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8¹ III

8¹

1˜Ü© ÊÏÔn˜ 1

1 ÊÏÔn˜2016 cýK 2
1.1 1˜K£åƤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 1 K£åƤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 1nK£9Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 1oK£>^Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 1ÊK£>^Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.6 18K£1Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.7 1ÔK£1Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2 ÊÏÔn˜2015 cýK 8
2.1 1˜K£åƤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 1 K£åƤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 1nK£9Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4 1oK£9Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5 1ÊK£>^Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.6 18K£>^Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.7 1ÔK£1Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.8 1lK£1Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3 ÊÏÔn˜2014 cýK 15
3.1 1˜K£åƤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2 1 K£åƤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3 1nK£9Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.4 1oK£9Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.5 1ÊK£>^Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.6 18K£>^Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.7 1ÔK£1Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.8 1lK£1Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

4 ÊÏÔn˜2013 cýK 23
4.1 1˜K£åƤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2 1 K£åƤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.3 1nK£9Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.4 1oK£9Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.5 1ÊK£>^Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.6 18K£>^Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
8¹ IV

4.7 1ÔK£1Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.8 1lK£1Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

5 ÊÏÔn˜2012 cýK 29
5.1 1˜K£åƤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.2 1 K£åƤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.3 1nK£åƤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.4 1oK£9Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.5 1ÊK£9Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.6 18K£9Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.7 1ÔK£>^Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.8 1lK£>^Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.9 1ÊK£1Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.10 1›K£1Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

6 ÊÏÔn˜2011 cýK 37
6.1 1˜K£åƤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.2 1 K£åƤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.3 1nK£åƤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.4 1oK£9Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.5 1ÊK£9Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.6 18K£9Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.7 1ÔK£>^Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.8 1lK£>^Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.9 1ÊK£1Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.10 1›K£1Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

7 ÊÏÔn˜2010 cýK 44
7.1 1˜K£åƤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7.2 1 K£åƤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7.3 1nK£åƤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
7.4 1oK£9Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
7.5 1ÊK£9Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
7.6 18K£>^Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
7.7 1ÔK£>^Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
7.8 1lK£>^Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
7.9 1ÊK£1Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
7.10 1›K£1Ƥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

1 Ü© þfåÆ 51
8¹ V

8 þfåÆ2016cýK 52
8.1 1˜K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
8.2 1 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
8.3 1nK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
8.4 1oK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
8.5 1ÊK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

9 þfåÆ2015cýK 57
9.1 1˜K(‰Ñƒ'úª) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
9.2 1 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
9.3 1nK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
9.4 1oK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
9.5 1ÊK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

10 þfåÆ2014cýK 65
10.1 1˜K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
10.2 1 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
10.3 1nK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
10.4 1oK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
10.5 1ÊK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

11 þfåÆ2013cýK 71
11.1 1˜K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
11.2 1 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
11.3 1nK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
11.4 1oK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
11.5 1ÊK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

12 þfåÆ2012cýK 77
12.1 1˜K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
12.2 1 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
12.3 1nK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
12.4 1oK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
12.5 1ÊK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

13 þfåÆ2011cýK 83
13.1 1˜K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
13.2 1 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
13.3 1nK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
13.4 1oK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
13.5 1ÊK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
 1

1˜Ü© ÊÏÔn˜
1 ÊÏÔn˜2016 cýK 2

1 ÊÏÔn˜2016 cýK
1.1 1˜K£åƤ
˜å„Ç•V0 Y6Y²/ •Ÿþ•m 7¬§¦ 5·Ž 7¬¼ Y²„Ý"Y†
7¬E =NXf7¬§‘=g1ž”" Y6î ¡È•A§—Ý•ρ§7¬†Y²¡
ÞXꕵ§¦7¬¼ •ª„Ç

©Ûµ K• åÆ Äþ½n§JÝ·¥

)µ ²ïž7¬$Ä„Ý•V§•ÄdM Ÿþ Y§w,²ïžùÜ©YÉ å•µm§

¤±k
µmdt = dM (V0 − V )

Ù¥
dM
= (V0 − V )Aρ
dt
òƒ“\þªk
µm = (V0 − V )2 ρA

) r
µm
V = V0 −
ρA

1.2 1 K£åƤ
˜Ÿþ•m Ÿ:3 ÅåŠ^e÷x••$ħٳU•V = ax2 (b − x)§Ù¥ a Ú b þ
•Œu0 ~þ
(1) ¦Ÿ:¤Éå Lˆª
(2) (½Ÿ: ²ï ˜§¿?ØÙ-½5
(3)eŸ:l :x = 0?±v0 m©$ħÁ¯§v0 3Ÿo‰ŒSŸ:ØŒU ˆÃ¡ ?º

©Ûµ K• åÆ Éå²ï§JÝ·¥

)µ(1)
∂V
F =− = 2abx − 3ax2
∂x
(2)Ï•
V = ax2 (b − x)
1 ÊÏÔn˜2016 cýK 3

²ïžk
dV
= 2abx − 3ax2 = 0
dx
2
) x = 0 ½ b§d•²ï ˜
3
x = 0ž
d2 V
= 2ab − 6ax > 0
dx2

¤± x = 0 ž•-½²ï
2
x = bž
3
d2 V
= 2ab − 6ax < 0
dx2
2
¤± x = b ž•Ø-½²ï
3
(3)

ã 1: ³Uã

X㤫§XJâf‡ ˆÃ¡ ?§K7L Lm> ³^"³^ pÝ•

 4 3
V x= 2 b = ab
3 27

Ïd
1 4 3
mv 2 = ab
2 0 27

) r
2b 2ab
v0 =
3 3m
h q q i
¤± v0 ∈ − 2b
3
2ab
3m
, 2b
3
2ab
3m
ž§Ÿ:ØŒU ˆÃ¡ ?
1 ÊÏÔn˜2016 cýK 4

1.3 1nK£9Ƥ
ü‡• Ù ¶@3˜å§üÙ •Ýþ•L§SÓÚ Ù Œ»©O´R1 ÚR2 §SÙÚ
Ù©O ±3ð½ §ÝT1 ÚT2 §…T1 > T2 §®•üÙm 9 Ç•κ§¦z¦¨dSÙÏ
L˜íD Ù 9þ

©Ûµ K• ´9ÆpFp“D9úª§JÝ·¥

)µdFp“D9úª
dT
Q̇ = −κ · 2πrL
dr
- žÙ ¡6L 9þØC§= Q̇ ØC§ n

dr
Q̇ = −κdT · 2πrL
r

ü>Ӟȩ Z R2 Z T2
dr
Q̇ = −κ dT · 2πrL
R1 r T1

=z¦¨dSÙÏL˜íD Ù 9þ•

κ2πL(T1 − T2 )
Q̇ =
ln rr22

1.4 1oK£>^Ƥ
˜m ü«ØÓ þ!‚5>0Ÿ¿÷§ü«0Ÿ .¡´˜‡²¡"3 .¡?k
˜‡>þ•q :>Ö"ü«0Ÿ ƒé0>~ê©O•εr1 Úεr2"Á¦˜mˆ: >|rÝÚ
> £¥þ"

©Ûµ K• ´>^Æppd½n†0Ÿ4z§k˜½JÝ"

)µdu:>Ö u.¡þ§3ü0Ÿ .¡þ§>|rÝ•kƒ•©þ§= En = 0§

Ï Pn = 0§Ø:>Ö¤3? §©.¡þÃ4z>Ö©Ù§3:>Ö†0Ÿ / .¡0
þ§òÑy4z>Ö§ù‡4z>Ö´†:>Ö-Ü3˜å :>Ö§ 4z>Ö >þ
• qp §du>þ• q + qp :>Ö-u >|äk¥é¡5§Ù|r•

~ = 1 q + qr
E ~er
4πε0 r2

dÔ •§§
~ = εr1 q + qr ~er
~ 1 = ε0 εr1 E
D
4π r2
~ = εr2 q + qr ~er
~ 2 = ε0 εr2 E
D
4π r2
1 ÊÏÔn˜2016 cýK 5

d0Ÿ¥ pd½n§
Z Z Z
~ · dS
D ~= ~ 1 · dS
D ~+ ~ 2 · dS
D ~=q
s eŒL¡ þŒL¡

dd
εr1 (q + qp ) + εr2 (q + qp ) = 2q

=
2q
q + qp =
εr1 + εr2
u´
~ = q
E ~er
2πε0 (εr1 + εr2 )r2
~1 = εr1 q
D ~er
2π(εr1 + εr2 )r2
~2 = εr2 q
D ~er
2π(εr1 + εr2 )r2

