Table of Contents

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................. V

SYMBOLS ………………………………………………………………...VI

1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 1
1.1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................ 1

1.2 THEME OF PROJECT WORK: .................................................................................................................... 2

1.3 OBJECTIVES:............................................................................................................................................ 2

1.4 SCOPE OF PROJECT: ................................................................................................................................ 2

1.5 LIMITATION ............................................................................................................................................ 2

1.6 BUILDING DESCRIPTION .......................................................................................................................... 3

2 METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................... 4
2.1 Study of the Architectural Drawing ......................................................................................................... 4

2.2 Preliminary Design.................................................................................................................................. 4

2.3 Load Calculation ..................................................................................................................................... 4

2.4 Modeling & Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 4

2.5 Design..................................................................................................................................................... 4

2.6 Detailing ................................................................................................................................................. 5

3 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................. 6

3.1 Earthquake and its effect: ....................................................................................................................... 6

3.2 Short column behavior under earthquake effects: .................................................................................. 6

3.3 Soft storey effect under earthquake effect ............................................................................................. 6

4 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM, PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND LOAD

ASSESSMENT 7

I
4.1 Structural Arrangement Plan .................................................................................................................. 7

4.2 PRELIMINARY DESIGN............................................................................................................................. 7

4.2.1 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF SLAB: .......................................................................................................... 7
4.2.2 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF BEAM: ........................................................................................................ 9
4.2.3 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF COLUMN: ................................................................................................. 10
4.2.4 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF STAIRCASE ................................................................................................ 12

4.3 VERTICAL LOADS ................................................................................................................................... 13

4.3.1 DEAD LOAD ....................................................................................................................................... 13
4.3.2 LIVE LOAD .......................................................................................................................................... 13

4.4 HORIZONTAL LOADS ............................................................................................................................. 13

4.4.1 EARTHQUAKE LOAD ........................................................................................................................... 13

4.5 SESMIC LOAD DISTRIBUTION ................................................................................................................ 16

4.6 LOAD CASES AND LOAD COMBINATIONS .............................................................................................. 16

4.7 STOREY DRIFT ....................................................................................................................................... 17

4.8 TIME PERIOD ........................................................................................................................................ 17

4.9 SEISMIC ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................ 17

4.10 ESTIMATION OF LOADS .................................................................................................................... 18

4.11 Equivalent Static Analysis................................................................................................................. 20

4.11.1 Linear Dynamic Analysis ............................................................................................................... 21

4.12 TORSION IN BUILDINGS .................................................................................................................... 21

5 MODELING AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ...................................... 22

5.1 Salient features of SAP 2000 v 20.2.0 which is used for the analysis. .................................................... 22

5.2 INPUTS AND OUTPUTS.......................................................................................................................... 23

5.3 Storey Drift ........................................................................................................................................... 24

6 SECTION DESIGN ..................................................................................... 25

6.1 Limit state Method: .............................................................................................................................. 25

6.2 Design of structural elements: .............................................................................................................. 26

7 STRUCTURAL DESIGN ............................................................................ 27

7.1 Design of Slab ...................................................................................................................................... 27

7.2 Design of Staircase................................................................................................................................ 29

II
7.3 Design of Beam ..................................................................................................................................... 29
7.3.1 Flow chart of beam design (Moment Bars) ....................................................................................... 30
7.3.2 Flow chart of beam design (Shear Reinforcement) ........................................................................... 31

7.4 Design of Column.................................................................................................................................. 32

7.4.1 Flowchart for column ........................................................................................................................ 33

7.5 Design of Foundation............................................................................................................................ 34

7.5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 34
7.5.2 Selection of Foundation Type ............................................................................................................ 34
7.5.3 Mat Foundation ................................................................................................................................. 34

8 DEATILING OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ......................................... 35

8.1 Ductility and Ductile Detailing .............................................................................................................. 35

8.2 Significance of Ductility ........................................................................................................................ 35

8.3 Design for Ductility ............................................................................................................................... 35

8.4 Detailing of Ductility ............................................................................................................................. 36

8.5 Monolithic Beam to Column Joint ......................................................................................................... 36

8.6 Curtailment .......................................................................................................................................... 36

9 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................ 37

CONCLUSION NOTE ....................................................................................... 38

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 39

III
ANNEXES

Annex-1: Load and Base Shear (IS 1893-2016)

Annex-2: Design and calculation of Slab, Staircase
Annex-3: Design and calculation of Beam
Annex-4: Design and calculation of Column
Annex-5: Design and calculation of MAT, Basement
Annex-6: Storey Drift calculation
Annex-7: SAP Figures

IV
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CM : Center of Mass
CS : Center of Stiffness
DL : Dead Load
EQ : Earthquake Load
IS : Indian Standard
LL : Live Load
RCC : Reinforced Cement Concrete

V
 SYMBOLS

Symbols Description

Ac : Area of concrete
Ah : Horizontal seismic coefficient
Ag : Gross area of section
Ast : Area of tension reinforcement
Asc : Area of compression reinforcement
Asv : Area of vertical stirrup
bf : Effective width of flanged section
bw : Breadth of web in T or L – section
D : Overall depth of the section
d : Effective depth of the section
Df : Thickness of the flange T or L- section
fck : Characteristics compressive strength of concrete
fy : Characteristic yield strength of steel
I : Importance factor of the structure
Ix, Iy : Moment of inertia about X- and Y- axis respectively
hi : Height of the ith floor base of frame
k : performance factor depending on the structural framing system
and brittleness or ductility of the construction
leff : effective length of the element
lx, ly : Span of slab in the shorter and longer direction respectively
l : Unsupported length or clear span of element
l0 : Distance between point of inflection
Ld : Development length of the bar
Mu : Factored moment, Design moment for limit state design
Mu lim : Limiting moment of resistance
Mux, Muy : Factored moment about X- and Y-axis respectively
Muxl, Muyl : Maximum uniaxial moment capacity of the section with axial load,
Bending about X- and Y- axis, respectively
P : Axial load on the element
Pu : Factored axial load, designed axial load for limit state design
pc : Percentage of compressive reinforcement
pt : Percentage of tension reinforcement

VI
 Qi : Base shear distributed in ith floor
Sv : Spacing of stirrup
T : Fundamental time period of building, (sec)
V : Shear force

Vu : Design shear force for limit state design, factored shear force
Vus : Strength of shear reinforcement in the limit state design
Vb : Total base shear
Wi : Lumped load on the ith floor
Xu : Depth of neutral axis in limit state of collapse
Xumax : Maximum depth of neutral axis in limit state of design
α : Coefficient
αx, αy: Bending moment coefficient for slab about X- and Y- axis restively.
β: Coefficient depending upon the soil foundation system and span
longerthan10m
 : Coefficient depending upon bf / bwrati
 : Coefficient depending upon pc
c : Allowable shear stress in concrete
τv : Design bond stress
τbd : Maximum shear stress in concrete with shear reinforcement
 c , max : Allowable maximum shear stress in concrete with shear reinforcement
ɸ : Diameter of bar
 : Soil bearing pressure
γ : Unit weight of soil at site

