HISTORY

OF
COMPUTE
R
C.F.N

Submitted to: Niraj Neupane

2021/03/04
DIWASH BHATTA
`

TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Introduction of the computer

2. Mechanical Calculating Devices
 Abacus
 Napier's bones
 Slide rule
 Pascaline
3. Electro Mechanical Computer

 Mark-I
 Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
calculator)
 EDSAC (Electronic Delay Store Automatic
Computer)
 EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer)
 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
4. Charles Babbage
 Difference Engine
 Analytical Engine
5. Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace
6. Tabulating Machine
7. History of computer in Nepal

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 List of Tables

1. Introduction of the computer (page- 4)

2. Mechanical Calculating Device (page.5-8)
3. Electro Mechanical Computer (page.9-14)
4. Charles Babbage (page. 15-17)
5. Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace (page.18)
6. Tabulating Machine (Page.19)
7. History of Computer in Nepal (Page-20)
8. Conclusion (page-21)
9. References (page-22)

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LIST OF FIGURES

1. Personal computer (page-4)

2. Abacus (Page-5)
3. Napier's bones (page-6)
4. Slide rule (page-7)
5. Pascaline (page-8}
6. Mark-I (page-9}
7. ABC (page-10)
8. ENIAC (page-11)
9. EDSAC (page-12)
10.EDVAC (page-13)
11.UNIVAC (page-14)
12.Charles Babbage (page-15)
13.Difference Engine (page-16)
14.Analytical Engine (page-17)
15.Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace (page-18}
16.Tabulating Machine (page-19)
17.IBM 1401 (page-20)

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 INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTER

Computer is the electronic machine that can performs task

or calculation according to set of Instruction or programs.
The terms computer is Derived from the word compute
which means to calculate. It can perform arithmetic and
logical calculation faster. The first fully electronic
computers, introduce in 1940s, were huge machines that
required people to operate. Compared to those early
machines, todays computer are not only faster but they
can fit on your pocket .

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Fig- Personal Computer

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 MECHANICAL CALCULATING DEVICE
Abacus
Abacus is the first computing device, developed by the Chinese
and Egyptians, 2500 years ago. It performs mathematical
concept and arithmetical operations. It is rectangular box
divided into two parts of the mid bar, upper part is called
heaven, consist of two beads and each beads equal to value 5
and lower part is called Earth, consists of 5 bead and each bead
equals to value one. While calculating, beads are brought near
to the mid bar.

FIG.- ABACUS

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Napier, s bones

Napier, s bone was invented by mathematician John Napier of

Scotland in 1614.It was the multiplication tools. The bones are a
set of the vertical rectangular rods, each one divided into 10
squares. John Napier is also the inventor of the logarithms, a
concept used to change multiplication into addition. Napier, s
bones were very successful and were widely used in Europe
until mid-1960s. It is mainly used for multiplication table.

fig.- Napier's bones

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SLIDE RULE

The slide rule is an analog device for performing mathematical

computations. The first slide rule was created by a British
mathematician, William Oughtred in1620. His device was based
on the Edmund Gunter in 1620, Gunter's work, in turn, was
based on the principal of logarithm set forth by Scottish
mathematician john Napier in 1614 . A simple slide rule consist
of two graduated scales , one of which slips the upon another .
The scales are devised in such a way that suitable nudes
alignment of one scale against the other makes it possible to
obtained product .

FIG.-SLIDE RULE

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PASCALINE

Blaise Pascal had a father who was an overworked and harassed

tax commissioner. the young pascal developed the mechanical
calculator to help him with his work. Pascal start to built it in
1632 when he was 19 and three year later he had developed a
machine called Pascaline. In this machine, number were
entered by dialing the series of number wheels, which were
toothed wheels. Each wheels is printed with the number from 0
to 9, when the first wheel made the complete turn of the 0 to
9,it automatically caused the second wheel to advance to the
next number and so on. it could add and subtract by the
movement of the wheels. the number of calculating the
capacity of pascaline was 9,99,99and999. it could not be used
for division and multiplication.