1.5 1ÊK£>^Ƥ
üŠ• ²1 † ‚§må• d§3 ‚¥‘±‡• -ð>6 I
(1)òùüŠ ‚©m ƒå2d§¦dL§¥^|éü •Ý ‚¤‰ õ´ õ„´Kõ
(2)3þãL§¥§dü ‚|¤ XÚü •Ý ^UCz´õ º´O\„´~ º

©Ûµ K• ´>^Æpga^Uƒ'•£§JÝ·¥"

)µ(1)du>6••ƒ‡§¤±•† ‚É S å¦ ‚ƒpáÚ§¤±.mž^
|éü •Ý ‚¤‰ õ´Kõ"
(2) ‚°Ý• a§K ‚ƒm^Ïþ•

d−a
µ0 I d − a
Z
µ0 I µ0 I d
φ=2 dr = ln ≈ ln
a 2πr π a π a

¤±gaXê•
µ0 d
L= ln
π a
.ƒc ga^U•
1 2 µ0 d 2
LI = ln I
2 2π a
.ƒ ga^U•
1 2 µ0 2d 2
LI = ln I
2 2π a
¤±^UO\
µ0
ln 2I 2
2π
1 ÊÏÔn˜2016 cýK 6

1.6 18K£1Ƥ
k˜ ¼V¿Z C ˜§ ˜ ¿ ° • a§ , ˜ ¿ ° • na§ ü ¿ ¥ % ƒ m å l • d (a
Ú na  d)" 8k˜üÚ²11R† V¿þ§ ¶†V¿¤3²¡ ål•L(L  d),
Á¦
(1)^« må
(2)^«é'Ý

©Ûµ K• 1Æp ¼V¿Z §1 ¯v‰Ñ5§žkg´ ÓÆéX·‚§

©a œ

)µ(1)1m?^« ˜•
L
xm = mλ
d
1m + 1?^« ˜•
L
xm = (m + 1)λ
d
¤±^«må•
L
∆x = xm+1 − xm = λ
d
(2)é'Ý•
Imax − Imin
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A ~ · d~s
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⇒ A · 2πr = µ0 nIS
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5.1 1˜K£åƤ
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mv0 R
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oÄU•
1 m2 v02
J + mR2 ω 2 =


Ek =
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5 ÊÏÔn˜2012 cýK 30

(2)gd§éŸ% ÄþÅð
 2 !  2
MR 1 mR MR
mv0 = M R2 + M ω+m ω
M +m 2 m+M m+M

mv0 MM+m
R
ω=  2  2
1 2 +M mR MR
2
M R m+M
+ m m+M

=ÄÜ© ÄU•  2
MR
1 mv 0 M +m
J N ω2 = 2 2
2
 
mR MR
M R2 + 2M m+M + 2m m+M

dÄþÅð
mv0 = (M + m)vc

¤±Ÿ%„Ý•
mv0
vc =
M +m
²ÄÜ© ÄU•
1 m2 v02
(M + m)vc2 =
2 2(M + m)
oÄU•

1 1
Ek0 = (M + m)vc2 + Jω 2
2 2
2

m2 v02 mv0 MM+m
R

= + 2 2
2(M + m)
 
mR MR
M R2 + 2M m+M + 2m m+M

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ã 11: ”«¿ã

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2
 d x2
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e2 eiωt
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k

  
−m1 A e1 ω 2 eiωt = k A e2 eiωt − A
e1 eiωt
ª⇒  
−m A e 2 iωt = k A
2 2ω e
e1 eiωt − A
e2 eiωt
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⇒  
−m A e 2
2 2 ω = k A1 − A2
e e

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⇒
−A e1 + (1 − λ1 )A e2 = 0
! !
1 − λ1 −1 A e1
⇒ =0
−1 1 − λ2 A e2
 
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1
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m1 + m2 m1 + m2 m1 + m2 e
λ= ž§λ1 = , λ2 = §A1 = −A
e2
m1 m2 m2 m2

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){ µ d•üN$ħ zŸþ•µ =
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µ0 I
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2dπ a a

7.9 1ÊK£1Ƥ
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o Ý•3π + 2(i − 3r)§¢Sþ·‚ùp¦ ´DH7 ~ ~
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7.10 1›K£1Ƥ
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\ 1Å••λ§d©EÇúª

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8.1 1˜K
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(1)Schrödinger picture
(2)Heisenberg picture
(3)Dirac picture

©Ûµ K´Ä:•£¯K"

∂
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ψI (t) = eiH0 t/~ ψS (t)

ù k
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∂t
Ù¥
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1) 
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p2
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2µ
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+ aθ(x) + bδ(x) ψ(x) = Eψ(x)
2µ ∂x2

ÄkkëY5^‡ψ(0+ ) = ψ(0− )§Ùgdu•3δ³^§ÏdÅ¼ê ˜ ê3":¿Ø˜

½ëY§òþª3"NCÈ©Œ

0 0 2µb
ψ (0+ ) − ψ (0− ) = ψ(0)
~2

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‡•E < a§¤±åP ^‡Œ••E < min{a, 0}…b < 0"
x < 0ž§½ •§•
−~2 ∂ 2
ψ(x) = Eψ(x)
2µ ∂x2
r
2µ|E|
3åP ^‡e§Ù)•ψ(x) = Ae §Ù¥α =αx
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x > 0ž§½ •§•
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r
−βx 2µ|E − a|
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~2
2µb
|^ëY5^‡Œ•A = B§|^ [^‡Œk•§−β − α = §z{
~2

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2µb2
Ù¥k = a − §)
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E = (a − 2 ± − a2 )
2 ~ ~4

s
Z 0 Z +∞
2 2αx −2βx 2αβ
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α
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α+β
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8.3 1nK
2 2
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Z +∞ Z +∞
2 2
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−∞ −∞
2)Äþ©Ù¼êc(p)
3)tž• żêψ(x, t)

©Ûµ K•Î´• Æ) OŽõ.§lg´þ5`ùa¯K¿ØE,"

1)34‹IXek
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ Z 2π
2
+y 2 ) 2
dxdye−(x = rdrdθe−r
−∞ −∞ 0 0
Z ∞
2
= −π (−2r)e−r dr
0

=π

¤±Œ• ∞
√
Z
2
e−x dx = π
−∞

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|ψ(x, 0)|2 = 1
−∞
√
α
Œ¦ 8˜zXêN 2 = √
2π(e−2a2 α + 1)

2)
Z +∞
1
c(p) = √ ψ(x, 0)e−ipx/~ dx
2π~ −∞
Z +∞
N 2 2
=√ (e−α(x+a) + e−α(x−a) )e−ipx/~ dx
2π~ −∞
r
N π − p(p+4ia~α)
=√ e 4~2 α (1 + e2iap/~ )
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π 1
p p(p+4ia~α)
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2α ~

π 1
p
3)• {BLˆØ”-K = ( ) 4 e−2a2 α + 1
2α3 ~2
8 þfåÆ2016cýK 55

Z +∞
1
ψ(x, t) = √ c(p)ei(px−Et)/~ dp
2π~ −∞
Z +∞
K p(p+4ia~α) p2
=√ (1 + e2iap/~ )e− 4~2 α ei(px− 2m t)/~ dp
2π~ −∞
r
2K − 2m(a 2 +x2 α) m(a−x)2 α m(a+x)2 α ~2 mαπ
=√ e m+2i~αt (e m+2i~αt +e m+2i~αt )
2π~ m + 2i~αt

8.4 1oK
q• K‹I§p• KÄþ§Áy²±e¯K
1)D = e−iap/~ §yDqD−1 = q − a§a•~ê
2)M = eibq/~ §yM pM −1 = p − b§b•~ê
3)ÁÏé³|ÑC†ŽfG(q, p, v)§-Ù÷vGqG−1 = q − vt, GpG−1 = p − mv

)µ
1 1
1)|^eA Be−A = B + [A, B] + [A, [A, B]] + [A, [A, [A, B]] + · · ·
2! 3!
iap
-A = − , B = qu´k
~
−iap
[A, B] = [− , q]
~
iap
= · i~
~
= −a

[A, [A, B]] = 0§Ïdw,DqD−1 = q − a

2)Ón´•M pM −1 = p − b

ivtp imvq
3)-G = eA ,w,‡¦[A, q] = −vt, [A, p] = −mv,Ø•-G = e− ~ + ~ §òƒ©O“\

GqG−1 , GpG−1

1 1
|^eA Be−A = B + [A, B] + [A, [A, B]] + [A, [A, [A, B]] + · · · §Œ¦
2! 3!