VII
 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND

Nowadays, for the development of any nation, it is essential to construct the

infrastructures regarding various constructions works. To carry out such works engineers and
various technicians play an important role entirely through the governmental or private
sector. Governments having inadequate resources, nowadays, private sectors are immensely
activated towards the construction works on the contract basis.
In this scenario, regarding several projects which were offered to us, we have chosen
the project entitled “Seismic Resistant Analysis and Design of Commercial Building”.
Comparing various models of building structures, we found public building as the most
challenging project. Thus, we have given preference to the construction of the frame
structured commercial building which is a frame structure of six storey including basement.
These frames are analyzed for various vertical (Live, Dead) and horizontal (Earthquake)
loads. The site is located in Mahendranagar, Kanchanpur. According to IS 1893-2016
(Criteria for Earthquake Resistant design of structures), Mahendranagar on Vth zone,
earthquake load was found to be pre-dominant in case of lateral load.
Earthquake is a natural phenomenon as old as the history of the earth itself. It occurs
rarely at any particular location. However the effects of these events are very destructive.
Amongst the other natural disasters, earthquake is the most unpredictable one with maximum
risk. Massive loss of lives and properties occurs. Now a days, designers and engineers are
giving more emphasis towards the earthquake resistance while analyzing and designing any
structure to minimize the seismic impact.
Various types of loads during the design phase are considered. While analyzing the
structure, internal forces in various structural members are discussed. Structural design deals
with the designing various members of the structure to resist these internal forces to which
they might be subjected during the life period of the structure.
While analysis, frames are analyzed for earthquake as lateral or horizontal load. During
the earthquake, structural and non-structural damages occur in which both of them are
hazardous to occupants. When earthquake shaking occurs, a building gets thrown from side
to side or up and down. i.e. ground moves violently side by side and building stay at rest.
Thus the building gets thrown back and forth by the motion of the ground with some part of
building lagging behind and then moving in the opposite direction. The level of damage
depends upon how well the building has been designed and constructed.
In our context, the analysis of earthquake is based on Linear Equivalent design method
as described in IS 1893-2016. The lumped masses are calculated in floor level and with the
help of horizontal base shear; the lateral load (earthquake load) is calculated as well as
distributed.
The project report has been prepared in complete conformity with various provisions in
Indian Standards as Code of practice for plain & reinforced concrete IS 456-2000; Code of
practice for Design loads IS 875 (Part 2)-1987: Design Aids for Reinforcement Concrete (SP
16) IS 456-1978; Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing SP 34 (1987) are
thoroughly referred for proper analysis, design and detailing of structural elements viz. beam,
1
slab, column, staircase, foundation, with respect to safety, strength, stability, ductility
&economy in addition to adequate serviceability requirements of cracking and deflection in
concrete structures. All the codes are based on the principles of limit state of design.
The project report possess modeling output (SAP 2000), analysis results, load calculations,
architectural drawings, structural drawings and sample calculations of various structural
elements and their detailing as well.

1.2 THEME OF PROJECT WORK:

 This project has undertaken the structural analysis and design of „Multi-storied
Commercial Building‟.
 The main aim of the project work under the title is to acquire knowledge and skills
with an emphasis on practical application.
 Beside the utilization of analytical methods and design approaches, exposure and
application of various available codes of practices is another aim of the project.

1.3 OBJECTIVES:
The specific objectives of the project work are:
I. Integrate the knowledge of structural engineering offered in BE civil
engineering and familiar to practice of design of building.
II. Also much software is available for the analysis and design,quickly and
accurately for various structural elements.This project helps to make us familiar
with such software.
III. Familiarization with the actual field practice in building construction.
IV. Comparision of the O/P from the used software with respect to
safety,economy,stability,strength.
Familiarization with the standard codes of practice for the design and detailing .
To achieve above objectives,the following work is planned:

1.4 SCOPE OF PROJECT:

 To prepare the architectural drawing.
 Identification and marking of structural grid line.
 To perform preliminary design.
 Modeling of the building for structural analysis.
 Detail structural analysis using computer software.
 Sectional design of structural system.
 Ductile detailing.

1.5 LIMITATION
1. Seismic load is considered only in one direction (horizontal not in vertical) at a
time which is not significant for the analysis.

2
 2. Raft foundation is preferred but for greater stability pile foundation could be
used.
3. Our design is only based on Linear Static Method.

1.6 BUILDING DESCRIPTION

Building type : Muti-storey ,Shopping complex

Structural system : RCC Frame structure
No. of Storey : Basement+5
Floor Height : 3.35m
Length : 24.39 m
Breadth : 22.56 m
Plinth area : 550.39 sq. m
Type of staircase : Open well staircase
Type of foundation : Mat foundation
Type of sub-soil : Medium soil (Bearing Capacity = 150 KN/m2)

FRAME SYSTEM

Direction Frame Naming

Transverse 1-1, 2-2, 3-3, 4-4, 5-5, 6-6
Longitudinal A-A, B-B, C-C, D-D, E-E, F-F

3
 2 METHODOLOGY
2.1 Study of the Architectural Drawing
Initially, the architectural drawing of the building was studied. Rooms within this
commercial building were allocated to various purposes such as shops, restaurant, gaming
zone, staircase, corridor, toilet etc.
2.2 Preliminary Design
Estimation of various structural elements such as beam and slab were designed and
checks were done with the help of deflection criteria and moment criteria. For the column,
vertical axial capacity was taken for the design and percentage of steel was checked.

2.3 Load Calculation

After the study architectural drawing and preliminary design, load calculation was
done. In vertical, dead load was obtained by the sized determined in preliminary design and
live load was determined by using code for design loads (IS 875 part 2) for various types and
purposes of rooms. In horizontal load, earthquake load was determined by calculating lumped
mass at floor level and horizontal base shear (IS 1893). It was done by Seismic Coefficient
Method. Earthquake load being the pre-dominant one between the two lateral loads, hence its
effect was only considered.

2.4 Modeling & Analysis

For the purpose of Seismic analysis of our building we have used the structural
analysis program SAP 2000 v20.2.0. It has a special option for modeling horizontal rigid
floor diaphragm system. A floor diaphragm is modeled as a rigid horizontal plane parallel to
global X-Y plane, so that all points on any floor diaphragm cannot displace relative to each
other in X-Y plane. Initially, the characteristics of the materials used were defined such as
concrete – M25 and reinforcement – Fe500. Then, the load cases as well as their
combinations with load factors were introduced. Next, structures were analyzed for different
load combinations and the final output was determined in the form of SF, BM and AF etc.

2.5 Design
Design was done on the basis of limit state of design for collapse and serviceability. The
sample calculations of various structural elements were done with numerous checks and with
the help of MS-excel, the formulation was done for each and every structural member in the
building.

4
2.6 Detailing
Detailing was to done by determining number, size, layout and location of reinforcement,
given the element dimensions and areas of steel required. Certain details such as lap and
development lengths, hook requirements, cut-off points etc. were covered by the code.

5
 3 LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 Earthquake and its effect:
Earthquake is considered to be one of the major natural calamities in the context of Nepal.
A sudden and violent motion of the earth caused by volcanic eruption ,plate tectonics ,or
manmade explosions which last for short duration within limited region is called Earthquake.
It can create huge loss in structures and also can take human life also .Engineering dealing
with the construction of earthquake resistant design and economy optimization is earthquake
is earthquake engineering .Since the magnitude cannot be predicted totally accurate it is
impossible to construct an earthquake proof building however we can minimize the effect of
earthquake by following general assumptions.
a) Simple square or rectangular buildings might be preferred rather than projected
buildings.
b) Buildings as whole should be kept in symmetrical along both axis to avoid tensional
failure or damage.
c) RC Columns and load bearing walls should be truly align in vertical line.

