DEFINITIONS, SYMBOLS AND UNITS OF TERMS USED Terms Thermal Transmission or rate of heat flow al Capacity ‘Thermal Resistance Surface Coefficient ‘Thermal Transmittance or Over-all Heat Transfi Coefficient Thermal Diffusivity IN THERMAL INSULATION Symbols u Definitions iy of heat flowing through the iA-unit time under the conditions prevailing at that time, Heat required to raise the temperature of given mass of substance by one degree Time rate of heat flow per unit area between two paralle! surfaces of a body under steady state conditions when there is unit temperatur difference bewween the two surfaces. Time rate of heat flow through unit area and unit thickness of an homogeneous material under steady state conditions when unit temperature gradient is maintained in the direction perpendi- fo the area. iprocal of thermal conductance. Thermal transmission by convection and radiation from unit area of the surface, for unit temperature difference between the surface and the surrounding medium Time rate of heat flow per unit area under steady state conditions from the fluid on one side of the barrier to the fluid on other side when there is unit temp. difference between the two fluids. Ratio of thermal conductivity to the thermal capacity per unit volume. Units WwQD DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND SYMBOLS IN ACOUSTICS: SOUND POWER OF A SOURCE (W) = In Watts, the total sound energy radiated by the source in a certain time interval, divided by the duration of the Interval, SOUND POWER LEVEL: Itis often convenient to express the sound power of a source on a logarithmic scale. Then sound power level is used. The sound power level of a source is given by: Lw = 10 log, (W/Wa) where, W = power of source in watts We — reference power in watts which is standardised as T piccowatt (i.e. 10-¥ watt) SOUND PRESSURE: ‘The root mean square of instantancous sound pressure over a given time interval for a particular frequency bandwidth, SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL: ‘The sound pressure level L,. in decibels, corresponding to a sound pressure p is given by: Ly = 10 loge (Pp Po)*. ia dB. where, Py = reference sound pressure usually taken as 20 micro-pascals. DECIBEL (4B) ‘The acoustis unit of sound te comparable sound intensities. 1 based on 10 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of two DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOUND POWER LEVEL & SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL: ‘Tho sound power level is the measure of the acoustic power radiated by the source, whereas the sound pressure level depends not onty on the power of the source but also on the distance from the source ‘and the acoustical characteristics of the space surrounding the source. i ‘ : aa8 ai po orf: : fe gdeb fel 5 Bescctpog BE 8 aoe k ro ds EGM aad veiw Panne ane ToLtAaBLe vueDEFINITIONS OF TERMS RELATING TO FIRE PROTECTION FIRE RESISTANCE: ‘The fire zesistance of an element of structure is the time (grading period) during which it fulfils its function of contributing to the fire safety of a building when subjected to prescribed conditions of heat and load or restraint. Grading periods adopted as per IS : 3809-1966 are } hr,1 hr. 2hrs,3 hrs. 4 hes, 6 hrs. FIRE LOAD Fire load is the amount of heat in kilocalories which is liberated per sq. metre of floor area by the combustion of the contents of the building and any combustible part of the building itself (IS: 1641-1960), CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS (IS: 1641-1960) TIME IN HOURS MINIMUM | FIRE LOAD AND CLASS OF FIRE WHICH Grade No. RESISTANCE AGAINST | THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT CAD STANDARD FIRE | WITHSTAND Class of fire | Fire load ia keal mi’ L 6 1,100,000 and over Very high 2 4 |, 500,000 to 1,190,000 High 3 2 275,000 to $30,000 Medium af 1 Less than 275.000 t Low 5 4 { Very low FIRE LOADS OF