GqG−1 = q − vt, GpG−1 = p − mv

5µ|^1)§2) (ØŒ•§ùpØL´ra†¤ vt§rb†¤ mv"

8 þfåÆ2016cýK 56

8.5 1ÊK
1 ~ = B~n¥§~n(θ, ϕ)´?¿•• ü ¥þ
g^s =
âf§?u^|B
2
1)g^^|Uþ
2)t=0žâf?uS3 §¦ψ(t)
3)tž•âf?uS3 VÇ

1)^|¥ ³UL«•
~s ·B
H = −M ~ = −ω~σn
γB
Ù¥ω = §¤±½ •§•
2
−ω~σn |ψi = E|ψi

Ù)• ! !
cos θ2 e−iϕ/2 −sin θ2 eiϕ/2
|ψ1 i = , E1 = −ω~, |ψ2 i = , E2 = ω~
sin θ2 eiϕ/2 cos θ2 eiϕ/2

2)Ø”@•âfЩ?uS3 •e K

|ψ(t)i = c1 eiωt |ψi + c2 e−iωt |ψ2 i

!
0
|ψ(0)i = c1 |ψ1 i + c2 |ψi =
1
!
θ θ 0 θ
c1 = hψ1 |ψ(0)i = (cos eiϕ/2 , sin e−iϕ/2 ) = sin e−iϕ/2
2 2 1 2
!
θ θ 0 θ
c2 = hψ2 |ψ(0)i = (−sin eiϕ/2 , cos e−iϕ/2 ) = cos e−iϕ/2
2 2 1 2

! !
θ cos θ2 e−iϕ/2 θ −sin θ2 eiϕ/2
|ψti = sin e−iϕ/2 eiωt + cos e−iϕ/2 e−iωt
2 sin θ2 eiϕ/2 2 cos θ2 eiϕ/2
!
isinωtsinθe−iϕ
=
cosωt − isinωtcosθ

3)¤±âf?u|ψ+i VÇ•

|isinωtsinθe−iϕ |2 = sin2 ωtsin2 θ

9 þfåÆ2015cýK 57

âf?u|ψ−i VÇ•

|cosωt − isinωtcosθ|2 = 1 − sin2 ωsin2 θ

¤±âf?uS3 VÇ•1

5µÐ©ž••þ ){ƒÓ"

9 þfåÆ2015cýK
9.1 1˜K(‰Ñƒ'úª)
(1)•ŸoŸ:$Ä; Vg´Äk þfåƤµï ÚîåÆVgº
(2)þfåÆ¥ ÔnŒ*ÿþÚåÆþŽÎkÛ'Xº
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ݧ ´I‡3ÆS L§¥5¿o(†g•"

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~
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•§3þfåÆ¥âf ˜±9ÄþÃ{Óž (½§¤±Ÿ:$Ä; Vg´Äk þf
åƤµï ÚîåÆVg"

(2)åÆþOéA
b •§•µ
Oψ
b n = Cψn

þfåÆ¥k˜‡Ä b½µÿþåÆþOž§¤kŒUÑy Š§Ñ´ƒA ‚5 ’Ž

ÎO
b Š§•Ò´ÔnŒ*ÿþ´éAåÆþŽÎ Š"

(3)3©á ̵
hn|mi = δnm

3ëY ̵
0 00 0 00
hx |x i = δ(x − x )
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¯¢þëYÌ Ì Å¼ê´Ã{8˜z § ´XJêÆþØ@oî‚ {§Œ±Ú

\Dirac 묈"

9.2 1 K
âf?u°Ý•a! Ý•V0 ˜‘é¡•³²¥§Á¦)±e¯Kµ
(1) Ѧ)d¯K ½ ÅÄ•§ª
(2)¦Ñû½åP U? úª
(3)¦ÑV0 ጞ²9¤É Š^å

©Ûµ K• k• •³²¥Å½™•§ ¦)§Ä g´†Ã• •³² ¦)˜

—"

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
−V0 a
|x| < 2
V (x) =
a
0 |x| > 2

p √
§y-k = 2m(V0 + E)±9β = −2mE
ddŒ± ÑéA ½ ÅÄ•§ª

 d2 ψ2 = −k 2 ψ |x| < a
dx 2
 d2 ψ = β 2 ψ |x| > a
dx2 2

(2) |x| < a2 žéA ÅÄ•§•

d2 ψ
= −k 2 ψ
dx2
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|x| > a2 žéA ÅÄ•§•

d2 ψ
= β2ψ
dx2
•Ä åP żê3á ª•u"ù˜^‡Œ•Ùü|‚5Ã' )Œ •

Ae−βx , x> a
2
ψ(x) =
Beβx , x < − a2
9 þfåÆ2015cýK 59

Ù¥A, BÈ©~ê–½§¯¢þdu ³|顧ÏdTż꘽äk(½ ‰¡§±e·

‚©ü«œ¹5?Ø"
1)ó‰¡

a
ψ(x) ∝ cos kx(|x| < )
2
0
ùp·‚|^ψ, ψ 3x = ± a2 ? ëY55(½Uþ ŒU Š§du·‚•?ØUþ§¤±
0 0
• ;•8˜z~ê Z6·‚Œ±|^ψ /ψ½öln(ψ) §¤±·‚ Ñ•§Xe

0 0
(ln(cos(kx))) |x= a2 = (ln(e−βx )) |x= a2

Œ Ñ
ka
k tan( )=β
2
Šâx = − a2 ? ëY5^‡ Ñ (Jud´ƒÓ "þª=•U?÷v úª ´J±¦
)§• ¦)·‚Œ±Ú\ü‡Ãþjëê

ka βa
= ξ, =η
2 2

,u´þªC•
ξtan(ξ) = η
√
= ξ, βa
p
, Óž·‚|^ ka
2 2
= η, k = 2m(V0 + E), β = −2mE, k'XXe

mV0 a2
ξ2 + η2 =
2~2

Ú\Ãþjëêƒ ¤ ü‡ªf•ξη÷v ‡ •§§Ù)Œ|^Šã{½öêŠOŽ{

¦Ñ"
2)Û‰¡

a
ψ(x) ∝ sin(kx)(|x| < )
2
){Óó‰¡ §|^ëY5^‡Œ Ñ

ka
−k cot( )=β
2

d•U?÷v úª,|^Ú\ Ãþjëêk

−ξ cot(ξ) = β

¿…
mV0 a2
ξ2 + η2 =
2~2
9 þfåÆ2015cýK 60

þüª=•‡ “ꕧ|"

(3)ùp• {zOŽ§·‚-³|•

a
0 |x| < 2
V (x) =
a
+∞ |x| > 2

éAd³|´•ÙUþ•
~2 π 2 n2
En = , n = 1, 2, 3, · · ·
2ma2
|^H)F½nk
∂V ∂H ∂En
F = −h in = −h in = −
∂x ∂x ∂x
~2 π 2 n2
¤±°Ý•a ³| > ? åŒ •
ma3

9.3 1nK
ŽfA† b B†¦‚
b é´f[A,
b B]
b =A
bBb−B
bAb Ñé´§n• ê§ÁOŽ
1)[A,
b Bb n ];
bn , B];
2)[A b
3)[A,
b f (B)];
b

©Ûµ K|^8B{=Œ"

1) n=2ž
[A,
b Bb 2 ] = 2B[
b A,
b B]
b

n=nž§b
[A,
b Bb n ] = nB
b n−1 [A,
b B]
b

n=n+1 žk

[A,
b Bb n+1 ] = B
b n [A,
b B]
b + [A,
b Bb n ]B
b
b n [A,
=B b B] b n−1 [A,
b + nB b B]
bBb
b n [A,
=B b B] b n [A,
b + nB b B]
b
b n [A,
= (n + 1)B b B]
b

y§u´k
[A,
b Bb n ] = nB
b n−1 [A,
b B]
b
9 þfåÆ2015cýK 61

2)¦)•{Ó1)Œ
bn , B]
[A bn−1 [A,
b = nA b B]
b

3)ùp|^ŽÎ¼ê ½Âk
∞
X f (n) (0) bn
f (B)
b = A
n=0
n!