3.2 Short column behavior under earthquake effects:

Columns and shear walls are most affected by lateral forces (i.e. quakes). So columns and
shear members are most important construction members in earthquake region to ensure the
safety of structure. Since the lateral forces are consumed by the displacement of the columns
while this displacement is proportional to its length (column being vertical member). Short
columns have fairly low energy consuming capacity so short columns have more tendency to
attract lateral load and creates damage in columns or structure as whole. This effect of
column due to short length is known as short column effect.
For this reason short columns are not preferred in earthquake resistant design however they
can be kept in basement and underground rooms. Greater stability can be obtained using
constructional symmetry along both axes. Different columns size in same floor is also not
preferred in quake resistant design

3.3 Soft storey effect under earthquake effect

Special moment resisting frame design is considered to minimize soft storey effect under
earthquake resistant design. Soft storey is failure often seen in RCC structures. This failure is
seen as rupture in the bottom storey of the building. This mechanism is caused by the fact that
overall shear force due to quake is higher at the base because bottom storey are provided with
large openings and slender columns. Brittle failure in columns resulting in concrete failure
and at last whole structure is common effect seen due to soft storey mechanism.

6
 4 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM, PRELIMINARY DESIGN
AND LOAD ASSESSMENT
Any structure is made up of structural Elements (load carrying, such as beams and
columns and non-structural elements (such as partitions, false ceilings, doors). The structural
elements put together, constitute the structural systems. Its function is to resist effectively the
action of gravitational and environmental loads, and to transmit the resulting forces to the
supporting ground without significantly disturbing the geometry, integrity and serviceability
of the structure.

4.1 Structural Arrangement Plan

The planning of the building has been done as per available land area, shape, space according
to building by-laws and requirement of apartment public building. The positioning of
columns, staircases, toilets, bathrooms, elevators etc. are appropriately done and accordingly
beam arrangements is carried out so that the whole building will be aesthetically, functionally
and economically feasible.
The aim of design is the achievements of an acceptable probability that structures being
design will perform satisfactorily during their intended life. With an appropriate degree of
safety, they should sustain all the loads and deformations of normal construction and use and
have adequate durability and adequate resistance to the effect of misuse and fire.

4.2 PRELIMINARY DESIGN

Preliminary design is carried out to estimate approximate size of the structural members. Grid
diagram is taken as basic guideline for analysis. Preliminary design of flexural members of
the structural system i.e. for beam and slab are done as per the limit state of serviceability.
Work out is done from deflection criteria and moment criteria. And for column, it was done
from net vertical axial load capacity assuming suitable percentage of steel.

4.2.1 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF SLAB:

For the design of slab, the panel with largest span of 5.4m X 4.2m was chosen
Hence, from Clause 23.2.1 Control of deflection criteria of IS 456:2000, we can draw out the
following Methodical steps to get the thickness of slab.

≤ 26
Where,
Span (l) = 5.4 =5400 mm (i.e. the smallest of the two dimension as the slab is two way slab
with (ly/lx) ≤ 2.)

The effective depth of slab is determined as 115.38mm.

A clear cover of 13mm for main bar diameter 10mm, we get the overall depth (D) of slab as:

7
Overall Depth of slab (D) = Effective Depth + 0.5*dia. of main bar +clear cover
= 132+0.5*10+13
=150 mm
we take the preliminary thickness of slab = 150mm

Materials:
Grade of concrete: M25
Fe500 (TMT Steel)
Slab of Panel (5.4m×4.2m)
Clear Span in Shorter Direction (lxc) = 4200 mm
Clear Span in Longer Direction (lyc) =5400 mm

1. Depth of Slab:-
D=150 mm (from deflection control criteria)
2. Effective Depth of Slab:-
dx=150-13-10/2 =132 mm
dy=150-13-5 =132 mm (Assuming 10 mm ɸ bar & 13 mm clear cover)
3. Effective Span of Slab:-
Lx = lxc+dx= 4200+132 = 4332mm
Ly= lyc +dy=5400+132 = 5532mm

4. Load Calculation (1m width slab)

Live Load =4.0 KN/m2 (For preliminary design we take Maximum load for Safety design.)

Dead Load =0.150×25 =3.75 KN/m2

Plaster of ceiling (15mm) = (0.015×20.40KN/m3)=0.306 KN/m2
Total Load =8.056 KN/m2
Factored load (Wu) =1.5* 9.056= 12.084 KN/m2

5. Bending Moment Calculation

Ly/lx= 5532/4332 =1.27
At support, (from IS456 table 26, for interior panel, the coefficient of moment are as follows)

αX-=0.047 αy-= 0.036

Mux-ve = αX-wulx2= 0.047*12.084*4.33^2=10.64KNm

Muy-ve= αy-wulx2 =0.036*12.084*4.33^2 =8.15KNm

At MidSpan
αX+= 0.032 αy+= 0.024
Mux+ve =αX+ wulx2 = 0.032*12.084*4.43^2=7.58KNm
Muy+ve = αy+wu*lx2 =0.024*12.084*4.43^2=5.69KNm

6. Check of Effective Depth:-

Mu =0.36*Fck *b*Xu *(d-0.42* Xu ) {For Fe 500 }

8
12.084*10^6 =0.36*25*1000*0.46*d(d-0.42*0.46d)
d =73.52mm < 150mm OK
Adopt, D=150mm

4.2.2 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF BEAM:

Using deflection control criteria (Cl.2.3.2.1, IS456:2000)

lef/ d = 15 (Say)
d = 5400/15 = 360mm
Assuming effective cover of 25mm,
Overall depth of beam (D) = 393mm
Adopt, D = 450mm
Width of beam (b) = 3D/5=270mm
Adopt b = 300mm
Check:
b≥200
b/D = 3/4> 0.3 OK
Size of beam = 300mm x 450mm
Web depth = 450-150 = 300mm

1. Member size
Width of beam=300 mm
Depth of beam, D=450 mm
2. Load Calculation
Area contributing to loads on Beam = 22.68m2.
Load coming from slab portion
Live Load =4.0 KN/m2 *area of slab/length of beam
=4.0KN/m2*22.68 m2/5.4m =16.8KN/m
Dead Load =0.150×25KN/m3*22.68/5.4 =15.75 KN/m
Plaster of ceiling (15mm) = 0.015×20.40KN/m3*22.68/5.4=1.28KN/m
Total Load (A) =32.83 KN/m
Factored load (A) =1.5* 32.245=49.245 KN/m

Load coming from web portion

Dead Load =.3*0.3*25KN/m3 =2.25 KN/m
Wall load = 0.230*3.35*19.85*0.70 KN/m3 =10.71 KN/m
Total Load from web =12.96KN/m
Factored load (B)=1.5*12.96=19.44 KN/m
Total Factored load(B) = 12.96+19.44 =32.4 KN/m

3. Bending Moment Calculation

Maximum ultimate Bending Moment Calculation (Mu) =Wu* l2/12
=32.4*5.4^2/12

9
 =78.732 KN-m
Again, For Fe500
4. Resistance Moment
(Mr.) = 0.138* fck* Bd2 {For Fe 500 }
Equating Mr. =Mu
78.732*10^6=0.138*25*300*d2
= 275.81< 450mm
Adopt Overall depth 450 mm

4.2.3 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF COLUMN:

Known data
Unit weight of RC = 25 KN/m3
Depth of beam = 0.45 m
Width of beam = 0.3 m
Column size = 0.5 m
Unit weight of brick = 21.2 KN/m3
Thickness of slab = 0.15 m
Thickness of wall = 0.225 m
Height = 3.35 m
Area of slab =5.4*4.2 22.68m2

