UNIT I

EVOLUTION OF
COMPUTERS
History of computers
 Salamis Tablet
 Abacus
 Sieve of Eratosthenes
 Pascaline
 Leibniz calculator
 Tabulating machine
 Jacquard loom
 Analytical engine
 Difference engine
 Mark I
Generations of computers
 First generation computers
 Second generation computers
 Third generation computers
 Fourth generation computers
 Fifth generation computers
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
 Salamis Tablet -First Counting board.
 Sieve of Eratosthenes
 Abacus- First calculating device
 Napier’s bones –Napier’s rods
 Pascaline – Arithmetique
 Leibniz calculator –Step reckoner
 Jacquard loom
 Analytical engine
 Difference engine
 Mark I
Bones used for calculation Counting Board
 SALAMIS TABLET
 The oldest counting board.

 It was used by the Babylonians circa in 300BCE.

 Discovered in 1846 on the island of Salamis.

 It was a piece of wood carved with stone or metal

grooves.

 Between the grooves, beads or pebbles were moved

to calculate.
SALAMIS TABLET
 SIEVE OF ERATOSTHENES

 In the 3rd century BCE, Eratosthenes invented

a simple algorithm called the Sieve of Eratosthenes.

 This algorithm was used to find all the prime

numbers up to any given limit.
 It is one of the most efficient ways to find small
prime numbers.

 For a given upper limit ‘n’ the algorithm works by

iteratively marking the multiples of primes as
composite, starting from 2.
 ABACUS
 In the 6th century BCE, Abacus was invented by the
chinese.

 First calculating device.

 It is made up of a metal or a wooden frame.

 The frame is divided into two parts by a horizontal bar

and 13 vertical bars.
 Each bar contains 7 beads.

 Two beads are placed at the upper section and five

beads are placed at the lower section.

 Function: It was used to do simple addition and

subtraction.
 NAPIER’S BONES
 In 1617,Sir John Napier invented Napier’s bones.

 Also called Napier’s rods.

 In this, the numbers 0 to 9 were marked on a set of

ivory sticks.
 The numbers were marked in such a way that the
product of any number could be found by placing
the sticks side by side.

 Later many improved versions of Napier’s bones

were developed.

 They could be used for doing division too.

 PASCALINE CALCULATOR
 The Pascaline (Arithmetique) was designed and
built by the French mathematician-philosopher
Blaise Pascal in 1642 .

  He designed the machine to add and subtract two

numbers directly.

 And to perform multiplication and division

through repeated addition or subtraction.
 Function: It could add and subtract numbers
automatically
 LEIBNIZ’S CALCULATOR
 In 1673,Gottfried Von Leibniz invented a calculator
known as Leibniz’s calculator.

 It was also called the Step Reckoner.

 It was superior to Pascaline.

 Function: It could add, subtract, multiply, and divide

numbers.
 JACQUARD LOOM
 In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard invented Jacquard
Loom.

 It used punched cards to control the sequence of

operations.

 A pattern of the loom’s weave was changed by

changing the punched card.
JACQUARD LOOM
 DIFFERENCE ENGINE
 In 1822,Charles Babbage designed the Difference
engine.

 This machine was to be used in calculating and

printing of simple mathematical tables.

 But he could not complete the machine.

DIFFERENCE ENGINE
 ANALYTICAL ENGINE

 In 1834,Charles Babbage invented the Analytical

engine.

 The main parts of this machine were called the store

and mill.

 The data was stored with the help of punched cards.

 Mill processed the data to give a result.

 It was first described in 1837 as the successor to

Babbage's difference engine.

 A design for a simpler mechanical computer.

ANALYTICAL ENGINE
 TABULATING MACHINE
 In 1888,Herman Hollerith invented the Tabulating
Machine.

 The increase in population in the US, and the need of

recording the population data was a tiring process.

 He used the machine to calculate the results of the US

Census.
 Punched cards were used to feed the census data to
into the machine.

 He completed the processing of the census data in

about two years.
TABULATING MACHINE
 MARK 1(1944)
 In 1944,Howard Aiken designed Mark1.

 It was a fully automatic machine in collaboration with

International Business Machines(IBM) Corporation.

 It was the first electro mechanical computer.

 It ran non-stop for 15 years.