¤±k
∞
X f (n) (0) bn]
[A,
b f (B)]
b = [A,
b B
n=0
n!
∞
X f (n) (0) bn]
= [A,
b B
n=0
n!
∞
X f (n) (0) b n−1 [A,
= nB b B]
b
n=0
n!

þªŒ±{z•
df (B)
b
[A,
b B]
b
d(B)
b

9.4 1oK
kü‡ ’ŽfA†
b B÷v
b b2 = B
A b2 = b
1…A
bBb+B
bAb = 0, Á3AL–¥¦)±e¯Kµ
b

b Ý L«;
1)ŽfA
b Ý L«;
2)ŽfB
3)ŽfB
b żê;

©Ûµ K¦^~5‰{=Œ§5¿3g L–¥ŽÎ•é Ý §¿…é •

Š"

1) A
b •ψ Š•α dA
b2 = B
b2 = b
1Υ

b2 ψ = α2 ψ = ψ
A
9 þfåÆ2015cýK 62

u´Œ•α = ±1§ù Œ± ÑŽfA

b Ý L«•
!
1 0
A
b=
0 −1

2)ŽfB
b Ý Œ± • !
a b
B
b=
c d

Ù¥a,b,c,d•–½ëê§|^A
bBb+B
bAb = 0 ŽÑa = 0, d = 0,¿…dB b Œ•c∗ = bu´
b+ = B
ŽfB
b Ý ŒL«•
!
0 c∗
c 0

dB
b2 = b
1 |c|2 = 1,¤±c = eiϕ ,Ù¥ϕ•?¿¢ê§ •0§KŽfB
b Ý L«•
!
0 1
1 0

3) ÑŽfB
b •§• ! ! !
0 1 c1 c1
=β
1 0 c2 c2

)ƒ ŽfB
b Š±9 ¼ê©O•
! !
1 1 1 1
β = 1, ϕ = √ ; β = −1, ϕ = √
2 1 2 −1

9.5 1ÊK
>f?u˜mþ! ‘XžmUC ^|¥B(t)¥§Á£‰±e¯Kµ
1)>f ; †g^©lCê± ¹žÅÄ•§ª¶
2)B(t) = (Bcosωt, Bsinωt, 0)ž >fg^ÅÄ•§ª
3)¦Ñ^|2¤¥ >fg^¹žÅ¼ê"

©Ûµ K´¹ž³|§ÏdØU¦^½ •{¦)§† |^Ž™•§¦)=Œ"

9 þfåÆ2015cýK 63

1¤Ø”-H
b =H b s ,ψ(sz , r, t) = ϕ(r, t)φ(sz , t), òÙ“\Ž™•§
br + H

∂
i~ ψ = Hψ
b
∂t

Œ Xe•§
∂ϕ ∂φ
i~ φ + i~ϕ = (H
b r ϕ)φ + ϕH
bsφ
∂t ∂t
£‘ Œ•
1 ∂ϕ b r ϕ) = − 1 (i~ ∂φ − H
(i~ −H b s φ)
ϕ ∂t φ ∂t
þ>•§m>عk˜mCþ§ùÒ‡¦

1 ∂ϕ
(i~ −H
b r ϕ) = C
ϕ ∂t

C´~ê(ŒU´žm ¼ê)§¤±ddŒ•

∂
i~ ϕ = (H
b r + C)ϕ
∂t

∂
i~ φ = (Hs − C)φ
∂t
é; !g^żêÓžŠƒ C†
Rt 0 0 Rt 0 0
− ~i C(t dt ) i
C(t dt )
ϕ = ϕ1 e t0
, φ = φ1 e ~ t0

“\Œ•# ; !g^żê÷v •§•

∂
i~ ϕ1 = H
b r ϕ1
∂t

∂
i~ φ1 = H
b s φ1
∂t
Ï•ϕφ = ϕ1 φ1 §¤±ψ = ϕ1 φ1 ¿÷vˆg ÅÄ•§"

2)
b s = −M
H cs · B

Ù¥
cs · B = − e S
M b·B
µc

òφ(sz , t),±9H
bs ¤Ý /ªk !
a(t)
φ(sz , t) =
b(t)
!
cs = ~eB 0 e−iωt
H
2µc eiωt 0
9 þfåÆ2015cýK 64

òƒ“\ ¹žÅÄ•§¥Œ >fg^ÅÄ•§ª•

! ! !
∂ a(t) ~eB 0 e−iωt a(t)
i~ =
∂t b(t) 2µc eiωt 0 b(t)

3)d ! ! !
∂ a(t) ~eB 0 e−iωt a(t)
i~ =
∂t b(t) 2µc eiωt 0 b(t)
eB
-Ω = Œ± ј|•§Xe
2µci

∂

 a(t) = Ωb(t)e−iωt

∂t
 ∂ b(t) = Ωa(t)eiωt

∂t

?˜Úz{Œ  2
∂ ∂
 2 a(t) = Ω2 a(t) − iω a(t)


∂t ∂t
∂2 ∂
b(t) = Ω2 b(t) + iω b(t)



∂t2 ∂t
-a(t) = Ceikt , b(t) = Deilt ©O“\þªŒ

k 2 + ωk + Ω2 = 0
l2 − ωl + Ω2 = 0

¦ √ √
−ω ± ω 2 − 4Ω2 ω ± ω 2 − 4Ω2
k= ,l =
2 2
√
-Ω0 = ω 2 − 4Ω2 §ÏdŒ•
−ω+Ω0 −ω−Ω0
!
1 C1 ei( 2 )t
+ C2 ei( 2 )t
φ(sz , t) = p ω+Ω0 ω−Ω0
(C1 + C2 )2 + (D1 + D2 )2 D1 ei( 2 )t
+ D2 ei( 2 )t
10 þfåÆ2014cýK 65

10 þfåÆ2014cýK
10.1 1˜K
Ä:•£¯‰K§‰Ñe¡n<éþfnØ ü‡ z£7L у'úª¤
1)Max Plank
2)Albert Einstein
3)Wolfgang Pauli

©ÛµdK•,•Ä:•£¯‰Kݺƒ'•£=Œ"
1)Uþ´ØëY §E = ~ω
8πhν 2 1
JÑ çNË úª§ 3 hν/kT
c c −1
1
2))º 1>A mv 2 + A = ~ω
2 0
JÑ ABXê§ýó guË nk0 Bkk0 ρ(ωk0 k ) = (Bkk0 ρ(ωk0 k ) + Ak0 k )n
! ! !
0 1 0 −i 1 0
3)JÑ |ŽÎ§σx = σy = σz =
1 0 i 0 0 −1
JÑ |؃N n§gs = 2s + 1 = 2

10.2 1 K
k˜‡Ÿþ•m âf?u u(0, a)«• ˜‘Õ ³²¥§ÙG żê•ψ(x) =
cx(x − a),Á¦)±e¯Kµ1¤˜‘Õ ³² Š¯K¶
2¤ÿþ âf?uØÓUþ AǶ
3¤ÿþ âf Uþ²þŠ
1)˜‘Õ ³² Å¼ê• r
a nπ
ϕn (x) = sin( x)
2 a
Š•
~2 π 2 n2
En = , n = 1, 2, 3 · ··
2ma2
r
30
2)|^8˜z^‡¦ ~êc = ,|^ |ϕn iò|ψiÐmXe
a5
∞
X
|ψi = an |ϕn i
n=1
10 þfåÆ2014cýK 66

¦ÑÐmXê§KXê ²•B´âf?uØÓUþ AǧŒ ÑXê L

ˆªXe

an = hϕn |ψi
Z a
= ϕ∗n (x)ψ(x)dx
0
√ Z a
15 nπ
= 2 sin( x)x(x − a)dx
a a
√ 0
2 15a
= [(−1)n − 1]
(nπ)3

@oâf?u|ϕn i AÇ•

60a2
|an|2 = |(−1)n − 1|2 , n = 1, 2, 3 · ··
(nπ)6

n•óêž
|an |2 = 0

n•Ûêž
240a2
|an |2 =
(nπ)6

3)

H̄ = hψ|H|ψi
b
Z a
pb2
= ψ ∗ (x) ψ(x)dx
0 2m
15~2 a ∂2
Z
=− x(x − a) x(x − a)dx
ma5 0 ∂x2
5~2
=
ma2

10.3 1nK
n‘ ˜‹I˜m ÄþŽf•px , py , pz ,; ÄþŽf•Lx , Ly , Lz z,Á|^(k ‹
IL– ŽfLˆªOŽ±e¯K¿‰ÑˆK Ôn¿Â"
1)[Lx , Ly ];
2)Lz (x ± iy)m ;
~ · p~;
3)L
10 þfåÆ2014cýK 67