10
Dead load
load type Calculation value(KN)
Self-Weight of slab 25*0.15*5.4*5.4 109.35
Self-Weight of beams 25*0.45*0.3*5.4 18.225
Self-Weight of Column 25*0.5*0.5*3.35 20.94
Self-Weight of wall 19.5*3.35*4.9*0.1 32.00
Total dead load 180.529

Area of slab =5.4*4.2=22.68m2

Live load
Floor Calculation load(KN)
Basement 22.68*4*0.9 81.64
Ground 22.68*4*0.9 81.64
First 22.68*4*0.8 72.57
Second 22.68*4*0.7 63.50
Third 22.68*4*0.6 54.432
54.Fourth 22.68*4*0.6 54.432
Total live load

Dead
Floor Live load(KN) Total(KN)
(KN)
Basement 180.529 90.72 271.249
Ground 180.529 81.648 262.177
First 180.529 72.576 253.105
Second 180.529 63.504 244.033
Third 180.529 54.432 234.961
Fourth 180.529 54.432 234.961
Total 1500.486
Factored load 2250.729

11
 Table 1: CALCULATION OF DEAD AND LIVE LOAD

We have
fck = 25 Mpa
fy = 500 Mpa

Assuming pecentage of steel = 1.5%

As per IS 456:2000, clause 39.3
For axially loaded Short Column,
Pu = 0.4fckAc +0.67fyAsc

or, 2250.729 x 1000=0.4*25*(Ag-

1.5*Ag/100)+(0.67*500*1.5*Ag)/100

Ag =151309.5126 mm2
B =388.98 Mm

Increae size by20%

Hence
B= 431.198 Mm
Therefore;
B=450mm
Thus, let us provide the Column of Size
450*450mm

4.2.4 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

0-45000
300*150=45000 (i.e., ok)
For span of First flight (Lei) =3.4 m
Let, Waist slab Thickness (D) = (span)/20)
= (3400/20*1.5) = 113.33 mm
Adopt=125mm
Load calculation
a-) Dead load calculation
Load on waist slab= 4.193KN/m2

12
 Ly
4.3 VERTICAL LOADS

4.3.1 DEAD LOAD Lx

Dead load from slab is trapezoidal acts on beams

Dead load from walls are UDL also acts on beams
Self-wt. of beam is UDL and acts on the same beam
Self-wt. of columns are considered point loads action on joints
Dead load intensity of floor slab
= Unit wt. of concrete*thickness [RCC + floor finishes (plaster)
= (25*0.150) + (20.4*0.015)
= 4.056 KN/m2
Unit wt. of different materials () (Approximate value from IS 875: PART 1)
Reinforced Concrete = 25 KN/m3
Plaster = 22 KN/m3
Brick = 19 KN/m3 (Approximate for common bricks)
Cement Concrete = 24 KN/m3

4.3.2 LIVE LOAD

Live load is acted directly on slab
In structural modeling it is considered trapezoidal loads in beams supporting the slab
Intensity of Live load in slab differ with type of room CL.3.1, (IS 875 part2-1987 for
Commercial building.
Toilet =2.5KN/m2
Passage = 4.0 KN/m2
Staircase = 5.0 KN/m2
Shop = 4.0 KN/m2
Restaurant = 3.0 KN/m2
Gaming Zone = 3.0 KN/m2

4.4 HORIZONTAL LOADS

While analyzing, we are concerned with various types of vertical and horizontal/lateral
loads. Earthquake load as a lateral load should be considered during design in order to meet
the acceptable level of responses. The main objective of design is to emphasize the probable
deformation or response to their considerable limit within their lifetime. The structural
elements should sustain entire possible loads within the suitable degree of safety, upgrade the
durability of structure, and be resistive towards misuse and fire.

4.4.1 EARTHQUAKE LOAD

For the lateral load calculation, the lumped weight of each floor is determined. Due to the
moderate building (<40 m), Seismic Coefficient method is followed for an ease (Referring IS:

13
1893 – 1975)

Grid No. Length (m) Grid No. Length (m)

A-A 22.57 1-1 24.4
B-B 22.57 2-2 24.4
C-C 22.57 3-3 24.4
D-D 22.57 4-4 24.4
E-E 22.57 5-5 24.4
F-F 22.57 6-6 24.4
Total 135.42 146.4

Total length of beam: 135.42+146.4 = 281.82

Dead Load of Beam: 25*0.300*0.45*281.82 =951.142KN
(Unit wt. of concrete = 25 KN/m3)

From lumped mass calculation, following result is obtained,

S.N Storey no Total live load(KN)

1 1 7250.54
2 2 7488.22
3 3 7493.29
4 4 7468.31
5 5 7457.95
6 6 4716.52
7 7 1783.79
Total 43658.622

14
Base Shear Calculation;

S.N Description Calculation Remark

1 Natural time period T 0.6549 IS1893(Part1):2016
Cl.7.6.1
2 Type of soil Medium Given
3 Spectral Acceleration 2.076 IS1893(Part1):2016
Coefficient(Sa/g) Cl.6.4.4 fig 2
4 Zonal factor(Z) 0.36 IS1893(Part1):2016Cl.6.4.2
Table 2
5 Importance factor I 1.2 IS1893(Part1):2016 6.4.2
Table 6
6 Response reduction factor R 5 IS1893 (Part 1):2016 6.4.2
Table 7
7 Horizontal acceleration 0.0897 Cl.6.4.2
coefficient(Ah)
8 Design seismic base shear V 3917.33 Cl.7.5.3
V=(WAh)

15
4.5 SESMIC LOAD DISTRIBUTION

The lateral seismic load obtained from the calculation of lumped mass at floor level and
horizontal base shear is then distributed within the building in both X and Y direction. While
distributing in each floor levels, the lateral load in each floor is obtained as per NBC 105.
The magnitude of seismic lateral load is same in both positive and negative direction.

Mass of each Storey

Storey force
Floor floor (wi) level hi Wihi2 (KNm)
Qi=(Wihi2/∑Wihi2)*Vb (KN)
(KN) (m)
Seventh
493.192
floor 1783.79 21.93 857869.0274
Sixth floor 4716.52 19.49 1791617.759 1030.008
Fifth floor 7457.95 16.14 1942792.992 1116.919
Fourth
702.358
floor 7468.31 12.79 1221696.77
Third floor 7493.29 9.44 667754.047 383.894
Second
159.665
floor 7488.22 6.09 277723.8522

First floor 7250.54 2.74 54434.1541 31.294

Total 6813888.602 3917.331

4.6 LOAD CASES AND LOAD COMBINATIONS

LOAD CASES:
Dead Load
Live Load
Earthquake Load

LOAD COMBINATIONS (from NBC 105)

Different load cases and load combination cases are considered to obtain most critical
element stresses in the structure in the course of analysis. There are together four load cases
considered for the structural analysis and are mentioned as below:
i.)DEAD
ii.)WALL DEAD
iii.)PARTITION LOAD
iv.) PARAPET DL
v.)FLOOR FINISH
vi.) MARBLE LOAD

16
vii.) WATER TANK
viii.) STAIR DEAD
ix.) STAIR LIVE
x.)FLOOR LIVE
xi.) ROOF LIVE
xii.)EQX
xiii.)EQY

Following Load Combination are adopted as per NBC 105

I) (DL + IL)
II) (DL +1.3 LL ±1.25E)
III) 0.9DL ±1.25E
IV) DL ± 1.25E

Index:
DL = Dead load
LL =Live load
EQX = Earthquake load in X-direction
EQY = Earthquake load in Y-direction

4.7 STOREY DRIFT

The maximum displacement value is within the limit as per IS code 1893 (part 1): 2016
cl.7.11.1 i.e. should not exceed 0.004 times the storey height. Hence, the building is within
the storey drift limitation.

