Contents

Concepts of health...........................................................................................................................2

Holistic Concepts of health..........................................................................................................2

Biopsychosocial Model...............................................................................................................3

Stages of human lifespan.................................................................................................................5

Adulthood....................................................................................................................................5

Old Person...................................................................................................................................6

Explanation of psychological theories and its relation with lifespan stages...................................7

Developmental psychology.........................................................................................................7

Cognitive psychology..................................................................................................................8

References......................................................................................................................................10
Concepts of health
Health is a combination of mental, physical, and social wellbeing and not simply a
nonappearance of disease or illness.

Holistic Concepts of health

The holistic concept of Health is an ancient attitude to health familiarized by Jan Christiaan
Smuts in 1926. It highlights the connection between body, mind, and spirit. The theory suggests
not only to alleviate or address the symptoms and diseases but also handle and treat the grounds
of the symptoms to maintain optimal health (Bazerman, 2018). Factors including posture,
climatic factors, rest microbiomes, diet, sexual health, exercise, stress, purposefulness, and
toxins, etc. are vital components that influence optimal human health in connection with the
interactive relationship with those factors. Moreover, one can attain optimal health with stable
arrangements among surrounded factors. According to the holistic concept, human health is a
combination of 5 interrelated fundamentals.
Holistic health concept believes that unconditional affection and love is the most influential
healer and people holds inborn healing controls. Instruction on lifestyle, harmonizing and
complementary therapies, and allopathic treatments and surgical actions are the common
treatment in this concept. This holistic health concept is applied in the American Holistic
Health Association (AHHA) and the expert committee by Dept. of AYUSH in India (Harkness,
2013).

Biopsychosocial Model

The biopsychosocial model debates that one factor is not enough to influence human health
rather interaction among people's psychological (mental fitness), biological (genetic maquillage),
and social factors control the cause, consequence, manifestation of wellbeing and disease. This
framework established by George L. Engel.
Biological Influences on Health

Biological impacts on health comprise an entity’s genetic greasepaint and record of physical
shock or trauma. Many syndromes are a congenital genetic vulnerability. For example, the risk
factors for schizophrenia could be inherited with the risk level of 6.5%, 40% by monozygotic
identical twins with schizophrenia (Bee, Boyd and Johnson, 2014).

Social Influences on Health

Social factors are comprised of socio-economic status, expectations, belief, culture, and religion
and contribute to diverse pervasiveness rates and sign the appearance of disorders. For example,
losing a job or termination of a romantic relationship could endanger human health by increasing
the jeopardy of stress, anxiety, and illness. However, the influence of social influences is broadly
recognized in psychological illnesses.

Psychological Influences on Health

Psychological aspects can aggravate a biological susceptibility by tapping a genetically

vulnerable individual in jeopardy for supplementary peril actions (KATO, 2016). For example,
depression won’t directly affect liver problems rather it increases alcohol consumption which
leads to liver damage eventually.
Stages of human lifespan

Adulthood

The lifespan of people aged between 20 to 65 years is called adulthood. It can be divided into 3
divisions including early adults (20–36), middle-aged adults (36 – 55) and grownup adults (55–
65). In this phase full intellectual as well as physical maturity is flourished and individuals
establish their families and continue the life sequence. The lifespan stage constitutes the chief
share of the human life cycle (Jones, 2017). The young adults are superior in organizing novel
information whereas the older adults are superior to remember common evidence and traditional
knowledge. The productivity and speed of functioning are declining from the peak with ages.
The physical stability at early and mid-aged adults is high which begins to deteriorate slowly at
the old adulthood stage and then they require health care services more.
Old Person

An individual after 65 years old is considered at the last stage of the human lifespan. Human life
ends at this stage. The average life expectancy is based on overall health which rangers from 70
to 85 years (Janacsek, Fiser and Nemeth, 2012). In this part, an individual has to admit the reality
of his life based on disappointment, successes, and the achievement of past life. This stage is the
combination of several life events including retirement, the birth of grandchildren, the death of a
partner and relatives. They must have to cope with losses like loss of income, abilities, and
partners. With the declining health condition of old persons increases dependency on others. The
intellectual functions decline in old age due to memory loss, change of attention and lack of
reasoning skills.
Explanation of psychological theories and its relation with lifespan
stages
Psychological theories can offer a convenient understanding of human behavior and society.