©Ûµ K† |^(k ‹IL– ŽfLˆªOŽ=Œ"

1)
Lx = ypz − zpy , Ly = zpx − xpz

¤±k

[Lx , Ly ] = [ypz − zpy , zpx − xpz ]

= [ypz , zpx ] − [ypz , xpz ] − [zpy , zpx ] + [zpy , xpz ]
= x[z, pz ]py − y[z, pz ]px
= i~(xpp − ypx )
= i~Lz

ùL²Lx , LyØé´§•Ò´ü‡ŽÎvk Ó §¿…Ùé´ª(J•i~Lz

2)

∂ ±imϕ
Lz (x ± iy)m = −i~ e
∂ϕ
= −i~(±im)e±imϕ
= ±m~e±imϕ

ù`²(x ± iy)m ´Lz Š•±m~ ¼ê

3)

~ · p~ = (~r × p~) · p~
L
p × p~) · ~r
= (~
=0

ù`²Äþ••† Äþ••R†

,§ K2‰Ñ˜‡•{=øë•

~ · p~)r = (~r × p~)r pr

(L
= εαβγ rα pβ pγ
= εαγβ rα pγ pβ
= −εαβγ rα pγ pβ
= −εαβγ rα pβ pγ
~ · p~)
= −(L
10 þfåÆ2014cýK 68

~ · p~ = 0
¤±L

10.4 1oK
, U?XÚ U?©O•E1 , E2 , (E2 > E1 ),¿kéA ü‡Ã{¿½ "3Щž•
XÚ?uÄ § O\‡6Š^V "ÁX¦± ?¿ž•XÚ?uùü‡½ AÇ"

©Ûµ Kkü«){§˜«´|^þf [ *:5OŽ§, ˜«K´¦Ñ\\‡

6 Å¼ê ˜?Cq§, ò˜ Cqżꊕ\\‡6 ¼ê¿|^Ð
©^‡Œ± Ñ\\‡6 żê Lˆª" K´|^þf [ •{§d•{ƒéu•
{ Ø^°(¦)š~{B"

0
-H = H0 + H ,Ù¥ 
0 t=0
H0 =
V t¿0

|1i, |2i•H0 §éAUþ©O•E1 , E2 §3H0 L–¥

! ! !
E1 0 1 0
H0 = , |1i = , |2i =
0 E2 0 1

0
H21 = h1|V |2i = V

1 t 0 iω21 t
Z
C21 = H e dt
i~ 0 21
1 t iω21
Z
= V e dt
i~ 0
V
=− (eiω21 t − 1)
~ω21

¤±

V2
P21 = |C21 |2 = 2
[2 − (e−iω21 t + eiω21 t )]
~2 ω21
4V 2 (E2 − E( 1)t)
= 2 2 sin2
~ ω21 2~
2
4V (E2 − E1 )t
= sin2
(E2 − E1 )2 2~

¤±Œ•Ê33Ä þ VÇP11 •

4V 2 (E2 − E1 )t
P11 = 1 − sin2
(E2 − E1 )2 2~
10 þfåÆ2014cýK 69

0 0
ùpé•{ ‰˜‡{üQã§Ù¥|1 i, |2 i´\\‡6 ü‡½ ˜?Cq§|^½
Ü© •£§Œ± Ñżê Lˆª

|ψ(t)i = A1 φ1 (t)ϕ1 |10 i + A2 φ2 (t)ϕ2 |20 i

0 0
Ù¥A1 = h1 |ψ(0)i, A2 = h2 |ψ(0)iżê?u|1i, |2i VÇ©O•

|h1|ψi|2 , |h2|ψi|2

10.5 1ÊK
1
éu g^ Ó NþfXÚ§Á£‰±e¯Kµ
2
1)¦)XÚ g^ Š¯K;
2)^ |Ý :¦Žf(~σ1 · ~σ2 )‚5L«ÑÙ˜Žf(~σ1 · ~σ2 )n ,n•Œu1 g,ê"

1
©Ûµ âf´¤’f§äk †‡é¡ 5Ÿ"
2
1
1)d g^ ü‡âf ¤ü- ½ön- §Ï•´ Ó ¤’f§¤±Å¼ê•‡é
2
¡ §¤±•U´ü- §•Ò´

1
ψ A = √ (α(1)β(2) − β(1)α(2)), S 2 = 1, Sz = 0
2

Ù¥
~σ1 · ~σ2 = 1, −3

|^~σ1 · ~σ2 )2 = 3 − 2~σ1 · ~σ2 Œ±¦ÑÙ Š1,-3

2)|^úª
~ σ · B)
(~σ · A)(~ ~ =A
~·B
~ + iσ(A
~ × B)
~

•{˜µ
Kk

(~σ1 · ~σ2 )(~σ1 · ~σ2 ) = ~σ22 + i~σ1 · (~σ2 × ~σ2 )

= 3 − 2~σ1 · ~σ2
10 þfåÆ2014cýK 70

ddΥ

(~σ1 · ~σ2 )3 = 3~σ1 · ~σ2 − 2(~σ1 · ~σ2 )2

= 3(~σ1 · ~σ2 ) − 2(3 − 2~σ1 · ~σ2 )
= 7~σ1 · ~σ2 − 6

w,(~σ1 · ~σ2 )n Œ^~σ1 · ~σ2 ‚5L«Ñ5

¤±·‚Ø”
(~σ1 · ~σ2 )n = a + b(~σ1 · ~σ2 )

~σ1 · ~σ2 = 1,ka + b = 1

~σ1 · ~σ2 = −3,k(−3)n = a + b(−3)§)

1 1
a= (3 + (−3)n ), b = (1 − (−3)n )
4 4

•{ µ

(~σ1 · ~σ2 )n = (~σ1 · ~σ2 )n−2 (~σ1 · ~σ2~σ1 · ~σ2 )2 = 3(~σ1 · ~σ2 )n−2 − 2(~σ1 · ~σ2 )n−1

=an = 3an−2 − 2an−1 §dA Š•§λ2 = 3 − 2λ§) λ = 1, 3

=an = c1 1 + c2 (−3)
n n
n=1ž§a1 = (~σ1 · ~σ2 ) = c1 − 3c2
2
n=2ž§a2 = (~σ1 · ~σ2 ) = 3 − 2~σ1 · ~σ2 = c1 + 9c2
3 + a1 1 − a1
) c1 = , c2 = §¤±
4 4

3 + (~σ1 · ~σ2 ) 1 − (~σ1 · ~σ2 )

(~σ1 · ~σ2 )n = + (−3)n
4 4
11 þfåÆ2013cýK 71

11 þfåÆ2013cýK
11.1 1˜K
Á‰Ñ±eþfåÆÄ Vg ¥©€È!½Â†ƒ'úªµ
1)Eigenfunctioin
2)Stationary state
3)Superposition principle

©Ûµþ•Ä:Vg"

1)Eigenfunction
•§§‚5ŽfOŠ^3,˜m
b ˜‡¼êþ§(JE´ù‡¼ê êK¡Å¼ê
•O
b ¼ê§Oψ
b = Cψ§ψ•O
b Š•C ¼ê"

2)Stationary state
iEt
½ §/XψE (~r, t) = ψE (~r)e− ~ £ã þfXÚ §½ö`‘žmCz•kƒ Cz "

3)Superposition principle
U\ n§eψ1 Úψ2 ´XÚŒU §@oψ = c1 ψ1 + c2 ψ2 •´XÚŒU G "

11.2 1 K
éu˜‘ó|üâfXÚ§Á¦)˜e¯Kµ
Z ∞
sint π
1)|^½È©úª dt = ‰Ñ).Ž• ©¼ê Fp“Ðmúª;
0 t 2
2) Щž•Å¼ê u).Ž• ©¼ê§¦?¿ž• żê;
3)¦?¿ž• âf˜m©ÙAÇ"

©Ûµ).Ž• ©¼ê•δ(x)§ Kg•ûÈ„´Ã{|^¤‰ ^‡§Ïd K){

¿vk|^¤‰ ^‡§ K){=Šë•"

