofȱ1Enȱ6Ȭ11ȱandȱ
theȱ writerȱ ofȱ 5:4Ȭ12ȱ haveȱ possiblyȱ takenȱ materialȱ fromȱ theȱ sameȱ tradiȬ
tion,ȱbutȱeachȱhasȱreconstructedȱitȱinȱhisȱownȱway.57ȱ
InheritanceȱofȱtheȱWatchersȱafterȱtheȱFlood,ȱȱ
EspeciallyȱtheȱDemonsȱȱ
Theȱinheritanceȱofȱtheȱwatchersȱremainsȱafterȱtheȱfloodȱasȱwell.ȱInȱ8:1Ȭ4,ȱ
Kainan,ȱ theȱ postȬdiluvianȱ patriarch,ȱ discoversȱ aȱ pieceȱ ofȱ instructionȱ
fromȱ theȱ watchersȱ concerningȱ theȱ sun,ȱ theȱ moon,ȱ andȱ theȱ stars.ȱ Itȱ isȱ
evaluatedȱveryȱnegativelyȱinȱthatȱcontext.ȱObviously,ȱtheȱwriterȱofȱJubiȬ
leesȱ feltȱ theȱ needȱ toȱ seeȱ bothȱ goodȱ andȱ badȱ inȱ theȱ behaviourȱ ofȱ theȱ
watchers.ȱ Theyȱ originallyȱ cameȱ withȱ goodȱ intentions.ȱ Theȱ realmȱ ofȱ
heavenȱisȱthusȱsafeguardedȱfromȱanyȱassociationȱwithȱevilȱandȱGodȱisȱ
notȱitsȱimmediateȱsource.ȱOnlyȱwhenȱtheyȱarriveȱonȱearthȱdoȱtheȱprobȬ
lemsȱbegin.ȱThisȱmeansȱthatȱinȱhisȱeyes,ȱhumanȱbeingsȱ(theȱwomenȱatȱ
least)ȱhaveȱsomeȱpartȱinȱoriginatingȱsin.58ȱ
Thereȱareȱalsoȱdemonicȱspirits,ȱwhoȱenterȱtheȱstageȱafterȱtheȱflood.ȱ
Theseȱ beingsȱ areȱ knownȱ asȱ “demons”ȱ (1:11c;ȱ 7:27;ȱ 10:1,ȱ 2;ȱ 22:17),ȱ butȱ
alsoȱasȱ“spirits”ȱ(10:3,ȱ5,ȱ8,ȱ11,ȱ13;ȱ11:4,ȱ5;ȱ12:20;ȱ15:31,ȱ32;ȱ19:28).59ȱSomeȬ
timesȱ anȱ adjectiveȱ isȱ usedȱ toȱ characteriseȱ theseȱ beings:ȱ “impureȱ deȬ
mons”ȱ(10:1);ȱ“wicked/evilȱspirits”ȱ(10:3,ȱ13;ȱ12:20).ȱSeeȱalsoȱtheȱdescripȬ
tionȱ “theȱ evilȱ onesȱ whoȱ wereȱ savage”ȱ (10:11)ȱ andȱ “theȱ spiritsȱ ofȱ theȱ
savageȱones”ȱ(11:4).ȱJubileesȱdoesȱnotȱspeakȱaboutȱaȱcreationȱofȱdemons,ȱ
norȱaboutȱtheirȱbirth.ȱHowever,ȱtheyȱareȱmentionedȱasȱtheȱemanationsȱ
56ȱȱ Inȱ bothȱ texts,ȱ theȱ newȱ natureȱ isȱ probablyȱ notȱ toȱ beȱ takenȱ eschatologically,ȱ butȱ asȱ
referringȱtoȱtheȱgreatȱrenewalȱafterȱtheȱFlood.ȱVanderKam,ȱAngelȱStoryȱ161Ȭ163;ȱcf.ȱ
Berger,ȱ Buchȱ derȱ Jubiläenȱ 351;ȱ Davenport,ȱ Eschatologyȱ 47.ȱ Thisȱ interpretationȱ isȱ inȱ
contrastȱwithȱCharles,ȱBookȱ44Ȭ45ȱn.,ȱwhoȱrendersȱ5:10Ȭ12ȱinȱtheȱfutureȱsense,ȱasȱreȬ
ferringȱtoȱtheȱfinalȱjudgement.ȱȱ
57ȱȱ ThisȱtraditionȱisȱpossiblyȱtheȱoneȱidentifiedȱbyȱsomeȱasȱtheȱsoȬcalledȱ“BookȱofȱNoah.”ȱ
SeeȱGarcíaȱMartínez,ȱQumranȱ24Ȭ44.ȱLewis,ȱStudy,ȱ14Ȭ15,ȱisȱveryȱscepticalȱaboutȱtheȱexȬ
istenceȱofȱaȱlostȱbookȱofȱNoah.ȱForȱanȱinterpretationȱofȱ5:17Ȭ18,ȱseeȱVanderKam,ȱAngelȱ
Storyȱ163Ȭ164.ȱ
58ȱȱ Inȱ theȱ Testamentȱ ofȱ Reubenȱ 5,ȱ oneȱ canȱ seeȱ aȱ shiftȱ ofȱ theȱ blameȱ fromȱ angelsȱ toȱ theȱ