TYPICAL BUILDINGS (IS: 1641-1960): a) Domestic buildings, offices, hotels etc. have low fire load. b) Trading establishments and factories have medium fire load. ©) Godowns and similar structures may have high fire load. @) Godowns storing explosives, solvents etc, would generally fall under very hish fire load. FIRE RESISTANCE RATING OF VARIOUS PRODUCTS Kem ¥ Rockwool 1 Fire Batts 1b 4 + Sprayed 1 Mineral Wool Ib 2 4 120Ly SYMBOLS AND SOME FORMULAE USED IN THERMAL INSULATION CALCULATIONS SYMBOLS = Heat Joss’ gain through the insulation per square metre of hot/cold surface per second(W /m*) ) = Heat 1oss/gain through the insulation per metre run of pipe per second Ww Operating temperature of hot/cold surface (K) perature of exterior surface of the insulation «© Average atmospheric temperature (K) Overall thickness of insulation (m) ‘Thermal conductivity of insulation (W mk) Surface coefficient (W mk) Outer diameter of pipe (=) Outer diameter of insulation (=) 1 = Length of pipe (m) FORMULAE: 1. Heat loss gain from insulated flat surfaces: Heat loss Heat gain @ Ls k al: f 2. Heat loss/ gain from insulated eylindrical surfaces: Heat loss Heat gain 0 = Om On ~ 61 oe oe dink + oO faints 2 kd fds wd fd 3. Heat loss gain per metre run of pipe: (Reference—pipe surface) a = 3 ag 4, Empirical formula to obtain initial estimated surface temperature For hot surfaces For cold surfaces (n= 8.9 ata * 0 105. Surface temperature after insulation: For hot flat surfaces For hot cylindrical surfaces ad n+ 6. Thickness of insulation required to provide a specilic surface temperature! Cylindrical hot surfaces dita (22) Ou =) 4 £2 — Om) 17. Thickness of insulation required to prevent condensation on its outer surfaces Flat cold surfaces Cylindrical Cold surfaces (41) = 2k Gar — 6 em ()= Tera w kcal Bu m*hr°C Bright surfaces (ee. polished alu 57 49% 10 Planished or galvanized steel, al Paint and comparable surfaces 195 634 1 All other surfaces inclusive of hard setting plaster 10.2 377 1s READY RECKONER FOR COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY VALUES Burin eal w ‘Buwin eal w sft he deg F m.br degC mK sthrdegF — m hrdegC mK 020 0.0249 0.0288 036 o.0Hs 00519 02 0.0273 0.0317 038 ost 0.0548 024 0.0298 0.0346 040 0.0496 0.0577 0.26 0.0322 0.0375 042 0.0821 0.0606 028 0.0347 0.0408 oss oss 0.0634 0.30 0.0372 0.0433 06 0.0570 0.0665 032 0.0397 o.0461 0.48 0.0595 0.0692 034 0.0422 0.0490 0.50 0.0620 0.0721SI UNITS BASIC St UNITS Physical Quantity Name of St Unit Symbol Length metre ™ Mass kilogram kg. Tire second 5 Electric current ampere A Thermodynamic temperature Kelvin K Luminous Intensity candela ed DERIVED SI UNITS Physical Quantity Name of SE Uni Frequency hertz Force newton Work, energy, quantity of heat joule Power watt Area square metre Volume cubic metre Density (mass density) kilogram per cubie metre Velocity metre per second Angular velocity radian per second Acceleration metre per second squared Angular acceleration radian per second squared ral's Pressure (Stress) newton per square metre Nim? Sound pressure pascal Pa Sound pressure level decibel dB Sound intensity watt/square metre Wim? Sound transmission loss decibel aB Sound power level decibel 4B Reverberation time seconds s Specific acoustic impedance pascal seconds per metre Pa, sim Dynamic viscosity newton sec per square metre Nsim? Kinematic viscosity square metre per second, Entropy Joule per Kelvin Specific heat joule per kilogram Kelvin Thermal conductivity watt per metre Kelvin COMPOUND CONVERSION FACTORS English System to Metric System Pounds per lineal foot » 1.48817=Kilogram per linear metre Pounds per sq. ft. » 4.8824=Kilogram per sq.m Pounds per cu.ft. * 16,020 Kilogram per eubie metre Pounds per gallon © 0.09978 -Kilogeam per litre Foot-pounds “ 0.1982. Kilogram metces Pound-feet Square - 0.04218 Kilogram-meter Square.4 CONVERSION FACTORS FOR THERMAL INSULATION CALCULATION 4. Quantity of Heat (Q) Ky eal Bu 1 Kilojoule 1 0.2388 0.9478 1 kilocatorie 4.186 1 3.965 1 British thermal unit 1.085 0.252 1 2. ‘Thermal Transmission or Rate of Heat Flow (Q) w keal/h Bru 1 watt 1 0.8598 3.412 1 kilocalorie per hour 1.163 1 3.968 1 British thermal unit per hour 0.2931 0.252 1 3. Rate of Heat Flow Per Unit Area (q) % Wimt keal/m'h Bu/feh 1 Wit 1 0.8598 317 1 keal/m*h 1.163 1 0.3691 1 Btu/fth 3.155 an 1 4. Thermal Conductivity (1) Wimk keal/mh deg fth deg F 1 W/mK 1 0.8598 6.933 1 keal/mh deg C 1.163 1 8.064 1 Bru-in/ftth deg F 0.1442 0.124 1 ‘5. Thermal Conductance (¢.g. surface coefficient ‘f) & ‘Thermal ‘Transmittance (U) Wimek keal/m*h degC Btu/fh deg F 1 W/mK 1 0.8598 0.1761 1 kcal/mth deg © 1.163 1 0.2018 1 Bu/ftth deg F 5.678 4.882 1Length: if Im I mile Volume: Left 1 imp gal 1 Titre Density: 1 ibjeft Pressure: 1 ibjm? Latm 1 Pascal 1 Ib, ia? Energy (Same unit as of quantity of heat) 1 joule 1 Kilocalorie L kilowatt he Permeance: 1 perm MATHEMATICAL DATA Surface Area Circle * - Sector - Ellipse - Cone - Where : Radius; S—Are Length subtended by € ac 4x5 abr aL 2 & CONVERSION FACTORS 304.8 mm 3.281 fe 1.609 km. 0.0283 cum 4.546 litre 10-* cam 16.018 kg‘cum 6.895.KPa 101.3 kPa L newton’ m* 0.0703 Kz’em’ 1 Nm 4.1868 <3 3.6 MS gre Area: sft 1 sqm 1 hectare Weight 1b Lkg Force: I newton Gauge Pressure: 1 mm of Hg 1 in of water 1 milibar Power (Same unit as of thermal transmittance) 1 ton refrigeration LHP 1 Watt Pyramid Cylinder Sphere a, b—Semiaxes; L’—Length of one side; D—Diameter H_—Height, L—Slant Height, N—No. of sides USEFUL STEAM DATA 0.0929 sqm 10,764 sft 10,000 sqm. 0.4536 kg, 2.2046 Ib 1 kgm/s? O.L13 kPa 0.2486 kPa 0.1 kPa 3.5169 kW 0.7457 kW 1J/s — NLD — 2arH — 4x? Absolute ‘Temperature of Saturated Absolute ‘Temperature of Saturated Pressure Steam Pressure Steam kgm? °F °c kg/om* °F °c 5 303.98 1511 30 504.86 262.70 10 354.27 179.04 0 44.06 284.48 15 * 38725 197.36 90 575.46 301.92 » 412.48 211.38 120 613.67 323.15 3 432 222.90 160 654.33 345.74 30 45097 232.76 200 687.34 364.08 2 480.52 249.18 225.65 705.47 374.15Wem wr % a wt st we we oT nT sit OT or aw w we we OCT we WT wT! Laer tr ws ot a ee ET mew oct a ” ett we west wt KI a We we wh wT eat wi fewer wr wl wi vi a wi sth 10 for Ce eee ee wr x6 ‘ wr 11 wl 660 too +90 0 te # tT wi Wr 60 S80 0 wo ue t wl wl srl wl eu 60 wo wo wo wo 9 ac rt wt wi 160 so sto wo wo wo ts s wt wi wy eo oOo ty * x1 wr seo ko Ost , fe wi wi i6o seo seo wo so to 0 wo ic t i 60 0 ORO wo 0 sso ro oro ro t id Ce a ee ee 2 sro i tro u tro 1 0 wo. WN 10 SSANM IIL ssepuy aig si Udid JO WALUW UVANTT INO YOd MILAN “OS NI NOILVINSNI UIAO VERY POVAUNS WO LUVHO NOISULANODALUMINIUM SHEETS & FOILS COVERING CAPACITIES SHEETS SWG THICKNESS — WEIGHT COVERING CAPACITY mm Kg/m? M?/kg 16 1.6 440 023 0 14224 386 0258 8 122 330 0:30 19 Lot6o 275 0.364 20 ost 28 0.40 21 0.8128 221 0.452 2 om 193 Osis 23 0.6096 165 0.606 26 0.56 132 0.66 25 0.5080 138 0.725 26 0.46 124 2 0.4166 13 2 0376 102 2 034s 0.94 30 031s o8s Lis FOILS ae COVERAGE S.NO. THICKNESS CAPACITY MM M?/kg. L O15 248 2 0.10 3.69 3 0.075 4.94 4 0.05 7.40 5 0.04 9.25 6 0.03 12.30 7. 0,025 14.81 8 ; 0.022 16.0 °. 0.020 18.50 10. 0.016 23.20 n 0.012 30.80 0.010 x08 0.009 1.20 4 0.008, 46.30THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY VALUES OF MATERIALS Material Density (kg/m) ik Value (W/mK) Asbestos cement sheet Be 0.216-0.288 Bitumen 1057 0.159 Bricks: Common 1762 0.808 Concrete: Ballast 1:2:4 2243-2483, Las Mortar—Cement: Sand I: 1954 0923 Plywood 528 0.138 Roofing felf 960 0.187 Timber: Oak 169 0.160 Pine 657 0.138 Teak 720 0.138 Gil. Sheet 1520 61.06 Glass 2350 0814 Sand 2240 1.74 Plaster 2200 174s Reinforced Concrete 2500 1745 Plaster of Paris in slabs 600 3.49 Dey Sand 1500 349 Water 1000 5.82 Aluminium 2700 2326.00 Stee! 7350 523.00 SOUND ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS OF SOME COMMO! BUILDING MATERIALS ‘Absorption Coefficients for