1)Fp“Ðmúª•
Z +∞
1 1
ϕ(p) = √ δ(x)e−ipx/~ dx = √
2π~ −∞ 2π~
11 þfåÆ2013cýK 72

2)
Z +∞
1 p2
ψ(x, t) = √ ϕ(p)ei(px− 2m t) /~dp
2π~ −∞

1
٥Щ¼êψ(x, 0) = δ(x),ÏdŒdd Ñϕ(p) = √ ,òÙ“\k
2π~
Z +∞
1 p2
ψ(x, t) = ei(px− 2m t) /~dp
2π~ −∞
r
m i mx 2
= e 2~
2πi~
r
m i mx 2
2 m
3)¤±âf ˜m©Ù¼ê—Ý•|ψ(x, t)| = | e 2~ |2 =
2πi~ 2π~

11.3 1nK
>f?u÷z•• þ! ^|¥ >fЩž• g^©þ•x©þg^Žf •þ
§Á¦?¿ž• >fg^G ±9ÑyXe AÇ:
1)x©þg^Žf ;
2)z©þg^Žf ;

©Ûµ K3Sz L–ïÄ=Œ"

1)
b = eB Sbz
H
µc

3Sbz L–¥§H
b ±9 Š©O•:
!
1 e~B
|ϕ+ i = , E+ =
0 2µc

!
0 e~B
|ϕ− i = , E− = −
1 2µc

Sb+ ±9 Š©O•: !
1 1 ~
|φ+ i = √ , s+ =
2 1 2
!
1 1 ~
|φ− i = √ , s− = −
2 −1 2

¤±|ψ(t)iŒ±L«Xe
|ψ(t)i = a1 e−iωt |ϕ+ i + a2 eiωt |ϕ− i
11 þfåÆ2013cýK 73

eB
Ù¥ω = ,|^t = 0ž ^‡Œ¦ÑXê
2µc

a1 = hϕ+ |ψ(0)i
1
=√
2

a2 = hϕ− |ψ(0)i
1
=√
2
“\|ψ(t)i¥k:

1 1
|ψ(t)i = √ e−iωt |ϕ+ i + √ eiωt |ϕ− i
2 2
!
−iωt
1 e
=√
2 eiωt

¤±Ñy|φ+ i VÇ•
P1 = |hφ+ |ψti|2 = | cos(ωt)|2

Ñy|φ− i VÇ•
P2 = |hφ− |ψti|2 = | sin(ωt)|2

2)Ñy|ϕ+ i VÇ•
1
P3 = |hϕ+ |ψ(t)i|2 =
2
Ñy|ϕ− i VÇ•
1
P4 = |hφ− |ψ(t)i|2 =
2

11.4 1oK
éu?u ÅåŠ^e üâfXÚ ó§þfåƆ ;åƃm•3éõƒqƒ?§
Á£‰±e¯K:
1)‰ÑþfåÆ¥ åÆþÅð½Æ;
2)y²Å½™K”¥ Ô¤dA½n;
3)y²°Ü K”¥ Ô¤dA½n;

©Ûµ5¿3ü‡ØÓK”¥§‘žmCz þ¿ØƒÓ"
11 þfåÆ2013cýK 74

1)
Ā = hψ|A|ψi
b

dĀ d ∂ψ b ∂Ab
b ∂ψ i
= hψ|A|ψi
b =h |A|ψi + hψ| |ψi + hψ|A|
dt dt ∂t ∂t ∂t
1 ∂ Ā
= (−hHψ|b A|ψi
b + hψ|A|b Hψi)
b +
i~ ∂t
1 ∂ Ā
= hψ|A b −H
bH b A|ψi
b +
i~ ∂t
1 b b ∂ Ā
= [A, H] +
i~ ∂t
eAØw¹t§Kk
b
dĀ 1 b b
= [A, H]
dt i~

2)
d 1 b = p̄
r̄ = [r, H]
dt i~ m
d 1 b = −∇V r
p̄ = [p, H]
dt i~
¤±k
d2
m r̄ = F (r)
dt2

3)

dr(t) 1 b = 1 e i~H t [rs , H]e

c
b − i~H t
c
= [r(t), H]
dt i~ i~
c p
iH iH
s
= e ~ t e− ~ t
c

m
p(t)
=
m

p(t) 1 b = 1 e i~H t [ps , H]e

c
b − i~H t
c
= [p(t), H]
dt i~ i~
iH iH
~ t (−∇V (r))e− ~ t
c c
=e
= F (r, t)

¤±k
d2 r(t)
m = F (r, t)
dt2
11 þfåÆ2013cýK 75

11.5 1ÊK
ý˜¥ ðŽd‰ •§|•( g,ü )

~ ~
~ ×E
∇ ~ = − ∂B , ∇ ~ = ∂E
~ ×B
∂t ∂t
 
Ex + iBx
 
Ž4%dÝ ½ Â •F = 
 E y + iBy
 Á ¦ ) ± e ¯ Kµ 1)| ^ þ f å Æ
 ÄþŽ
Ez + iBz
fb ~
p = −i∇y²(b ~
p · S)F = i ∂F ;
∂t
2)‰Ñþ˜¯K¥ ™•þ;
3)dþ¡(J Ñ1f g^þfê"

1)

∂F ∂ ~ ~
i = i (E + iB)
∂t ∂t
∂E~ ~
∂B
=i −
∂t ∂t
~ ~
= i∇ × B + ∇~ ×E
~
~ × (E
=∇ ~ + iB)
~
~ ×F
=∇

~ × F Œ?˜Ú=zXe
d∇
 
 ~ex ~ey ~ez 
 

~ × F =  ∂ ∂ ∂ 

∇ (1)
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 

 
 Fx Fy Fz 
∂Fz ∂Fy ∂Fx ∂Fz
=( − )~ex + ( − )~ey
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x
∂Fy ∂Fx
+( − )~ez (2)
∂x ∂y
 
∂Fz ∂Fy
 ∂y −
∂z 
 ∂Fx ∂Fz 
 
= −  (3)
 ∂z ∂x 
 ∂Fy ∂Fx 
−
∂x ∂y
 
∂ ∂
0 −  
 Fx
 ∂z ∂y
 ∂ ∂  
 
= 0 −  Fy  (4)
 ∂z ∂x   
 ∂ ∂  Fz
− 0
∂y ∂x
11 þfåÆ2013cýK 76

Ù¥
 
∂ ∂
 0 −      
∂z ∂y  0 0 0 0 0 1 0 −1 0
 ∂

∂ 
 ∂ 0 0 −1 + ∂  0 0 0 + ∂ 1 0 0
    
0 − =
∂x  ∂x ∂y ∂z

 ∂z      
 ∂ ∂  0 1 0 −1 0 0 0 0 0
− 0
∂y ∂x
~ · S~0
=∇
= p~ · iS~0
~
= p~ · S

2)      
0 0 0 0 0 i 0 −i 0
     
Sx = 
0 0 −i , Sy =  0 0 0 , Sz =  i 0 0
    
0 i 0 −i 0 0 0 0 0

3)|^ •§
Sz ψ = λψ

det|Sz − λ| = 0 ⇒ λ = 0, ±1

ÏdŒ•g^þfê•1
12 þfåÆ2012cýK 77

12 þfåÆ2012cýK
12.1 1˜K
Á•Ñ±eþfåÆ Mö ¥©¶i† z¿‰Ñƒ'êÆúª:
1)Heisenberg
2)Dirac
3)Schrödinger

©Ûµ K•Î´Ä:•£¯‰"

1)°Ü §4x · 4p > ~2 ,Ø(½ n

2)).Ž§|ψi,).ŽÎÒ

∂
3)Ž™§i~ ∂t ψ = Hψ§Å½™•§
b

12.2 1 K
âf?u°Ý•2a ˜‘é¡Ã• •³²¥§Á¦)±e¯K:
1)Uþ Š†½ żê;
2)âf3?¿ þ Äþ²þŠ;
3)âf3Ä þ Äþ©ÙVÇ"

1)½ Å¼ê• r
1 nπ
ψn = sin (x + a)
a 2a
éAUþ•
n2 π 2 ~2
En =
8ma2

2)
Z a
r r
1 nπ ∂ 1 nπ
p= sin (x + a)(−i~ ) sin (x + a)dx
−a a 2a ∂x a 2a
i~ nπ
= − sin2 (x + a) |a−a
2a 2a
=0
12 þfåÆ2012cýK 78

3)
Z a
1 px
ϕ0 (p) = √ ψ0 (x)e−i h dx
2π~ −a
Z a
1 π ipx
=√ sin (x + a)e− h dx
2π~a −a 2a
2 ip
4aπ~ cos( ~ )
=
−4a2 p2 + π 2 ~2