4.8 TIME PERIOD

The time period we used for the base shear calculation is 0.6549 sec calculated as per IS
Code 1893 (part 1): 2016.

4.9 SEISMIC ANALYSIS

Seismic analysis is a subset of structural analysis and is the calculation of the response of a
building (or non-building) structure to earthquakes. It is part of the process of structural
design, earthquake engineering or structural assessment and retrofit (see structural
engineering) in regions where earthquakes are prevalent

17
SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA
Earthquake Desired Behavior
Minor No damage to non-structural
components.
Moderate No significant structural damage,
minor cracks in beams and
column should be pre-dominantly
elastic.
Severe Catastrophic No collapse of system which
could cause loss of life.
Table 2.3.Seismic Design Criteria
Controlling Parameter
Controlling deflection by providing
stiffness.
Avoid yielding of members or permanent
damage by providing strength.
Allow structure to enter into in-elastic
range and absorb energy by providing
ductility.

An earthquake-resistant building has four virtues in it, namely:

i. Good Structural Configuration:
Its size, shape and structural system carrying loads are such that they ensure a direct
and smooth flow of inertia forces to the ground.

ii. Lateral Strength:

The maximum lateral (horizontal) force that it can resist is such that the damage
induced in it does not result in collapse.

iii. Adequate Stiffness:

Its lateral load resisting system is such that the earthquake-induced deformations init
do not damage its contents under low-to-moderate shaking.

iv. Good Ductility:

Its capacity to undergo large deformations under severe earthquake shaking even
after yielding, is improved by favorable design and detailing strategies.

4.10 ESTIMATION OF LOADS

It is most important step in structural design. Proper recording of them required for
confusion free analysis.
 Dead loads:
i. Calculate the weight of those elements of building whose dimensions are fixed
already from functional considerations and can be worked out carefully. These are
generally non-structural elements and of parapets, rooftop, railings etc.
ii. From pre design, calculate weight of structural elements such as beam, column, slab
etc.
iii. Put all loads systematically on sketches, say plan wise, showing their gravity lines
with reference to column center-lines.

18
 Live loads:
Select live load intensity occupancy-wise as applicable for slabs and beams from the
code and write this on plan. The reduction of live load intensities for the number of
storey in the columns and that for calculating earthquake loads may be considered in the
calculations later.

 Seismic or earthquake loads:

Earthquake or seismic load on a building depends upon its geographical location, lateral
stiffness and mass, and is reversible.
IS: 1893- 2016 was followed for the calculation of the earthquake loads, which specifies two
methods viz.
a. Seismic coefficient method
b. Response spectrum method

The seismic coefficient method or static method is generally applicable to building up to 40m
in height and those are more are less symmetrical in plan and elevation.
 Response spectra:

The representation of the maximum response of idealized single degree of freedom

system having certain period of vibration and damping during given earthquake is referred to
as response spectrum. The maximum response, that is, maximum absolute acceleration,
maximum relative velocity or maximum relative displacement of single degree of freedom
system is plotted against the damped natural period and for various damping values.
The seismic analysis can be performed using design spectrum given in below figure;
which is based on strong motion records of eight earthquakes in India.

Fig 2.4 Response spectra for rock and soils for 5% damping(source IS: 1893-2016)

An elastic response spectra has been proposed for Maximum Considered Earthquake
(MCE), which is divided by factor 2 to get Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) and again by
factor R to get inelastic response spectra. MCE is a very rare event which has a 10%
probability of being exceeded in 100 years. DBE is that earthquake which has reasonably be
expected to occur at least once during design life of structure and has a 10% probability of

19
being exceeded in 50 years. The intention is to let the designer know about the whole
scenario of elastic and inelastic response spectra and also to know the need of providing
ductility in structure.
The seismic analysis can be performed using design spectrum. Response spectrum
method is dynamic analysis used for the analysis of seismic loads for unsymmetrical
buildings.
Base shear (Vb)= Ah* W where,
Ah=Design horizontal acceleration spectrum.
W= seismic weight of building

Z  I  Sa
Ah 
2 R g
Where,
Z=Zone factor, From Table clause 6.4.2
I=Importance factor, Table 6, s1 No. 1(i), clause
6.4.2
R=Response reduction factor

The fundamental time period of the vibration,

 Clause 7.6.1, IS 1893:2016
Ta=0.075 h0.75(assuming no brick infill faces)

 Clause 7.6.2 ,IS 1893:2016

0.09  h
Ta 
d
Where,
Ta= Fundamental natural time period
h= height of building, in meter
d= base dimensions of the building at the plinth level, in meter, along
considered direction of the lateral force

Seismic Load
Seismic weight is the total dead load plus appropriate amount of specified imposed load.
While computing the seismic load weight of each floor, the weight of columns and walls in
any story shall be equally distributed to the floors above and below the storey. The seismic
weight of the whole building is the sum of the seismic weights of all the floors. It has been
calculated according to IS: 1893(Part I) – 2016.

4.11 Equivalent Static Analysis

This approach defines a series of forces acting on a building to represent the effect of
earthquake ground motion, typically defined by a seismic design response spectrum. It
assumes that the building responds in its fundamental mode. For this to be true, the building

20
must be low-rise and must not twist significantly when the ground moves. The response is
read from a design response spectrum, given the natural frequency of the building.

4.11.1 Linear Dynamic Analysis

Static procedures are appropriate when higher mode effects are not significant. This is
generally true for short, regular buildings. Therefore, for tall buildings, buildings with
torsional irregularities, or non-orthogonal systems, a dynamic procedure is required. The
seismic input is modeled using either modal spectral analysis or time history analysis but in
both cases, the corresponding internal forces and displacements are determined using linear
elastic analysis. The advantage of these linear dynamic procedures with respect to linear
static procedures is that higher modes can be considered. In linear dynamic analysis, the
response of the structure to ground motion is calculated in the time domain, and
all phase information is therefore maintained. Only linear properties are assumed. The
analytical method can use modal decomposition as a means of reducing the degrees of
freedom in the analysis.

The basic mode superposition method, which is restricted to linearly elastic analysis,
produces the complete time history response of joint displacement and member forces. In the
past, there have been two major disadvantages in the use of this approach. First, the method
produces a large amount of output information that can require a significant amount of
computational effort to conduct all possible design checks as function of time. Second, the
analysis must be repeated for several different earthquake motions in order to assure that all
frequencies are excited, since response spectrum for one earthquake in a specified direction is
not smooth function. There are computational advantages in using the response spectrum
method of seismic analysis for prediction of displacement and member forces in a structural
system. This method involves calculation of only the maximum values of the displacements
and member forces in each mode using smooth design spectra that are average of several
earthquake motions .There are many available methods for modal combination among them
one is SRSS and other is CQC method and here we choose SRSS method.

4.12 TORSION IN BUILDINGS

A three dimensional building has series of frame in orthogonal direction X and Y to resist
gravity load and lateral loads. A floor is generally quite rigid on its plane and each frame may
have different stiffness distribution and mass distribution.
The earthquake force acts along CM and is resisted by building through centre of rigidity
(CS). This lead to horizontal twisting of building is called torsion. The floor generally rotates
as rigid body. The magnitude of torsional moment depends on the distance between CS and
CM which is referred as eccentricity. Calculation of CM, CS and eccentricity is given in
ANNEX-I.