woman.ȱVanderKam,ȱEnoch.ȱAȱManȱ120,ȱwritesȱthatȱtheȱwriterȱofȱJubileesȱ“couldȱnotȱ
downplayȱtheȱimportanceȱofȱtheȱFallȱinȱGenȱ3.”ȱȱ
59ȱȱ Inȱ49:2ȱtheȱtermȱ“powers”ȱoccurs.ȱ

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fromȱ theȱ angelsȱ themselvesȱ (10:5:ȱ “Youȱ knowȱ howȱ yourȱ watchers,ȱ theȱ
fatherȱ ofȱ theseȱ spirits,ȱ haveȱ actedȱ duringȱ myȱ lifetime”).ȱ Theȱ demonsȱ
remainedȱaliveȱafterȱtheȱwatchersȱwereȱimprisonedȱandȱtheȱgiantsȱdied.ȱ
Theȱ demonsȱ areȱ commandedȱ byȱ aȱ leader,ȱ Princeȱ (of)ȱ Mastemaȱ (10:8;ȱ
11:5;ȱ 19:28;ȱ 49:2;ȱ cf.ȱ 11:11;ȱ 17:16;ȱ 18:9,ȱ 12;ȱ 48:2,ȱ 3Ȭ4,ȱ 9,ȱ 12Ȭ18).ȱ Mastemaȱ
wasȱ activeȱ inȱ sixȱ events:ȱ inȱ theȱ daysȱ ofȱ Noah’sȱ sons,ȱ whenȱ Mastemaȱ
asksȱGodȱnotȱtoȱdestroyȱallȱtheȱevilȱspiritsȱwhoȱbotherȱNoah’sȱsons,ȱbutȱ
toȱleaveȱoneȱtenthȱunderȱhisȱcommandȱ(10:8Ȭ9);ȱatȱtheȱtimeȱofȱUrȱsonȱofȱ
Kesedȱ(11:5Ȭ6);ȱinȱtheȱdaysȱofȱTerahȱ(11:10Ȭ12);ȱandȱtheȱsacrificeȱofȱIsaacȱ
(17:16).ȱTheȱlastȱtwoȱepisodesȱwereȱinȱtheȱdaysȱofȱMoses:ȱtheȱfirstȱwasȱ
hisȱstruggleȱwithȱMosesȱonȱhisȱwayȱtoȱEgypt,ȱandȱtheȱsecondȱ(andȱmostȱ
detailed)ȱisȱhisȱhelpȱtoȱtheȱEgyptiansȱandȱtheirȱmagiciansȱ(48:9Ȭ18)ȱdurȬ
ingȱtheȱExodus.60ȱThisȱleaderȱisȱpossiblyȱnotȱaȱdemonȱhimself.ȱHeȱseemsȱ
toȱ beȱ aȱ badȱ angel.ȱ Itȱ isȱ impossible,ȱ however,ȱ thatȱ heȱ beȱ oneȱ ofȱ theȱ
watchers,ȱsinceȱtheyȱareȱtiedȱupȱinȱtheȱdepthsȱofȱtheȱearthȱbyȱtheȱgoodȱ
angels,ȱ waitingȱ theirȱ judgmentȱ (5:6Ȭ11).ȱ Theȱ contextȱ ofȱ 10:11ȱ impliesȱ
thatȱ Mastemaȱ isȱ identifiedȱ withȱ satan.ȱ Theȱ demonsȱ doȱ everythingȱ
Mastemaȱ tellsȱ them,ȱ soȱ thatȱ heȱ isȱ ableȱ toȱ exerciseȱ theȱ authorityȱ ofȱ hisȱ
willȱamongȱmankindȱtoȱpunishȱthemȱforȱtheirȱevilȱ(cf.ȱ10:8).61ȱ
Theȱdemonsȱareȱinvolvedȱinȱseveralȱactivities.ȱTheyȱareȱtheȱcauseȱofȱ
evilȱinȱhumanȱsocietyȱandȱthatȱwhatȱtheyȱbringȱaboutȱisȱcomparableȱtoȱ
theȱsituationȱbeforeȱtheȱflood.ȱTheyȱruleȱoverȱpeopleȱ(10:3;ȱ15:31;ȱ19:28)ȱ
andȱ exerciseȱ powerȱ onȱ earthȱ beforeȱ satanȱ (10:11).ȱ Theyȱ areȱ activeȱ inȱ
leadingȱ peopleȱ astrayȱ (7:27;ȱ 15:31;ȱ 19:28).ȱ Theyȱ misleadȱ themȱ (10:1,ȱ 8;ȱ
11:2;ȱ 12:20),ȱ makeȱ themȱ actȱ foolishlyȱ (10:1)ȱ andȱ letȱ themȱ commitȱ sins,ȱ
impurities,ȱandȱtransgressionsȱ(11:4,ȱ5).ȱTheyȱshedȱhumanȱbloodȱonȱtheȱ
earthȱ (7:27;ȱ 11:5),ȱ aȱ crimeȱ connectedȱ toȱ theȱ drinkingȱ ofȱ bloodȱ (7:28Ȭ33;ȱ