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fig-Pascaline calculator

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 ELECTRO MECHANICAL COMPUTER
MARK – I

It is the first electro mechanical computer developed by Howard

Aiken in 1937. the machine was 5 ft. long, 3 ft. wide and 8 ft.
high and used in 18000 vacuum tubes. The machine took
1second to perform 3 mathematical calculation

fig.- MARK-I

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Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

Atanasoff-Berry Computer was developed by Atanasoff and

Clifford Berry in the year 1942. it was developed to solved the
simultaneous equation.

fig,-Atanasoff- Berry Computer

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ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator

This Calculator was developed by John Mauchly and J. Eckert. IT

used decimal number system for calculation. This machine can
calculate 300 times faster than any other machine of that time.
this machine was used in the military operation for firing
ballistic missiles.

fig.- ENIAC

13
EDSAC (Electronic Delay Store Automatic
computer
This machine was Developed By Mauries Wikes and his team in
1949. It has 300 vacuum tubes and consume 30kw of electric
power

Fig.- EDSAC

14
EDVAS (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer

This Computer was developed by John Mauchly, John Presper

Eckert with the assistance of John Von Neumann in 1952. this
machine was the first machine that could store programs in it
with the help of binary digits.

Fig.- EDVAC

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UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)

UNIAC was first developed by John Muchly and J. Presper Eckert

in the year 1951. This was the first computer used for
commercial use.

Fig.- UNIVAC

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CHARLES BABBAGE

Charles Babbage was born on 26, December 1791 A.D in Britain.

He was a professor at Cambridge University. he developed two
engines. they are

 Difference Engine and

 Analytical Engine

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He is also known as the Father of the computer.

Fig.- Charles Babbage

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  Difference Engine

In 1823. Charles Babbage developed difference engine.

Difference engine was the Programmable machine ever made.
This device was used for Solving differential equations. this
device has different sections for input, output and storage
media. the machine can give result and process it. there is
different part of the engine:

1. input
2. Mill (Processing)
3. Memory
4. output (Result)

Fig.- Difference Engine

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  Analytical Engine

Charles Babbage developed this device in 1833. This machine

used the Binary digits' concept. This Machine Was Design to
solved up to 20 decimal places but due to mechanical difficulties
it was never completed. This device was also an automatic
calculator.

Fig.- Analytical Engine

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Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace

Lady Ada suggested using Binary numbers instead of decimal

number in Analytical engine. Lady Ada was an English
mathematician and writer; she also wrote a program to be used
in Analytical Engine. She is also known as the "First
Programmer" In the history of the computer science because
this was the first program ever written.

Fig.- Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace

21
Tabulating Machine

The first person to use punched card practically is Dr. Herman

Hollerith. Using the punched card, he developed the tabulating
machine or census machine which proved to be very efficient. in
1896 he also established Tabulating Machine Company (TMC).
he later founded the International Business Machine Company

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by merging it with other companies in 1933 s

Fig.- Tabulating Machine

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 HISTORY OF COMPUTER IN NEPAL

In Nepal the computer was introduce in 2028 B.S. It was

introduced by His Majesty's Government from the population
census of the 2028 B.S. This was the second generation
computer called IBM 1401. In 2039, B.S. microcomputer such as
Apple, Vector, sins etc. was imported by private companies and
individuals. Nowadays, computers with fast processing and
large storage are found cheaply in Nepalese market. At present
computer association of the Nepal (CAN) is the governing body
of Nepal's computer field.

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Fig.- IBM 1401 (First computer in Nepal)

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CONCLUSION

In this Report we have spent our sometime in comprehending

the history of the computers, by this report we have the better
understanding about how the computers are came to be
invented, why computers were invented, and also get the
knowledge about some of the contributors who gives their
contribution to invent the computers. Armed with this
information we should feel confident that we are able to
operate and maneuver around a computer efficiency.

We also have navigated the web to gather information on the

development of the computer. we have examined the trends in
computers from the past to present and how they were and are
presently being used. Now, fundamentally we should be able to
thrive in the world of the modern technology.

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REFERENCES

1. Brief history of computer BU – personal website- link

(http://people.bu.edu/baws/brief%20computer
%20history.html#:~:text=Brief%20History%20Of
%20Computer&text=The%20computer%20as%20we
%20know,mathematics%20professor%20name
%20Charles%20Babbage.&text=It%20was%20called
%20the%20Atanasoff,was%20built%20for%20the
%20military.)
2. BLE Class 8 computer note book - link
(https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F
%2Fplay.google.com%2Fstore%2Fapps%2Fdetails%3Fid
%3Dcom.BLE_Class8_Computer_Notes_Nepal%26fbclid
%3DIwAR3944jpChiR-
c0rdrKvDKZhFP6jhuooQ8Gd5dFe5QAsg519TUckB2MPM
jY&h=AT2J5FdatHSVZKrsMfkElJrvvk8po5b1p68ASj-
w6Q5cyvJyNStk5Z3xP1Mc2c3Ivg-
IKKrDAVnlhfjeWKlOb6d00Ob_F_5QbwjkMNjC5KwmMt_
5feGxgHL3dGuMqeUCPKRTVw)
3. Buddha gpublication (computer education)

Thank you!

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