21
 5 MODELING AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Structural Analysis deals with the prediction of performance of a given structure

under stipulated loads and other external effects. The performance characteristics of interest
are stresses and stress resultants such as axial forces, shear forces, bending moments,
deflections and support reactions.
The analysis of the building was done by the estimation of dimensions of various
structural members such as slab, beam, column, staircase, and foundation wall with the help
of preliminary design. And different types of loads such as vertical load (Dead + finishes, and
Live) and earthquake load were calculated. Earthquake being predominant, only its effect was
taken for lateral loads. For the structural analysis of the structure, mainly four load cases are
considered which are mentioned below:
1. Dead load(DL)
2. Live load(LL)
3. Earthquake load in X direction (EQX)
4. Earthquake load in Y direction (EQY)
With the help of SAP 2000 v20.2.0, element stresses in beams and column were calculated in
the provision of rigid diaphragm system.

5.1 Salient features of SAP 2000 v 20.2.0 which is used for the analysis.
Sap 2000 v 20.2.0 represents the most sophisticated and user friendly releases of the
SAP series of computer programs. Creation and modification of the model, execution of the
analysis, and checking and optimization of the design are all done through this interface.
Graphical displays of the results, including real time display of the time history
displacements, are easily produced.

22
 The finite element library consists of different elements out of which the three
dimensional frame element was used in this analysis. The Frame element uses a general, three
dimensional beam-column formulations which include the effect of biaxial bending, torsion,
axial deformation and biaxial shear deformation. Structures that can be modeled with this
element include:
1. Three-dimensional frames
2. Three-dimensional truss
3. Planar frames
4. Planar grillages
5. Planar trusses
A frame element is modeled as a straight line connecting two joints. Each element has
its own local coordinate system for defining section properties and loads, and for interpreting
output.
Loading option allows for gravity, thermal and pre-stress condition in addition to the
usual nodal loading with specified forces and or displacements. Dynamic loading can be in
the form of a base acceleration response spectrum, or varying loads and base accelerations.

5.2 INPUTS AND OUTPUTS

The design of earthquake resistant structure should aim at providing appropriate
dynamic and structural characteristics so that acceptable response level results under the
design earthquake. For the purpose of seismic analysis of our building we use the structural
analysis program SAP 2000 V20.2.0, which has a special option for modeling horizontal rigid
floor diaphragm system. A floor diaphragm is modeled as a rigid horizontal plane parallel to
global X-Y plane, so that all points on any floor diaphragm cannot displace relative to each
other in X-Y plane.

23
Fig.: 3D model of building with slab for analysis in SAP

5.3 Storey Drift

It is the displacement of one level relative to the other level above or below. According to
IS1893:2016 Clause 7.11.1, the storey drift due to the minimum specified design lateral force
with partial load factor of 1.0 shall not exceed 0.004 times the storey height which comes to
be about 77.96 mm. However, the storey drift value obtained from SAP analysis of the
building is within permissible limit.
Total permissible drift = 0.004*19.49*1000 mm =77.96 mm
Storey drift permissible = 0.004*3.35*1000 = 13.4 mm

24
 6 SECTION DESIGN
6.1 Limit state Method:
In limit state method of design, the structure shall be designed to withstand safely all
loads liable to act on it throughout its life; it shall also satisfy the serviceability requirements,
such as limitations on deflection and cracking. The acceptable limit for the safety and
serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called a „limit state‟. The aim of design is
to achieve acceptable probabilistic that the structure will not become unfit for the use for
which it is intended, that is, that it will not reach a limit state.

Assumptions for flexural member:

i) Plane sections normal to the axis of the member remain plane after bending.
ii) The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fiber is 0.0035.
iii) The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the strain
in concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoidal, parabola or any other shape
which results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with the result of test.
For design purposes, the compressive strength of concrete in the structure shall be
assumed to be 0.67 times the characteristic strength. The partial safety factor γm = 1.5
shall be applied in addition to this.
iv) The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
v) The design stresses in reinforcement are derived from representative stress-strain
curve for the type of steel used. For the design purposes the partial safety factor γm =
1.15 shall be applied.
vi) The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not be
less than:
fy
 0.002
1.15Es
Where, fy= characteristic strength, Es = modulus of elasticity of steel

Limit state of collapse for compression:

Assumption:
In addition to the assumptions given above from i) to v), the following shall be assumed:
 The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0.002.
 The maximum compressive strain at highly compressed extreme fiber in concrete
subjected to axial compressive and bending and when there is no tension on the
section shall be 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed extreme
fiber.

The limiting values of the depth of neutral axis for different grades of steel based on the
assumptions are as follows: (from sp16 cl 2.3 page -10.)

25
 Mulim / fck
Fy bd2
250 0.149
415 0.138
500 0.133

After analyzing the given structure using the software SAP 2000 v 20.2.0 the
structural elements are designed by Limit state Method which were cross checked with
design of SAP 2000 v20. The calculated values were found slightly lesser than those by SAP
2000 V 20.2.0

6.2 Design of structural elements:

The design includes design for durability, construction and use in service should be
considered as a whole. The realization of design objectives requires compliance with clearly
defined standards for materials, workmanship, and also maintenance and use of structure in
service. All the design process calculation for a slab, column, staircase, lift wall and mat
foundation are included in ANNEX-1

26
 7 STRUCTURAL DESIGN
The main aim of the structural design part is to design the structure so that is fulfills its
intended purpose during its intended life time with adequate safety, serviceability, and
economy. The design of each element has been done by the principles of Limit State Method.
The detailed design of the structural elements is given in the following order:
5.1 Design of Slab
5.2 Design of Staircase
5.3 Design of Beam
5.4 Design of Column
5.5 Design of Foundation
7.1 Design of Slab
Slab is rigid plate which acts as roof or floor during the construction of building in
which all the points are equally displaced when the load is applied on a point on a slab. Slab
is a flexural element and there are mainly two types of slab based on the ratio of longer to
shorter span of room. They are as follow:
i. One way slab: It is a slab with the ratio of longer to shorter span greater than 2 and
the coefficient for it can be used from Table 26.b (IS 456:2000).
ii. Two way slab: It is the slab with the ratio of longer to shorter span less than or equal
to 2 and the coefficient for it can be used from table 26.a (IS 456:2000).
There are ten types of two way continuous slab depending upon the length and the
discontinuous edge. The conditions to be satisfied for use of these conditions are
a. The loading of the adjacent span should be the same.
b. The span in each direction should be approximately equal.