11:2Ȭ5).ȱ Demonsȱ preventȱ peopleȱ fromȱ followingȱ Godȱ (12:20;ȱ 15:31;ȱ
19:28).ȱTheyȱhelpȱwithȱtheȱmakingȱofȱstatuesȱandȱimagesȱofȱidolsȱ(11:4).ȱ
Althoughȱdemonsȱareȱconnectedȱtoȱmanyȱkindsȱofȱsins,ȱbloodȬguiltȱandȱ
idolatryȱ areȱ predominant.ȱ Besidesȱ influencingȱ theȱ people,ȱ theyȱ someȬ
timesȱ haveȱ aȱ destructiveȱ powerȱ themselves.ȱ Theȱ demonsȱ beginȱ toȱ deȬ
stroyȱ Noah’sȱ children,ȱ toȱ blindȱ andȱ killȱ themȱ (10:1Ȭ2).ȱ Theyȱ areȱ meantȱ
forȱdestructionȱ(10:8).ȱInȱ49:2ȱdemonsȱseemȱtoȱassistȱMastemaȱinȱkillingȱ
allȱtheȱfirstȬbornȱofȱEgypt.ȱ
Jubileesȱ speaksȱ aboutȱ reducingȱ theȱ influenceȱ ofȱ demons.ȱ Whenȱ
Noah’sȱsonsȱcomplainȱaboutȱtheȱattacksȱofȱtheȱdemonsȱonȱtheirȱchildrenȱ
(10:2),ȱGodȱgrantsȱNoah’sȱintercessionȱbyȱcommandingȱtheȱgoodȱangelsȱ
toȱbindȱallȱdemonsȱ(10:7).ȱMastemaȱprotestsȱagainstȱthisȱplan:ȱȱ
60ȱȱ Cf.ȱEshel,ȱMastemaȱ362Ȭ363.ȱ
61ȱȱ Alexander,ȱDemonologyȱ341.ȱ

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“Lord,ȱ creator,ȱ leaveȱ someȱ ofȱ themȱ forȱ me;ȱ letȱ themȱ listenȱ toȱ meȱ andȱ doȱ
everythingȱthatȱIȱtellȱthem,ȱbecauseȱifȱnoneȱofȱthemȱisȱleftȱforȱmeȱIȱshallȱnotȱ
beȱableȱtoȱexerciseȱtheȱauthorityȱofȱmyȱwillȱamongȱmankind.ȱForȱtheyȱareȱ
meantȱ forȱ theȱ purposeȱ ofȱ destructionȱ andȱ misleadingȱ beforeȱ myȱ punishȬ
mentȱbecauseȱtheȱevilȱofȱmankindȱisȱgreat”ȱ(10:8:).ȱȱ
GodȱgrantsȱMastema’sȱprotest,ȱandȱleavesȱtenȱpercentȱofȱtheȱevilȱspirits,ȱ
whileȱ ninetyȱ percentȱ descendȱ toȱ theȱ placeȱ ofȱ judgmentȱ (10:9,ȱ 11).ȱ Thisȱ
impliesȱthatȱMastemaȱhasȱaȱfunctionȱinȱtheȱdivineȱorder.62ȱGodȱseemsȱtoȱ
approveȱofȱhisȱappearance.ȱEvilȱpeopleȱareȱhandedȱoverȱtoȱtheȱauthorȬ
ityȱofȱMastemaȱforȱpunishmentȱbyȱhim,ȱandȱtheȱdemonsȱhelpȱhimȱwithȱ
theȱexecutionȱofȱthisȱtask.ȱFurtherȱinfluenceȱofȱtheȱdemonsȱisȱreduced,ȱ
becauseȱtheȱangelȱofȱtheȱpresenceȱteachesȱNoahȱaboutȱtheȱremediesȱforȱ
theȱafflictionsȱcausedȱbyȱtheȱdemons:ȱȱ
“HeȱtoldȱoneȱofȱusȱthatȱweȱshouldȱteachȱNoahȱallȱtheirȱremediesȱbecauseȱheȱ
knewȱthatȱtheyȱwouldȱneitherȱconductȱthemselvesȱproperlyȱnorȱfightȱfairlyȱ
…ȱWeȱtoldȱNoahȱallȱtheȱremediesȱforȱtheirȱdiseasesȱwithȱtheirȱdeceptionsȱsoȱ
thatȱheȱcouldȱcureȱthemȱbyȱmeansȱofȱtheȱearth’sȱplants”ȱ(10:10,ȱ12:).ȱȱ
Thisȱmeansȱthatȱ“theȱevilȱspiritsȱwereȱprohibitedȱfromȱpursuingȱNoah’sȱ