¤±3ÄþpNC Äþ©ÙVÇ—Ý•

16a2 π 2 ~4 cos2 ( ip
~
)
P1 = 2 2 2 2 2
(−4a p + π ~ )

12.3 1nK
Ÿþ•µ âf?un‘¥é¡³|

V (r) = 0 a<r<b
V (r) = 0 r ≤ b, r ≥ b

¥§Á¦); Äþþfêl=0 Xe¯Kµ

1)½ •§ª† Uþ;
2)½ żê;
3)Ä âf»•©Ù •ŒAŒ»"

©Ûµdul=0§¤± Kaqu˜‘Õ •³²§UÜÒ•¦)=Œ"

χ(r)
1)-ψ(r, θ, ϕ) = Yl,m (θ, ϕ) Ù¥χ(r)÷v
r

d2 2m(E − V )
2
χ+ χ=0
dr ~2

a < r < bž
d2 2mE
χ+ 2 χ=0
dr2 ~
2mE
-k 2 = k
~2
χ(r) = A sin(kr + a)

|^>.^‡k
nπ
χ(r) = A sin (x − a), n = 1, 2, 3 · ··
b−a
12 þfåÆ2012cýK 79

r
2
d8˜z^‡Œ±ŽÑA = ¤±Å¼ê•
b−a
r
2 nπ 1
ψ = ψn00 = sin (r − a) Y00
b−a b−a r
s
 1 1 nπ
sin (r − a) a < r < b


= 2π(b − a) r b −a


0 0 < r 6, b 6 r 6 +∞

¤±½ •§ª•
 ~2 d2 
− r 2 r + V (r) ψ = Eψ
2m dr
Uþ•
n2 π 2 ~2
En = , n = 1, 2, 3 · ··
2m(b − a)2

2)½ żê•
s
 1 1 nπ
sin (r − a) a < r < b


2π(b − a) r b−a


0 0 < r 6, b 6 r 6 +∞

3)|^
d|χ(r)|2 4  nπ   nπ  nπ
= sin (x − a) cos (x − a) =0
dr b−a b−a b−a b−a
Œ±¦Ñ•ŒAŒ»•
a+b
r=
2

12.4 1oK
·ŽŸþ•m0 âf ˜‘M—îþ•
q
H
b = c2 pb2 + m20 c4

Ù¥c•1„§ÄþŽfb
p†‹IŽfb
x÷v Kþfz^‡[b
x, pb] = i~§Á¦)±e¯K:
1)Uþ Š† żê
2)[b
x, H]
b =x
bHb −H
bxb
3)°Ü K”(Heisenberg Picture)¥ ‹IŽfb
x(t)¿`²Ôn¿Â

©Ûµ KI‡^ ŽÎ¼ê •{"

12 þfåÆ2012cýK 80

1)w,HŒ±L«¤
b
+∞ (n)
X f (0)
H
b = pbn
n=0
n!

u´Œ•Ù ¼ê•
1 px
ϕ(x) = √ e−i ~
2π~
¤±
+∞ (n)
X f (0)
Hϕ
b = pbn ϕ
n=0
n!
+∞
Xf (n) (0) n
= p ϕ
n=0
n!
q
= c2 p2 + m20 c4

= Eϕ

¤±Œ• q
E= c2 p2 + m20 c4

2)

+∞ (n)
X f (0)
[b
x, H]
b = [b
x, pbn ]
n=0
n!
+∞
X (n) f (0)
= x, pbn ]
[b
n=0
n!
+∞ (n)
X f (0)
= pn−1 [b
nb x, pb]
n=0
n!
+∞
X f (n) (0) n−1
= i~ pb
n=0
(n − 1)!
dH
b
= i~
db
p
c2 pb
= i~ p
c2 pb2 + m20 c4

3)
x(t) = eiHt xe−iHt
b b

Ù¥ψØC§NX CzdŽÎ5«ú§ŽÎ‘žmCz§ƒ u²;åÆ¥ ƒéë•X§

Ù¥âfƒéuë•X´·Ž §ƒéë•XƒéuÀ½ ë•X´$Ä "
12 þfåÆ2012cýK 81

12.5 1ÊK
þfåÆ¥ ‰ ÅÄ•§ª•

∂ ~ ~ r, t)
i~ ψ(~r, t) = c~σ · ∇ψ(~
∂t i

Ù¥~σ = σ
bx~ex + σ bz ~ez •
by ~ey + σ |Ý ¤|¤ ¥þ, ψ(~r, t)• | ©þżê, Ù¦•þ
fåÆ IOÎÒ, ¦
1)TXÚ ‰ ½ •§ª†åÆþ 8;
2)TXÚ Uþ Š¿`²ÙÔn¿Â;
3)TXÚ Å¼ê

1)‰ ÅÄ•§ª¥
~ ~ r, t) = c~σ · p~ψ(~r, t)
c~σ · ∇ψ(~
i
i
-ψ(~r, t) = ϕ(~r)e− ~ Et , “\

∂ ~ ~ r, t)
i~ ψ(~r, t) = c~σ · ∇ψ(~
∂t i

w,Œ± щ ½ •§ª•
c~σ · p~ϕ = Eϕ

Ù¥
b = c~σ · p~
H

[~
p, H] p•Åðþ,À CSCO•
b = 0,¤±•~

[b
px , pby , pbz , H]
b

5µéuõgdÝNX5`é´åÆþ 8 À ¿Ø•˜"

1 i
2)Ø”-ϕ(r) = √ e− ~ p~·~r χ
2π~
“\ ‰ ½ •§¥k

1 ~·~
p r E 1 ~·~
p r
(b
σx pbx + σ bz pbz ) √
by pby + σ e−i ~ χ = √ e−i ~ χ
2π~ c 2π~

?˜ÚOŽz{Œ
E
(b
σx px + σ
by py + σ
bz pz )χ = χ
c
12 þfåÆ2012cýK 82

!
a
3b
σz L–¥-χ = §u´k
b
! !
E
pz − c
px − ipy a
E
=0
px + ipy −pz − c
b

|^  
p −E px − ipy 
 z c
=0
−pz − E 

px + ipy
c

Œ E 2 = p2 c2 =E = ±pc,Œ•ù´˜‡gd$Ä „Ý•1„c ƒéØâf"

3)d2) Ý Œ Ñ•§Xe

(pz − E
c
)a + (px − ipy )b = 0
(p + ip )a − (p + E
x y z c
)b =0

w,ü‡•§ d§¤±ùpØ”-

a = p z + E
c
b = p + ip
x y

òƒ8˜zŒ χ Lˆª•
!
E
1 pz + c
χ= q
2E
(1 + E
) px + ipy
c c

¤±‰ ½ •§ żê•
!
E
1 i 1 pz +
ϕ(~r) = √ e− ~ p~·~r q c
2π~ 2E
(1 + E
) px + ipy
c c
13 þfåÆ2011cýK 83

13 þfåÆ2011cýK
13.1 1˜K
Á^¥©)º±eþfåÆ⊧•Ñ Mö¥ ©¶i¿‰Ñƒ'êÆúªµ
1)matrix mechanics
2)wave mechanics
3)uncertainty relation

©ÛµÄ:•£¯‰§Ýºƒ'•£=Œ"

1)Ý åƧHeisenberg, °Ü §[b

x, pb] = i~

∂
2)ÅÄåƧSchrödinger, Ž™§i~ ψ = Hψ
b
∂t

3)Ø(½'X§Heisenberg, °Ü §4x4p > ~

2

13.2 1 K
Щž•˜‘gdâf żê•

2
φ(x, 0) = Aeikx−αx

Ù¥k,a•~ê§Á¦)±e¯Kµ
Z ∞Z ∞
2 2
1)kOŽÈ© dxdye−(x +y ) l é ¤IÈ©úª±¦Ñ8˜zXêA;
−∞ −∞
pi†Äþ©Ù¼êc(p);
2)Äþ²þŠhb
3)tž•Å¼êφ(x, t)

©Ûµ KX-• ´•) OŽUå"

1)34‹IXek
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ Z 2π
−(x2 +y 2 ) 2
dxdye = rdrdθe−r
−∞ −∞ 0 0
Z ∞
2
= −π (−2r)e−r dr
0