The span moment per unit width (which are considered as positive in sign) and the negative
moments at continuous edge for these slabs are calculated from the equation:
Mx=axwlx2 from span lx
My=aywlx2 from span ly

Spacing of bars on slab:

i. Maximum spacing in main bar:
a. 3 times the effective depth
b. 300 mm, ; whichever is less
ii. Maximum spacing in distribution bars
a. 5 times the effective depth
b. 450 mm, ; whichever is less

Reinforcement requirement in slab:

i. Maximum reinforcement:
Ast max = 4% of area of slab
ii. Minimum reinforcement:

27
 iii. Ast min = 0.12% of area of slab

Flowchart for slab design

Determine factored load

W=1.5(DL+LL)
WD=1.5DL, WL=1.5LL

Determine Ratio Ly/Lx

If ly/lx< 2 One Way Slab

Yes

Two Way Slab Determine moment coefficients

IS Code 456-2000, Table 12

Determine type of panel e.g. Two

adjacent Cont. edge
Calculate moment at mid edge M
= MD + ML
MD = αDwlx2
ML = αLwlx2
Determine moment coefficients
IS code 456, Table 26 e.g. long,
short span, edge, mid

Calculate M x   xWu l x 2
M y   yWu l x
2

Ast>Ast min =
0.12% bD
Calculate area of steel Ast
M = 0.87*fy*Ast(d – fyAst/fck*b) Check for deflection
(Lx/d) ≤ αβγδλ

Sv< 300 mm
Determine spacing of or 3d
bars Sv =
Abar/Agross*1000
28
7.2 Design of Staircase
Design Criteria of Staircase
The staircase is an important component of a building and is a means of access
between the various floors in the building. It consists of flight of steps usually with one or
more landings.
For public buildings the value of tread and riser is assigned 300mm and 150mm
respectively. However, lower values of tread (upto 250mm) combined with higher values of
riser (upto 190mm) are resorted to in resident buildings. The width of the staircase is
generally around 1.1 – 1.6 m and in any case should normally not be less than 850mm.
Generally, riser in a flight should not exceed about 12 in number. The staircase if designed as
open well on the basis of IS 456:2000(Clause 33).
The tread and rise should follow the relation:
1 * rise + tread = 500mm to 700mm

The slope of stairs should be between 25⁰ to 40⁰.

Types of staircase:
 Straight stairs (with or without intermediate landings)
 Quarter-turn stairs
 Dog-legged stairs
 Open well stairs
 Spiral stairs
 Helical stairs

In case of Stairs with open well where spans partly crossing at right angles occur, the load on
areas common to any two such spans may be taken as one half in each direction as shown in
figure. Where flights or landings are embedded into the walls for a length not less than
110mm and are designed to span in the direction of flight, a 150mm strips may be deducted
from the loaded area and effective breadth of the section increased by 75mm for the purpose
of designing.

7.3 Design of Beam

Beam is horizontal flexural member which carries the load transferred from the slab
and ultimately transfers to the column. They are usually designed for the induced bending
moment due to combination of dead load, live load, partition load, etc.
A suitable cross-sectional dimension and reinforcing steel is required which would
give adequate safety and serviceability. The major consideration in beam design is the
bending moment. Hence, first beam is designed for bending moment and then design for
shear is done.
The beams may be rectangular, flanged, T-beam or L-beam.
Beams carry positive moments (tension at bottom) at mid span and negative moment (tension
at top) at support.

29
If Mu,lim> Mu , the section is designed as singly reinforced section and for Mu,lim< Mu , the
section is designed as doubly reinforced section.
All beams are considered as rectangular and designed as per IS 456:2000

7.3.1 Flow chart of beam design (Moment Bars)

Take moment of each beam (Mu)

Calculate Mlim
Mlim=0.133fckbd2

No
If Mu<Mlim Over reinforced section

Yes

Ast>Ast Calculate Mu/bd2and d’/d

Under reinforced section

Calculate ptand pc from SP16

Table
Calculate Mu/bd2and d’/d Ast>Ast min

Calculate Astfrom Table of SP16 Calculate Ast1From SP16

Calculate numbers of bars = Ast/Abar Calculate AscFrom SP16

Calculate numbers of bars

= Ast/Abar

30
7.3.2 Flow chart of beam design (Shear Reinforcement)

Take maximum shear force Vu

Calculate % of steel
by p= Ast/ (bd)*100
Mlim=0.133fckbd2

Calculate δv by
δv= Vu/ (bd)

From code, find δc

and δmax.
Mlim=0.133fckbd2

No
If δc<δv<δmax
Provide minimum shear
reinforcement as per IS
456:2000 clause 26.5.1.6
Yes

Asv =
Tu S v Vu S v

b1 d1 (0.87 f y ) 2.5d1 (0.87 f y )

Using suitable stirrup, Check minimum spacing as

find Asv per IS 13920:1993 clause 7.2

Mlim=0.133fckbd2

31
7.4 Design of Column
Column is a compression member, the effective length of which exceeds three times
the least lateral dimension. A compression member is a structural element which is subjected
predominantly to axial compression forces.
A column may be classified based on different criteria such as:
a) Shape of cross-section
b) Slenderness ratio
c) Type of loading and
d) Pattern of lateral reinforcement
 A column may be rectangular, square, circular or polygonal in cross-section.
 A column may be classified as short or long column depending on its slenderness
ratio. The ratio of effective column length to least lateral dimension is referred to as
effective slenderness ratio.
If slenderness ratio < 12, then short column
If slenderness ratio > 12, then long column
 A column may be classified axially, uni-axially and bi-axially loaded column based
on types of loading.
 A reinforced concrete column can also be classified according to the manner in which
the longitudinal bars are laterally supported that is tied column and spiral column.

Minimum Eccentricity
No column can have perfectly axial load. There may be some moment acting due to
imperfection of construction or due to actual conditions of loadings. Hence, IS 456 Clause
25.4 specifies minimum eccentricity to be considered in the column design as given below:
emin = (L/500) + (lateral dimension/30)
But not less than 20 mm.
Where, L=unsupported length of column.
While considering earthquake: In case of earthquake in X-direction, column gets a large
amount about Y-axis and a small moment about X-axis due to gravity, minimum eccentricity
and torsional effect. Similarly, earthquake in Y-direction causes a large moment in column
about X-axis and a small moment about Y-axis. Column needs to be designed as a biaxial
member for these moments.

32
7.4.1 Flowchart for column

33
7.5 Design of Foundation

7.5.1 Introduction
Foundation is structural elements that transfer loads from the building or individual to
the earth .If the loads are to be properly transmitted, foundation must be designed to prevent
excessive settlement or rotation, to minimized differential settlement and to provide adequate
sliding and overturning.

7.5.2 Selection of Foundation Type

We considered soil bearing capacity of the project site is to be medium. The
foundation has been designed for critical members or column carrying maximum axial load.
If the load transmitted by the column in the structure is too heavy or the allowable soil
pressure is too less or individual footings would cover more than 50% of the whole area, it
may be better to provide continuous footing under all the columns and walls. Such a footing
is called a Raft or Mat foundation.
Considering the above facts we have preferred Mat foundation for our project. For the
maximum axial force in the column isolated footing is adequate and according to criticality of
the loads in the column and two adjacent footing areas overlaps then combined footing
preferred.
The choice of footing type has been made with comparative study of different design
to identify the most economical foundation. Following few factors can be considered:
1) Type of structure
2) Type of loads
3) Bearing capacity
4) Economy

7.5.3 Mat Foundation

Since the loads transmitted by the columns in a structure are so heavy and the
allowable soil bearing pressure is so small that individual footing would cover more than
about one half of the area, it may be better to provide a continuous footing under all the
columns and walls. Such a footing is called a raft or mat foundation .The raft foundation is
divided into series of continuous strip. The shear and bending moment diagrams may be
drawn using continuous beam analysis or coefficients for each strip. The depth is selected to
satisfy shear requirements. The steel requirements will vary from strips. This method
generally gives a conservative design since the interaction of adjacent strips is neglected.