different frequencies — ort CoS ‘Material & Method of Fixing 125 Hz $00 Hz 72000 Hz (low) (medium) (high) Carpet (medium) on solid conerete floor ot 3 0s Carpet (medium) on joist or board and betten floor 0.2 03 05 Concrete, construction ool 002 0.02 Curtains (medium fabrics) hung straight and close to wall 0.05 0.25 03 Certains (medium fabrics) hung in folds or spaced away from wall ot os os Giass: windows glazed with upto 32-o2 glass 02 on 0.05 Glass: 14” plate or thicker in large sheets 1 0.08 0.02 Plaster, lime or gypsum on solid backing 0.02 0.02 0.04 Plywood mounted solidly 0.05 0.05 00sa i OSE OBL SL ORLY ULE OBLTT NR OL OD SOGF STE SET x OUST OCT OBS TE ORL'IL o6cor Sook oncy HOS See OE HT « OHL'IT TOL OHS IER CATR SSL SOUL SRS HRS OLY HOLE HET ssET LIT st G6 LYE OSL SoOL HOD EID COS OMY TY ALE HOE ssc HT OCT a GSHL 590L OY BENS SHS COIS OLY STE ESE OIE TST BEI OUST THO o RY LHS MOS OLY SKY cOY MLE OIE SET LIST OIOT OSL ssTI HLO 8 OLY TY ALE ESE LocE CHE NT SST UCIT SANT LOST ALI THO 5950 9 SOE ASE OME HOT BLT SST SET EIST SLT LST 9ST HHCD SLO ULF s Ore STAT UIST SET MONT MOT HTL UST CIT 9ST SOOT SLY SVD LLCO + SCT OZ MAHL SLT NT ISL CIF LT oT THO SLO GAO ULFO eevO £ ust ett art TO SLY LO S90 TO5O coCO FICO BAT z SLO 100 9D 6850 FO OIF ILO Ko GEO FIFO ISTO 960 STO F/O ' (anu) SSANNIIL, Cs a a ee ee a W/B1-SLV TA THAIS JO LHOTM\> THICKNESS OF FLAT METAL SHEET BG MM BG MM BG MM 10 38 7 Lat 25, 0.560 un 2.80 18 1.25 26 0.500 2 2.50 19 Lat 27 0.450 B 2.24 1,00 28 0.400 14 2.00 0.80 29 0.355 15 1.80 23 om 30 0.315 16 1.60 24 0.63 3 0.280 WEIGHT OF GALVANIZED STEEL SHEETS AS PER IS. 277-1977 Gauge Thickness ‘Weight in kg/m? No. mm Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Cass 4 16 16 1331 13.16 13.01 1294) Ig 125 10.56 10.41 10.26 10.19 20 1.00 8.60 8.45 8.30 82 2 0.80 7.03 6.88 6.73 6.66 24 0.63 5.70 5.55 5.40 5.32 Note: Class 1: 750g of Zine Coating per Sq. metre, both side inclusive Class 2: 600g * i = Class 3: 450g * z 2 Class 4: 375g * "MEASUREMENTS OF INSULATED AREA As per Clause 9 of IS : 7413-1981. 9.1 Insulation Over Tanks, Columns, Vessels, Exchangers and Equipment. 9.1.1 Measurements shall be taken over finished insulation surfaces in all cases. 9.1.2 No deduction shall be made for any area required to be left uninsulated, the area of which is equivalent to a circle of 600 mm in diameter, or less. 9.1.3 All insulated nozzles/projections/manholes shall be measured as given below : ) As piping insulation, if the area of such nozzle/projection is equivalent to a circle of 600 mm in dia- meter or less, The area covered by such nozzle or projection shall not be deducted from the overall area of tank/column/vesseljexchanger/equiprrent insulation measurements. b) If any nozzle/projection/manhole insulated is equivalent to a circle of over 600 mm in diameter, the area of such nozzle/projection/mankole to be considered for measurements shall be taken as twice the actual insulated area and paid for as vessel insulation. The area of tank/column/vessel/exchanger) equipment, covered by such nozzle/projection/manhole shall be excluded from measurements. 9.1.4 Insulated areas with different specifications shall be specified and measured separately, such as : 1) Roofs/tops of tanks and vessels incorporating hardsetting composition and/or waterproofing layer. b) Sides of larger diameter tanks and vessels where corrugated alur ments being taken over the crest of corrugated sheets. sm sheets are to be used; measure- c) Insulation systems requiring spe cation of insulation, supports/substructure to be provided by applicator prior to appli- 4d) Insulated areas clad with different thickness of aluminium sheets. 