children”ȱ (10:13).ȱ Israelȱ belongsȱ directlyȱ toȱ Godȱ andȱ isȱ protectedȱ byȱ
him.ȱTheȱdemonsȱhaveȱnoȱinfluenceȱonȱtheȱchosenȱpeople.ȱInȱcontrast,ȱ
theyȱareȱassignedȱtoȱtheȱnations:ȱȱ
“Butȱ heȱ choseȱ Israelȱ toȱ beȱ hisȱ people.ȱ Heȱ sanctifiedȱ themȱ andȱ gatheredȱ
themȱfromȱallȱmankind.ȱForȱthereȱareȱmanyȱnationsȱandȱmanyȱpeoplesȱandȱ
allȱbelongȱtoȱhim.ȱHeȱmadeȱspiritsȱruleȱoverȱallȱinȱorderȱtoȱleadȱthemȱastrayȱ
fromȱfollowingȱhim.ȱButȱoverȱIsraelȱheȱmadeȱnoȱangelȱorȱspiritȱruleȱbecauseȱ
heȱ aloneȱ isȱ theirȱ ruler.ȱ Heȱ willȱ guardȱ themȱ andȱ requireȱ themȱ forȱ himselfȱ
fromȱ hisȱ angels,ȱ hisȱ spirits,ȱ andȱ everyone,ȱ andȱ allȱ hisȱ powersȱ soȱ thatȱ heȱ
mayȱ guardȱ themȱ andȱ blessȱ themȱ andȱ soȱ thatȱ theyȱ mayȱ beȱ hisȱ andȱ heȱ beȱ
theirsȱforȱnowȱandȱforever”ȱ(15:30Ȭ32:).ȱȱ
Theȱnationsȱworshipȱdemonsȱ(22:16Ȭ17;ȱcf.ȱ1:11).ȱNevertheless,ȱtheȱspirȬ
itsȱ seemȱ toȱ beȱ aȱ (continual)ȱ threatȱ forȱ theȱ chosenȱ peopleȱ (19:28:ȱ “Mayȱ
theȱ spiritsȱ ofȱ Mastemaȱ notȱ ruleȱ overȱ youȱ andȱ yourȱ descendantsȱ toȱ reȬ
moveȱyouȱfromȱfollowingȱtheȱLordȱwhoȱisȱyourȱGodȱforȱnowȱandȱforȬ
ever”).ȱȱ
Inȱ theȱ Bible,ȱ thereȱ isȱ noȱ demonology.ȱ Inȱ Genesis,ȱ oneȱ cannotȱ readȱ
anythingȱ aboutȱ evilȱ spirits.ȱ Inȱ thisȱ aspect,ȱ Jubileesȱ seemsȱ toȱ beȱ influȬ
encedȱ byȱ otherȱ sources.ȱ Theȱ teachingȱ aboutȱ theȱ demonsȱ seemsȱ toȱ beȱ
partȱ ofȱ theȱ widerȱ influenceȱ ofȱ materialȱ originatingȱ fromȱ theȱ Enochicȱ
traditions.63ȱOneȱcanȱpointȱtoȱtheȱinfluenceȱofȱ1Enȱ(BookȱofȱWatchers).ȱInȱ
theȱ Bookȱ ofȱ Watchersȱ theȱ angelsȱ descendedȱ fromȱ heaven,ȱ marriedȱ
62ȱȱ Cf.ȱAlexander,ȱDemonologyȱ342.ȱ
63ȱȱ Seeȱnoteȱ2.ȱ

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women,ȱandȱsinnedȱwithȱthem.ȱTheirȱchildrenȱwereȱgiants.ȱTheseȱgiantsȱ
behavedȱinȱanȱunlawfulȱway:ȱȱ
“Theyȱ wereȱ devouringȱ theȱ labourȱ ofȱ allȱ sonsȱ ofȱ men,ȱ andȱ menȱ wereȱ notȱ
ableȱtoȱsupplyȱthem.ȱAndȱtheȱgiantsȱbeganȱtoȱkillȱmenȱandȱtoȱdevourȱthem.ȱ
Andȱtheyȱbeganȱtoȱsinȱagainstȱtheȱbirdsȱandȱbeastsȱandȱcreepingȱthingsȱandȱ
theȱfish,ȱandȱtoȱdevourȱoneȱanother’sȱflesh.ȱAndȱtheyȱdrankȱtheȱblood”ȱ
(1Enȱ7:3Ȭ5).64ȱȱ
Theyȱwouldȱhaveȱruinedȱmankind,ȱbutȱtheȱpeopleȱbroughtȱaccusaȬ
tionsȱagainstȱtheȱlawlessȱonesȱ(1Enȱ7:6),ȱandȱtheirȱcryȱwentȱupȱtoȱheavenȱ
(1Enȱ8:4).ȱThereuponȱGodȱsentȱGabrielȱtoȱdestroyȱtheȱsonsȱofȱtheȱwatchȬ