 It was also called Automatic Sequence controlled

Computer(ASCC).
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

First generation computers - Vacuum tubes.

Second generation computers – Transistors
Third generation computers – Integrated Circuits.
Fourth generation computers – microprocessors
Fifth generation –Artificial Intelligence
FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS(1940-1956)
 The period of first generation was from 1940-1956.

 They used vacuum tubes as the basic component.

 They were very huge in size.

 For example ENIAC, EDVAC AND UNIVAC

 ENIAC
 In 1946,John Presper Eckert and John W.Mauchly
developed the Electronic Numerical Integrator and
computer(ENIAC).

 It was the first electronic general purpose computers.

 EDVAC
 In 1951,John Presper Eckert and John W.Mauchly
developed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
computer(EDVAC).

 This was to be huge improvement on ENIAC.

 The ON/OFF switch ability for the memory was required

because EDVAC used binary numbers, that is 0 and 1.
 UNIVAC I

 In 1951,John Presper Eckert and John W.Mauchly

designed UNIVAC I(Universal Automatic Computer I).

 It was introduced as the first commercial computer

made in the United States.

 Each machine contained about 5,000 vacuum tubes.

UNIVAC I
SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS(1956-1963)

 Used transistors.

 Transistors were more reliable, cheaper and smaller.

 The computers were smaller in size.

 They had more computing power, easy to maintain and more

affordable.
SECOND GENERATION
COMPUTERS
THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS(1964-1971)
 Used Integrated circuits.

 The transistors were reduced in size.

 They were kept on silicon chips called semi-conductors which

increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

 For eg: PDP-8,IBM-360.

THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS
 FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS(1972-PRESENT

 Developed in the 1970s.

 The Intel Corporation Engineer Dr.Ted Hoff had invented the

microprocessor Intel 4004.

 It was the world’s first microprocessor, smaller than a postage

stamp.

 The revolution of microprocessor reduced the size of the computer

and its cost.
 It increased the speed, storage space and reliability.

 Another major development : the high speed computer

networking, as Local Area Network(LAN) and Wide
Area Network(WAN).
FOURTH GENERATION
COMPUTERS
FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS(PRESENT AND
BEYOND)

 Used super large scale integrated chips.

 The goal is to develop the device which can respond to natural

language input and are capable of learning.

 The devices will be able to use more than one CPU for faster
processing speed.
 Nowadays, scientists have integrated the concept of
Artificial Intelligence(AI) in devices.

 It is similar to human language, such as the capability to

respond to human language.
FIFTH GENERATION
COMPUTERS
 LATEST TECHNOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENTS

ROBOTICS

 Robotics are used to perform various physical and

dangerous tasks mechanically.

 They are either controlled by a computer chip or by a

human.
The areas where robots are being used are:

 Disposing of bombs.

 Exploring areas with extreme conditions such as

volcanic eruptions.

 Manufacturing jobs such as packing and welding tasks.

 Moving and lifting heavy objects.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

 Artificial Intelligence(AI) is a field of where computer

Systems are created to simulate human intelligence.

The areas where AI is being used include the

following:
 Games: Computers are developed to play games
against humans.

 Expert systems: Computers are programmed to make

decisions based on the information given.
 Languages: Computers can understand
different human languages as they are spoken
to them.

 Robotics: Machines are programmed to imitate

a human.
VIRTUAL REALITY

 Virtual reality is an artificial environment.

 It is a seemingly real but artificially created environment

where the users interact or walk around using electronic
equipment.

 They experience things in a way similar to the real world.

Virtual reality is used by:

 Surgeons: They practice on virtual patients to gain experience

before actual surgery.

 Architects: They can take a virtual tour of their design for better
understanding.

 Soldiers: They train themselves to understand battlefield

simulation.

 Patients: Certain phobias and anxieties can be cured by gradually

introducing the patients to the situation that they are scared of.
VIRTUAL REALITY
BIOMETRICS

 Biometrics is a technology that measures and analyzes

features of a human body for the purpose of
identification.

 Biometrics are used in the place of passwords.

 Using biometrics ensures that body parts cannot be

lost, forgotten or stolen.
Example : Fingerprints
Eye recognition
Face recognition
Voice recognition
M-LEARNING

 M-learning consists of learning that takes place through

portable, hand held electronic devices such as tablet
computers, net books and digital readers.