34
 8 DEATILING OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

8.1 Ductility and Ductile Detailing

A ductile material is the one that can undergo larger strains while resisting loads. When
applied to reinforced concrete member and structures, the term ductility implies that the
ability to sustain significant inelastic deformations prior to collapse. It is the ratio of absolute
maximum deformation or curvature or rotation to the corresponding yield deformation. Under
reinforced section shows ductile deformation whereas over reinforced section shows brittle
deformation, so ORS should be avoided while designing structural elements
8.2 Significance of Ductility
While a ductility structure is subjected to overloading it will tend to deform in elastically and
in doing so will redistribute the excess load to elastic part of the structure. The concept can be
utilized in several way
a. If a structure is ductile , it can be expected to adopt to unexpected overload , load
reversal, impact and structural movement due to foundation settlement and assumed
to have been taken care of by presence of some ductility in structure.
b. If the structure is ductile, its occupant will have sufficient warning of the impending
failure thus reducing probability of loss of life in event of collapse
c. The limit state design procedure assume that all critical section in structure will reach
their maximum capacities at design load for structure. Foe this to occur, all joint and
splices most be able to withstand forces and deformation corresponding to yielding of
reinforcement

Variables affecting Ductility

a. tension steel ratio
b. compression steel ratio
c. shape of cross section
d. lateral reinforcement

8.3 Design for Ductility

Selection of cross section having adequate strength is rather easy but it is more difficult to
achieve desired strength as well as ductility. For this designer should pay attention to
detailing of reinforcement, bar cut off, splicing, and joint details. Sufficient ductility can be
ensured by
a. The structural layout should be simple and regular avoiding offsets to beam to
columns or offset of column from floor to floor. Change in stiffness should be
gradual from floor to floor.
b. The amount of tensile reinforcement in beam should be restricted and more
compression reinforcement should be provided. The later should be enclosed by
stirrup to prevent from buckling

35
 c. The shear reinforcement should be adequate to ensure that the strength in shear
exceed the strength in flexure and thus prevent non ductile failure
d. Splices and anchorages must be sufficient to prevent bond failure
e. Beam and column connection should be made monolithic
f. The reversal of stress in beam and column due to reversal of earthquake must be
taken into account in the design by reinforcement

8.4 Detailing of Ductility

a. At least two bars should be provided continuously both at top and bottom.
b. The positive moment resistant at face of joint should not be less than one half of negative
moment resistance provided at face of joint.
c. Neither the negative nor positive moment resistance at any section along the member
length should be less than one fourth of maximum moment resistance provided at face of
either joint.

8.5 Monolithic Beam to Column Joint

A beam column joint is critical element in reinforced concrete construction where the
element intersects in all three dimensions. Joints are most critical because they ensure
continuity of structure and transfer forces that are present at end of the member into and
through joint. Frequently joints are point of weakness due to lack of adequate anchorage for
bars entering the joints from column and beam.

A joint should maintain its integrity in the core for smooth transfer of stress and should be
design so that it is stronger than the member framing into it. Failure should not occur within
the joints. In fact, failure due to loading should occur in beam through large flexural cracking
and plastic hinging but not in column.

The joint stress causes diagonal tension and compression in joint. With each reversal of
seismic loading, the joint shear changes sign causing crack due to diagonal tension in both
direction. Moreover, nature of bond stress also changes in joint around the beam and column
reinforcement. It causes splitting stress in concrete around the bar.

Quite often, the beam-column joint is under severe congestion of reinforcement due to too
many bar converging within the limited space of joint. By selecting little larger concrete area
and lower reinforcement percentage, it is possible to avoid congestion of steel.

8.6 Curtailment
A reinforced bar is curtailed for following
a. For economy
Bending moment varies along the span of member. It is general practice to vary the
number of bars i.e. curtail bars, at suitable section where bending is less.
b. Because of standard length
If the member is longer and the available bar are shorter or vice versa, a joint and
curtailment become necessary.
Detailing and structural drawings are given in drawing sheets.

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 9 CONCLUSION
After the completion of “Seismic Resistant Analysis and Design of Commercial
Building”, we have gained knowledge about the design of RC Building .Although the
purpose of this project purely academic oriented, we have made every effort to make it
feasible for the real construction.
During our entire work, we were able to cover various codes for the Seismic design
and Analysis of Composite loads, moments, deflections, nature of impacts on each and
every member of the section through SAP Analysis.

Conclusion on Slab Design:

 All of the slab panels were found to be two-way.
 The entire slab panels are safe in Deflection and Shear check.
 Calculation of shear stresses, moment calculation as per IS 456 :2000

Conclusion on Staircase Design:

 Both geometrical design as well as structural designs was done by conservative
methods and not in SAP analysis.

Conclusion on Beam Design:

In case of design of beam sections, following conclusions can be extracted:
 For the analysis of beam, the envelope is taken as governing combinations.
 Negative moments is higher in support sides rather than in mid of the beam. So at
support sides we provided sufficient reinforcement.
 For tension reinforcement, curtailment was made at specified distance from edge of
the support as per IS 13920:2016.
 For compression reinforcement, curtailment was made at mid part of beam.
 Spacing of stirrups are also designed as prescribed by Ductility Code i.e. IS
13920:2016.

Conclusion on Column Design:

 With increase in load with time, steel will attain yield strength before concrete
attains its full strength. The column will carry further load because steel will sustain
yield stress while concrete will carry additional load until it attains its full strength.
 The maximum axial load and moments acting along the length of the column was
considered for the design of the column section by Limit State Method. The design
required determination of area of longitudinal steel (load carrying capacity) and its
distribution and transverse steel (lateral support against buckling to every
longitudinal bar and confine concrete).

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 CONCLUSION NOTE

This project is the result of group effort of whole group‟s member and the valuable
guidance of our supervisor. The project work enables us to consolidate the knowledge of
analysis and design of structure during our B.E course.
The seismic coefficient method is used to analysis the building due to more
practicable and easy. SAP 2000 V20.2.0 provided to be helpful tools in the analysis of frame
for various loading condition. In the project, the analysis, design and detailing of all require
element of building were done based on 3-D frame analysis by SAP 2000 20.2.0
Detail structural design of building is important aspect of construction procedure
.Practically an engineer employed must have knowledge on designs, construction procedures,
site study etc. Design and layout of the building services like pipeline, electrical appliances,
sanitary and sewage system were not covered in this project. The environmental, social and
economical condition of the locality was not taken into consideration. The project work was
only related with the practical application of the studied courses in the field. Detail cost
estimate of the project was not included in this report.
Finally we hope that efforts and coordination for the project work will prove much
useful in our career and project will be helpful in providing information on the earthquake
resistant design and its safe practice and we hope, this project will help us in similar jobs that
we might have in our hands in the future.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

IS 456:2000, Plain & Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice

IS 875:1987, Code of Practice for Design Loads Part 1: Dead Loads

IS 875:1987, Code of Practice for Design Loads Part 2: Imposed Loads

IS 1893(Part I):2002, Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structure SP 16, Design
Aids for Reinforced Concrete

IS 13920:(2016), Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures

NBC 105:1994 Seismic Design of Building in Nepal

Menon, D. &Pillai S. U.: Reinforced Concrete Design,Tata Mcgraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd.,
2012

Jain , A.K.: Reinforced Concrete Limit State Design, Nem Chand &Bros, 2012

Chopra, A.K.: Dynamics of Structure, Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc, 2014

Sinha, S.N.: Reinforced Concrete Design, Tata Mcgraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., 2011

Reynolds, C.E. & Steedmann, J.C.: Reinforced Concrete Designer‟s Handbook

Agarwal, P. & Shrikhande, M.: Earthquake Resistant Design of Structure, Asoke k. Gosh,
PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2013

Arora, K.R.: Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Standard publishers distributors,
2011

Shah, H.J. & Jain, S.K.: IITK-GSDMA Project on Building Codes

C.V.R. Murty: IITK-bmtpc Earthquake Tips, Learning Earthquake Design and

construction,National information canter of Earthquake engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Kanpur, 2005

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