ersȱ fromȱ amongȱ theȱ sonsȱ ofȱ menȱ (1Enȱ 10:9).ȱ However,ȱ thisȱ isȱ notȱ theȱ
endȱ ofȱ theȱ giants.ȱ Inȱ 1Enȱ 15:8Ȭ16:1ȱ itȱ isȱ describedȱ howȱ theȱ evilȱ spiritsȱ
cameȱ outȱ ofȱ theirȱ carcassesȱ andȱ howȱ theyȱ wereȱ threateningȱ humanity:ȱ
theyȱdoȱviolence,ȱdesolate,ȱattackȱandȱwrestleȱandȱhurlȱuponȱtheȱearth.65ȱ
AccordingȱtoȱAlexander,ȱtheȱauthor(s)ȱofȱthisȱmythȱtriedȱtoȱbringȱorderȱ
intoȱ theȱ demonicȱ realm.66ȱ Theyȱ assertȱ thatȱ allȱ demonsȱ belongȱ toȱ onlyȱ
oneȱspeciesȱofȱbeing.ȱAllȱareȱspiritsȱofȱtheȱgiants.ȱMoreover,ȱtheȱdemonsȱ
belongȱ toȱ anȱ intermediateȱ categoryȱ ofȱ beingȱ thatȱ isȱ partlyȱ angelicȱ andȱ
partlyȱhuman.ȱTheȱgiantsȱconsistedȱofȱtwoȱelements,ȱaȱmortalȱbodyȱandȱ
anȱ immortalȱ spirit.ȱ Theirȱ mortalȱ bodiesȱ wereȱ destroyed,ȱ butȱ theirȱ imȬ
mortalȱ spiritsȱ wereȱ not,ȱ andȱ theseȱ haveȱ continuedȱ toȱ inhabitȱ theȱ earthȱ
andȱbringȱsorrowȱtoȱpeople.ȱSinceȱtheȱdemonsȱareȱpartȱhumanȱinȱorigin,ȱ
theyȱ haveȱ affinityȱ withȱ humanȱ beings,ȱ andȱ canȱ thusȱ infiltrateȱ theȱ huȬ
manȱbody.ȱThereȱisȱaȱfixedȱnumberȱofȱdemons,ȱequivalentȱtoȱtheȱnumȬ
berȱofȱtheȱdeadȱgiants.ȱTheyȱcannotȱprocreate.ȱAccordingȱtoȱ1Enȱ6:6ȱtwoȱ
hundredȱ watchersȱ descendedȱ toȱ earth.ȱ Thisȱ wouldȱ alsoȱ meanȱ thatȱ theȱ
numberȱofȱdemonsȱisȱlimited.ȱ
Jubileesȱ sharesȱ theȱ fundamentalȱ patternȱofȱ theȱ Bookȱ ofȱ Watchers:ȱ theȱ
descendingȱ angels,ȱ theirȱ marriagesȱ toȱ theȱ women,ȱ theirȱ giganticȱ offȬ
spring,ȱandȱtheȱviolenceȱofȱtheȱgiants.ȱAsȱfarȱasȱdemonsȱareȱconcerned,ȱ
Jubileesȱ doesȱ notȱ sayȱ thatȱ theyȱ deriveȱ fromȱ theȱ carcassesȱ ofȱ theȱ giantsȱ
butȱ thatȱ theyȱ areȱ theȱ emanationsȱ ofȱ angelsȱ themselvesȱ (10:5).ȱ Jubileesȱ
seemsȱtoȱbeȱnotȱentirelyȱconsistent,ȱsinceȱitȱalsoȱknowsȱofȱtheȱgiantsȱasȱ
theȱ sonsȱ ofȱ theȱ watchersȱ (5:1,ȱ 6Ȭ10).67ȱ Accordingȱ toȱ VanderKam,ȱ “theȱ
fathersȱ ofȱ theseȱ spirits”ȱ perhapsȱ meansȱ thatȱ theȱ watchersȱ wereȱ theirȱ
64ȱȱ TranslationȱtakenȱfromȱNickelsburgȱ/ȱVanderKam,ȱEnoch.ȱ
65ȱȱ VanderKam,ȱDemonsȱ348Ȭ350;ȱNickelsburg,ȱEnochȱ1ȱ267Ȭ275.ȱȱ
66ȱȱ ForȱtheȱfollowingȱseeȱAlexander,ȱDemonologyȱ338Ȭ341.ȱ
67ȱȱ Possibly,ȱ Jubileesȱ preservesȱ severalȱ olderȱ traditionsȱ aboutȱ theȱ watchers.ȱ See,ȱ e.g.,ȱ
Segal,ȱBookȱ103Ȭ143.ȱ

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ancestors.68ȱ Anotherȱ deviationȱ fromȱ itsȱ sourceȱ textȱ isȱ thatȱ theȱ demonsȱ