Developmental psychology

The theory of development psychology offers an agenda about human development, growth, and
knowledge. It is based on a set of directorial philosophies and theories that elucidate human
development. Human development is the organized psychological modifications that an
individual experiences throughout his life span. The theory includes cognitive, emotional
physical, social, perceptual, intellectual, and personality growth throughout the human lifespan.
It also aspects of distinctive psychological structures against knowledge by experience, or how
an individual's features interrelate with environmental elements and how this influences
improvement (Lifespan Development | Department of Psychology, 2020). Factors include
problem-solving skills, self-concept, acquiring language, motor skills, identity formation,
personality, moral understanding, and emotions.

Explain, describe, and optimize development are the main focus of developmental psychology
(Weadick and Sommer, 2016). Explanation about the variations in normative courses and
individual variances is the first goal of this theory. Both classic outlines of change and on
individual disparities in shapes of change are used to define development. Finally, the
optimization of development in different life stages is ensured by the implementation of theories
in practical situations. It focuses on development in every stage of lifespan from infants to the
older stage and it has great significance on an individual's entire lifespan.

Cognitive psychology

The cognitive psychological theory focuses on inner conditions including enthusiasm,

perceptions, skills of attention, decision-making, and problem-solving. It discloses the process in
which mind process, store and use information. The theory studies individuals thought,
perception, communication and memory skill. Therefore, it is closely connected to neuroscience,
linguistics, and philosophy (A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING LIFESPAN
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, 2016). Setting up educational agendas, treatment for learning
disorders, sessions to cope with memory disorders for the improvement of learning, and
utilization of memory and ensure precision in decision-making. For example, psychologists
introduce rehearsal strategy to transfer information from short term memory at long-term stable
and durable memory as well as improve the memory performance. It is also enriched with other
popular instruments including eyewitness testimony and cognitive therapy.

Piaget's cognitive developmental theory explained about children’s understanding of the world
through four phases of intellectual development. Moreover, the theory is generally related to the
childhood stage of the human lifespan.
References
Bazerman, C., 2018. The Lifespan Development Of Writing. Urbana, Illinois: National Council of
Teachers of English.

Bee, H., Boyd, D. and Johnson, P., 2014. Lifespan Development. Toronto: Allyn & Bacon.

Harkness, L., 2013. Morphological and molecular characteristics of living human fetuses
between Carnegie stages 7 and 23: developmental stages in the post-implantation
embryo. Human Reproduction Update, 3(1), pp.3-23.

Janacek, K., Fiser, J., and Nemeth, D., 2012. The best time to acquire new skills: age-related
differences in implicit sequence learning across the human lifespan. Developmental Science,
15(4), pp.496-505.

Jones, S., 2017. Self- and interpersonal evaluations: Esteem theories versus consistency
theories. Psychological Bulletin, 79(3), pp.185-199.

KATO, S., 2016. LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT. [Place of publication not identified]:

GOODHEART-WILLCOX CO.

Psychol.cam.ac.uk. 2020. Lifespan Development | Department Of Psychology. [online] Available

at: <https://www.psychol.cam.ac.uk/people/research-themes/lifespan-development> [Accessed
22 March 2020].

Gerontologist, 2016. A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING LIFESPAN

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT. 56(Suppl_3), pp.224-224.

Weadick, C. and Sommer, R., 2016. Unexpected sex-specific post-reproductive lifespan in the
free-living nematodePristionchus exspectatus. Evolution & Development, 18(5-6), pp.297-307.