9.1.5 Dished ends of vessels shall be considered as twice the projected circular area of the dished end for purposes of measurement, 9.1.6 In the case of insulated equipment flanges, the area occupied by the flange insulation shall not be deducted while measuring insulation over the equipment. In addition, flange insulation shall be measured separately and added, 9.2 Piping 9.2.1 All measurements for piping shall be taken over the finished insulated surface in metres, corrected to nearest centimetre along the centre line of piping, through all fittings, insulated or otherwise, such as valves, flanges, elbows, bends, tees and reducers. 9.2.2 Insulation of valves flanges or other fittings shall be measured through such valves, flanges or other fittings as per 9.2.1 above and in addition extra measurements shall be allowed as follows : 8) For each insulated valve and venturi including flanges and body, 1.50 linear metres of piping of the connected line size up to 300 mm line size and 2,00 linear metres for larger sizes.AS b) For each pair of insulated flanges including orifice plate and flanges, 0.80 linear metres of piping of the connected line size. ¢) All insulated bends, elbows and tees, twice the actual length of such fittings, of concerned connected line sizes, as measured along their centre lines, In case of insulated welded tees, twice the diameter over insulation of each of the two pipes forming the tee is to be added to the overall length. d) Any other speciai fittings not covered under the above shall be specified and :neasured separately on number basis. 9.2.3 Insulated reducers connecting two different diameter of pipes shall be reckoned as equivalent piping of larger diameter for purposes of measurement of insulation. 9.2.4 Steam-traced and non-steam-traced pipelines shall be normally specified and measured separately. Steam-traced pipelines with single or multiple tracers shall alsa be normally specified and measured separately, according to the number of tracers. 9.2.5 For steam-traced pipelines, which are specified and are measured separately, only the diameter of the main pipeline(s) shall be reckoned for measurement of insulation, No separate measurement shall be made for the insulation of the steam-traced line(s), which shall be deemed to have been covered under the insulation of the main pipeline. 9.2.6 In respect of steam-traced lines, which have not been specified as measureable separately, the pipe- line size shall be reckoned as the diameter of the circle enveloping the main pipeline and the steam-traced line(s) corrected to the nearest higher decimetre, for purposes of measurement. 9.2.7 In case any special treatment to steam-traced pipelines, other than wrapping with wire netting and/ or lacing with G.1./black annealed wire, is to be carried out, such as application of special heat conduct- ing compounds or wrapping with aluminium foil, such special treatment shall be measured separately. 9.2.8 Aati-corrosive painting or wrapping with aluminium foil over stainless steel/alloy stee! piping and [pment prior to application of insulation, shall be measured separately. 9.2.9 Wherever for protection of insulated pipelines, running close to the ground from mechanical damage, due to foot traffic and/or from corrosion due to moisture from ground, any hardsetting compound and/or waterproofing treatment is/are provided, the insulation of such pipelines shall be specified and measured separately. 9.3 Instruments Insulation of instruments shall be measured separately and the length covered by such instruments which are not axial with the pipeline shall not be considered in the measurement of the connected piping insulation. 9.4 Inspection plugs, if any provided, in insulation of piping or any equipment shall be measured separately on number basis and no deduction shall be made on this account from the overall-measurement of insulation of the concerned equipment or piping. 9.5 All expansion/contraction joints provided in insulation shall be measured separately as extra over the main insulation NOTE :- The term ‘pipe’ used in 9 shall also include ducts, wherever applicable, irrespective of the size.