areȱputȱunderȱtheȱauthorityȱofȱMastema.ȱWhyȱdidȱtheȱauthorȱofȱJubileesȱ
thinkȱ itȱ appropriateȱ toȱ incorporateȱ theȱ mythȱ ofȱ theȱ demonsȱ inȱ hisȱ reȬ
writingȱ ofȱ Genesis?ȱ Theȱ evilȱ spiritsȱ playȱ aȱ partȱ inȱ theȱ rewrittenȱ narraȬ
tiveȱofȱtheȱperiodȱbetweenȱtheȱfloodȱandȱtheȱstoryȱofȱAbram.ȱTheyȱbeȬ
longȱ thereforeȱ primarilyȱ toȱ theȱ periodȱ ofȱ Noah.ȱ Theȱ sheddingȱ andȱ
consumptionȱ ofȱ bloodȱ isȱ anȱ importantȱ characteristicȱ ofȱ theȱ demonsȱ inȱ
Jubilees.ȱTheȱsheddingȱandȱeatingȱofȱbloodȱisȱanȱimportantȱthemeȱinȱGenȱ
9:1Ȭ7.ȱMoreover,ȱinȱthisȱperiod,ȱtheȱearthȱisȱrepopulatedȱafterȱtheȱfloodȱ
(Genȱ10)ȱandȱdividedȱamongȱtheȱthreeȱsonsȱofȱNoah.69ȱDifferentȱfamilyȱ
linesȱ emergeȱ inȱ differentȱ nations.70ȱ Tensionsȱ betweenȱ theȱ differentȱ naȬ
tionsȱannounceȱthemselves,ȱforȱexample,ȱtheȱcurseȱofȱCanaanȱ(Genȱ9:25Ȭ
27).ȱInȱsum,ȱJubileesȱseemsȱtoȱtakeȱupȱseveralȱelementsȱofȱGenesisȱ9Ȭ10ȱ
andȱ relateȱ themȱ toȱ theȱ demons.ȱ Bloodshedȱ andȱ eatingȱ ofȱ bloodȱ isȱ
causedȱ byȱ theȱ demons,ȱ theȱ continuationȱ ofȱ theȱ lineȱ ofȱ Shemȱ isȱ threatȬ
enedȱbyȱtheȱdemons,ȱwhereasȱtheȱdevelopmentȱofȱtheȱnationsȱisȱunderȱ
theȱdemons’ȱcontrol.71ȱ
Theȱ incorporationȱ ofȱ theȱ demonsȱ showsȱ thatȱ theȱ authorȱ ofȱ Jubileesȱ
broughtȱtheȱpassagesȱonȱtheȱdivisionȱofȱtheȱearthȱandȱtheȱseparationȱofȱ
theȱnationsȱfromȱtheȱchosenȱpeopleȱintoȱassociationȱwithȱotherȱbiblicalȱ
passages,ȱespeciallyȱDeutȱ32:8Ȭ9ȱ(cf.ȱSirȱ17:17),ȱandȱPsȱ106:34Ȭ39.72ȱ
Theȱ songȱ ofȱ Mosesȱ (Deutȱ 32)ȱ refersȱ toȱ anȱ assemblyȱ ofȱ godsȱ (cf.ȱ Psȱ
82)ȱ inȱ which,ȱ accordingȱ toȱ theȱ readingȱ ofȱ 4QDeut,jȱ theȱ Mostȱ Highȱ
(Elyon)ȱfixedȱtheȱboundariesȱofȱtheȱpeopleȱ“accordingȱtoȱtheȱnumberȱofȱ
theȱ sonsȱ ofȱ God”ȱ (Deutȱ 32:8).ȱ Inȱ thisȱ context,ȱ eachȱ nationȱ ofȱ earthȱ isȱ
entrustedȱtoȱoneȱofȱGod’sȱsons,ȱwhereasȱYHWHȱkeepsȱIsraelȱforȱhimselfȱ
(Deutȱ 32:9:ȱ “Forȱ theȱ YHWH’sȱ portionȱ isȱ hisȱ people,ȱ Jacobȱ hisȱ allottedȱ
heritage”).ȱ Someȱ Greekȱ manuscriptsȱ alsoȱ readȱ ui`w/n qeou/ȱ (“theȱ sonsȱ ofȱ
God”),ȱwhereasȱmanyȱotherȱGreekȱmanuscriptsȱreadȱavgge,lwn qeou/ȱ (“theȱ
angelsȱ ofȱ God”).ȱ Theȱ MTȱ readingȱ isȱ “theȱ sonsȱ ofȱ Israel.”ȱ Theȱ readingȱ
“theȱsonsȱofȱGod”ȱisȱprobablyȱtheȱoldestȱreading.73ȱTheȱmassoreticȱtraȬ
ditionȱ experiencedȱ someȱ inconvenienceȱ withȱ thisȱ polytheisticȱ readingȱ