=π

¤±Œ• ∞
√
Z
2
e−x dx = π
−∞
13 þfåÆ2011cýK 84

¤±d8˜z^‡ Z ∞
|φ(x, 0)|2 dx = 1
−∞

Υ
Z ∞
1 2

2
|e−ikx−αx |2 dx =
−∞ A
1
Z ∞ √ 2 √ 1
√ e−( 2αx) d( 2αx) = 2
2α −∞ A
r
π 1
= 2
2α A

2α 41
Ñ8˜zXêA = ( )
π

2) Äþ²þŠŒ±¦ Xe
Z ∞
hb
pi = φ∗ (x, 0)b
pφ(x, 0)dx
−∞
Z ∞
2 ∂ ikx−αx2
=A 2
e−ikx−αx (−i~) e dx
−∞ ∂x
Z∞
2
= −i~ e−2αx (ik − 2αx)dx
−∞

= ~k

Äþ©Ù¼êŒ¦ Xe
Z ∞
1 px
c(p) = √ φ(x, 0)e−i ~ dx
2π~ −∞
Z ∞
A 2 px
=√ eikx−αx e−i ~ dx
2π~ −∞
1 1 (−~k+p)2
=( 2
) 4 e− 4α~2
2απ~

3)tž• Å¼êŒ Xe
Z ∞
1 i
φ(x, t) = √ c(p)e ~ (px−Et) dp
2π~ −∞
Z ∞
1 i p2 t
=√ c(p)e ~ (px− 2m ) dp
2π~ −∞
Z ∞
1 1 1 (−~k+p)2 i p2 t
=√ ( 2
) 4 e− 4α~2 e ~ (px− 2m ) dp
2π~ −∞ 2απ~
 2αm2  14 −~k2 t+2mx(k+iαx)
= e −2mi+4α~t
π(m + 2iα~t)
13 þfåÆ2011cýK 85

13.3 1nK
• f?uÄ §Å¼ê•

r
ψ100 (r, θ, ϕ) = Ae− a

a•À Œ»§A•8˜zXê"Ø † ¦^È©úª§g1OŽµ

1)8˜zXê†>f»•‹I ²þŠ;
2)>fÄU!³U²þŠ¿$^À • fU?úª¦ÑÀ Œ»;
3)>f©ÙAÇ •ŒAŒ»"

1)|^8˜z^‡k
Z ∞
r
4π|Ae− a |2 r2 dr = 1
0
Z ∞
2r 1
e− a r2 dr = 2
0 4πA

?˜ÚOŽŒ

1 a 2 − 2ra a − 2ra a3 − 2ra ∞

= 4π(− r e − re − e ) |0
A2 2 2 4
= a3 π

1
Œ A= √
πa3

»•‹I ²þŠXe
Z ∞
∗
r= ψ100 (r, θ, ϕ)rψ100 (r, θ, ϕ)dv
Z0 ∞
4 3 − 2ra
= r e dr
0 a3
3
= a
2
13 þfåÆ2011cýK 86

2) Ä e ²þŠV 0 OŽŒ
Z ∞
2 2 ∗ 1
V 0 = −A e ψ100 (r, θ, ϕ) ψ100 (r, θ, ϕ)dv
0 r
Z ∞
2 2 ∗
= −4A πe ψ100 (r, θ, ϕ)rψ100 (r, θ, ϕ)dr
0
Z ∞
2r
= −4A2 πe2 re− a dr
0
e2
=−
a

d å½nŒ •§Xeµ 
2T n = −V n
T + V = E
n n n

e2 e2
¤±>f²þÄU• ,Œ•Ä Uþ•E0 = − ,À • fU?úª•
2a a

µe4
En = − , n = 1, 2, 3 · ··
2~2 n2

~2
éAÄ œ¹§Œ•a =
µe2

3)>f»•©ÙVǗݼê•

P (r) = 4πr2 |ψ|2

4 2r
= 3 (r2 e− a )
a

dP (r)
|^ = 0§Œ±¦ r=a§=>f©ÙAÇ •ŒAŒ»•a
dr

13.4 1oK
kü‡ŽfA†
b B÷v
b †'Xª

[A,
b B]
b =A
bBb−B
bAb=1

ÁX¦)±e¯Kµ
1)n• ê§[A,
b Bb n ];
2)f(x)•)Û¼ê§[A,
b f (B)];
b
3)XJψa •A § Š•a§é?¿~êb§ebB ψa ´X º Š uŸoº
b b
13 þfåÆ2011cýK 87

1) n=2ž
[A,
b Bb 2 ] = 2B[
b A,
b B]
b

n=nž§b
[A,
b Bb n ] = nB
b n−1 [A,
b B]
b

n=n+1 žk

[A,
b Bb n+1 ] = B
b n [A,
b B]
b + [A,
b Bb n ]B
b
b n [A,
=B b B] b n−1 [A,
b + nB b B]
bBb
b n [A,
=B b B] b n [A,
b + nB b B]
b
b n [A,
= (n + 1)B b B]
b

y§u´k
[A,
b Bb n ] = nB
b n−1 [A,
b B]
b

Ïdk[A,
b Bb n ] = nB
b n−1

2)ùp|^ŽÎ¼ê ½Âk
∞
X f (n) (0) bn
f (B)
b = A
n=0
n!

¤±k
∞
X f (n) (0) bn]
[A,
b f (B)]
b = [A,
b B
n=0
n!
∞
X f (n) (0) bn]
= [A,
b B
n=0
n!
∞
X f (n) (0) b n−1 [A,
= nB b B]
b
n=0
n!

þªŒ±{z•
df (B)
b
[A,
b B]
b
d(B)
b

b = df (B)
b
Ïdk[A,
b f (B)]
d(B)
b
13 þfåÆ2011cýK 88

3)

b ebBb ] = Ae
[A, b bBb − ebBb A
b
b ebBb ]ψa = Ae
[A, b bBb ψa − ebBb Aψ
b a

bebB ψa = Ae
b bBb ψa − ebBb aψa
b

b bBb ψa = (a + b)ebBb ψa
Ae

¤±ebB ψa ´A § Š´a+b
b b

13.5 1ÊK
2010cÔnì Ônø¤Ò•/k' ‘á œ$L mM5Á 0§œ$L ‘¶
·( % f þ D >f„Å ‘ ©þ).Ž•§

∂ ~ ~ r, t)
i~ ψ(~r, t) = v~σ · ∇ψ(~
∂t i

Ù¥§~r = x~ex + y~ey • ‘ ˜¥þ§v•~ê§Ù¦•þfåÆ IOÎÒ"¦

1)).Ž>f ½ •§ª†åÆþ 8;
2)).Ž>f UÌ¿`²Ôn¿Â;
3)).Ž>f ¼ê"

1)‰ ÅÄ•§ª¥
~ ~ r, t) = v~σ · p~ψ(~r, t)
v~σ · ∇ψ(~
i
i
-ψ(~r, t) = ϕ(~r)e− ~ Et , “\

∂ ~ ~ r, t)
i~ ψ(~r, t) = v~σ · ∇ψ(~
∂t i

w,Œ± щ ½ •§ª•
v~σ · p~ϕ = Eϕ

Ù¥
b = v~σ · p~
H

[~
p, H] p•Åðþ,À CSCO•
b = 0,¤±•~

[b
px , pby , H]
b

1 i
2)Ø”-ϕ(r) = √ e− ~ p~·~r χ
2π~
13 þfåÆ2011cýK 89

“\ ‰ ½ •§¥k

1 ~·~
p r E 1 ~·~
p r
(b by pby ) √
σx pbx + σ e−i ~ χ = √ e−i ~ χ
2π~ v 2π~

?˜ÚOŽz{Œ
E
(b
σ x px + σ
by py )χ = χ
v
!
a
3b
σz L–¥-χ = §u´k
b
! !
− Ev px − ipy a
=0
px + ipy − Ev b

|^  
 −E px − ipy 
v
=0

−E 

px + ipy
v

Œ E 2 = p2 v 2 =E = ±pv,Œ•ù´˜‡3 ‘²¡þgd$Ä âf"

3)d2) Ý Œ Ñ•§Xe

− E a + (px − ipy )b = 0
v
(p + ip )a − E
x y v
b =0

w,ü‡•§ d§¤±ùpØ”-

a = E
v
b = p + ip
x y

òƒ8˜zŒ χ Lˆª•
!
E
1 v
χ= q
2E
(1 + E
) px + ipy
v v

¤±‰ ½ •§ żê•
s !
E
1 i 1
ϕ(~r) = √ e− ~ p~·~r v
2π~ 2( Ev )2 px + ipy