68ȱȱ VanderKam,ȱ Demonsȱ 549.ȱ Heȱ pointsȱ alsoȱ toȱ theȱ opinionȱ ofȱ othersȱ thatȱ Jubileesȱ hereȱ
preservesȱ anȱ earlierȱ haggadicȱ traditionȱ accordingȱ toȱ whichȱ theȱ demonsȱ wereȱ bornȱ
fromȱtheȱunionȱofȱwomenȱandȱangels.ȱSeeȱalsoȱSegal,ȱBookȱ110Ȭ111.ȱ
69ȱȱ Keel,ȱ Orteȱ Iȱ 191;ȱ Reventlow,ȱ Völkertafelȱ 2112Ȭ2115;ȱ Scott,ȱ Paulȱ 6Ȭ8.ȱ Cf.ȱ Alexander,ȱ
Geographyȱ980;ȱHölscher,ȱErdkartenȱ45Ȭ46.ȱ
70ȱȱ Cf.ȱSkinner,ȱCommentaryȱ188;ȱWenham,ȱGenesisȱ213Ȭ227;ȱWestermann,ȱGenesisȱ665Ȭ
671.ȱCf.ȱAlexander,ȱGeographyȱ985.ȱ
71ȱȱ Cf.ȱVanderKam,ȱDemonsȱ351.ȱ
72ȱȱ Cf.ȱVanderKam,ȱDemonsȱ351Ȭ354.ȱ
73ȱȱ Meyer,ȱBedeutungȱ197Ȭ209;ȱLoretz,ȱVorgeschichteȱ355Ȭ357;ȱMcCarthy,ȱTiqquneȱSopheȬ
rimȱ211Ȭ214;ȱVanȱderȱKooij,ȱEndingȱ93Ȭ94;ȱSanders,ȱProvenanceȱ24Ȭ25,ȱ156Ȭ158.ȱ

Authenticated
andȱthereforeȱadaptedȱtheȱtextȱwithȱaȱslightȱalteration.ȱOneȱcouldȱargueȱ
thatȱ Deutȱ 32:8Ȭ9ȱ refersȱ backȱ toȱ theȱ processȱ ofȱ separatingȱ theȱ nationsȱ
describedȱ inȱ Genȱ 10ȱ (cf.ȱ 10:5,ȱ 10Ȭ12,ȱ 19Ȭ20,ȱ 30Ȭ31,ȱ 32).74ȱ Althoughȱ eachȱ
nationȱ isȱ entrustedȱ toȱ oneȱ ofȱ God’sȱ sonsȱ andȱ notȱ toȱ aȱ demon,ȱ Deutȱ
32:16Ȭ17ȱbringsȱdemonsȱinȱrelationȱtoȱforeignȱgods.75ȱAlsoȱinȱPsȱ106:34Ȭ
39ȱ aȱ connectionȱ isȱ madeȱ betweenȱ theȱ nationsȱ andȱ theȱ demons.ȱ Iȱ referȱ
especiallyȱ toȱ Psȱ 106:36Ȭ37ȱ inȱ whichȱ theȱ idolsȱ ofȱ theȱ nationsȱ areȱ paralȬ
leledȱwithȱtheȱdemons:ȱ“Theyȱservedȱtheirȱidols,ȱwhichȱbecameȱaȱsnareȱ
toȱ them.ȱ Theyȱ sacrificedȱ theirȱ sonsȱ andȱ theirȱ daughtersȱ toȱ theȱ deȬ
mons.”76ȱ Idolatryȱ isȱ connectedȱ withȱ impurityȱ andȱ withȱ pollutingȱ theȱ
landȱwithȱbloodȱ(Psȱ106:38Ȭ39).ȱJubileesȱalsoȱputȱtheseȱaspectsȱinȱrelationȱ
toȱtheȱdemons.ȱ
Conclusionȱ
AngelsȱandȱdemonicȱbeingsȱplayȱanȱimportantȱpartȱinȱtheȱbookȱofȱJubiȬ
lees.ȱToȱaȱcertainȱextentȱtheȱauthorȱfollowsȱtheȱdescriptionȱofȱangelsȱinȱ
theȱBible,ȱbutȱheȱgoesȱfarȱbeyondȱtheȱbiblicalȱbooksȱofȱGenesisȱandȱExoȬ
dus.ȱTheȱinfluenceȱofȱotherȱbiblicalȱandȱnonȬbiblicalȱsourcesȱandȱtradiȬ
tions,ȱ particularlyȱ theȱ Bookȱ ofȱ Watchersȱ (1Enȱ 6Ȭ16),ȱ isȱ evidentȱ inȱ hisȱ
elaborateȱ angelologyȱ andȱ demonology,ȱ althoughȱ theȱ authorȱ isȱ ableȱ toȱ
putȱhisȱownȱstampȱonȱwhatȱheȱhasȱtakenȱover.ȱ
Asȱ farȱ asȱ theȱ correspondenceȱ betweenȱ Jubileesȱ andȱ Genesisȱ isȱ conȬ
cerned,ȱ oneȱ canȱ pointȱ toȱ theȱ descriptionȱ ofȱ theȱ angelȱ ofȱ theȱ presenceȱ
thatȱ fitsȱ inȱ withȱ theȱ descriptionȱ inȱ Exodusȱ ofȱ theȱ angelȱ whoȱ accompaȬ
niedȱ theȱ Israelitesȱ onȱ theirȱ journeyȱ inȱ theȱ wilderness.ȱ Inȱ addition,ȱ oneȱ
canȱpointȱtoȱtheȱfactȱthatȱtheȱauthorȱofȱJubileesȱisȱinterpretingȱtheȱbiblicalȱ
text.ȱ Jub.ȱ 5:1Ȭ9ȱ interpretsȱ Genȱ 6:1Ȭ4ȱ inȱ thatȱ theȱ mightyȱ manȱ andȱ giantsȱ
(theȱoffspringȱofȱtheȱangels)ȱareȱidentifiedȱandȱtheȱjudgementȱisȱrelatedȱ
toȱ theȱ giants.ȱ Inȱ thisȱ interpretationȱ theȱ biblicalȱ textȱ ofȱ Genȱ 6:1Ȭ4ȱ isȱ alȬ
teredȱandȱrewrittenȱasȱaȱstoryȱofȱtheȱimprisonmentȱofȱtheȱwatchersȱandȱ
theȱ destructionȱ ofȱ theirȱ children,ȱ andȱ itȱ isȱ combinedȱ withȱ elementsȱ ofȱ
theȱfloodȱnarrative.ȱThisȱreflectsȱaȱcertainȱtraditionalȱexplanationȱofȱtheȱ
biblicalȱ textȱ asȱ well,ȱ andȱ possiblyȱ betraysȱ theȱ influenceȱ ofȱ theȱ Enochicȱ
tradition.ȱ Moreover,ȱ theȱ authorȱ isȱ ableȱ toȱ speakȱ aboutȱ theȱ creationȱ ofȱ
74ȱȱ Cf.ȱVanderKam,ȱDemonsȱ352.ȱ
75ȱȱ Deutȱ32:17:ȱ“Theyȱsacrificedȱtoȱdemonsȱwhichȱwereȱnoȱgods,ȱtoȱgodsȱtheyȱhadȱneverȱ
known,ȱ toȱ newȱ godsȱ thatȱ hadȱ comeȱ inȱ ofȱ late,ȱ whomȱ yourȱ fathersȱ hadȱ neverȱ
dreaded.”ȱ
76ȱȱ Seeȱ alsoȱ Psȱ 96:4Ȭ5ȱ whereȱ Godȱ andȱ theȱ idolsȱ areȱ putȱ inȱ contrast.ȱ Here,ȱ LXXȱ Psȱ 95:5ȱ
readsȱ“demons”ȱwhereȱMTȱreadsȱ“idols.”ȱ

Authenticated
theȱangelsȱbyȱwayȱofȱanȱexegesisȱofȱGenȱ1:1Ȭ5,ȱinȱwhichȱtheȱitemsȱmenȬ
tionedȱ inȱ Genȱ 1:2ȱ areȱalsoȱ objectsȱ ofȱ creation,ȱandȱ inȱ whichȱ oneȱ ofȱ theȱ
termsȱused,ȱi.e.ȱElohim,ȱisȱtranslatedȱasȱ“angels.”ȱȱ
Thereȱisȱnoȱdirectȱclueȱinȱtheȱbiblicalȱtextȱtoȱexplainȱtheȱoccurrenceȱ
ofȱ demonsȱ inȱ theȱ bookȱ ofȱ Jubilees.ȱ Weȱ shouldȱ thereforeȱ attributeȱ theirȱ
presenceȱtoȱtheȱincorporationȱofȱotherȱsourcesȱandȱtraditions,ȱespeciallyȱ
1Enȱ15Ȭ16.ȱNevertheless,ȱitȱisȱpossibleȱthatȱtheȱmentionȱofȱbloodshedȱinȱ
Genȱ9:1Ȭ9,ȱandȱtheȱrepopulationȱofȱtheȱearthȱafterȱtheȱfloodȱinȱGenȱ10ȱinȱ
relationȱ toȱ aȱ traditionalȱ exegesisȱ ofȱ bothȱ Deutȱ 32:8ȱ andȱ Psȱ 106:34Ȭ39ȱ
causedȱtheȱincorporationȱofȱtheȱdemonsȱinȱtheȱbookȱofȱJubilees.ȱ
Finally,ȱtheȱaimȱtoȱanchorȱIsraelȱandȱitsȱinstitutionsȱinȱtheȱorderȱofȱ
theȱcreationȱledȱtoȱtheȱcorrelationȱbetweenȱculticȱpracticeȱinȱheavenȱandȱ
onȱearth.ȱTheȱangelsȱkeepȱtheȱlawsȱthatȱareȱputȱinȱrelationȱtoȱtheȱcoveȬ
nantȱbetweenȱIsraelȱandȱGod.ȱ
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