NAGA COLLEGE FOUNDATION INC.

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

S/Y 2019-2020

GG
rt
EE
CC A ppreciation
MODULE 1

(Appreciating Movie)
66

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 Appreciating Movie

This module consist a discussion to prove that movie is an art. Students will find
beauty of movie as combination of talent and other production elements which
include the use of technology to meet the quality of a good movie. To provide
students with a general perspective of art, making them see and appreciate the art
of movies and films. Understand the way that content, form, and contexts work
together to create meaning in film.

Intended Learning Outcomes:

• Familiarize the elements and process involved in the production of movie

• Identify and use key concepts, models and tools in film

• Identify and critique certain cinematic conventions and techniques used by the
director in the creation of the film

Discussion:
M O V I E

This art described as presenting a story through the recorded scenes.

Like drama it is also intended to be watched by an audience, the viewers, and like the
other forms of art it also has a part to entertain. The art of movie comes in depending
on how the camera shapes the scenes so as to produce beauty in the telling of the story
it wants to tell. A good movie is best described as it says something ad it says well. There
is a message and the message is presented in very interesting way. MOVIES ARE ART
they can express and expound beauty.

Movie is a sequence projected on a screen from a developed and prepared film, especially
with an accompanying sound track.

TYPES OF FILMS AS A FORM OF ART

My favorite movie:
o Animation
o Documentary
o Epic
o Comedy
o Movie

FOUR STAGES OF FILM PRODUCTION

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1. Preparation. The producer organizes finances and resources, the director, production
team, the artists are chosen, and sets are designed and constructed in the studio.

2. Shooting. The visual realization of the director’s ideas on film is in the hands of the
cameraman, who decides the character and distribution of lighting and select the
camera viewpoints and movement by the camera operator. A clapper-loader assistant
is responsible for the film magazines and shot identification.

3. Post-production. The period of editing, music recording, etc., after photography is

complete up to the premiere.

4. Distribution. The general release to cinemas, with foreign version dubbed in other
languages, television broadcasts, and video cassette sale and hiring in the domestics
market.

HOW TO APPRECIATE MOVIE

TRIVIA
SYNOPSIZING THE MOVIE. Understand the problem of the
1907: FIRST character. Try to see what is it that the character want to solve.
MOVIE The result of which is the highest portion of the story called
climax. The summary or synopsis is the blueprint of the whole
THEATERS story. A story may happen or may not happen but it is always
OPENED near to the reality.

Before 1907, most SOCIAL VALUES. Our rule as viewers is to find out the value
movies were shown in that the movie director wants to dramatize. Go over into it and
traditional theaters or in look at the reality of your own environs and compare it to that
carnivals. With the in the movie. Art is finest documentation of human experience.
advent of movie
theaters, the films
ELEMENTS OF FILM MAKING
became an attraction in
themselves.
1. THEME. The basic idea of the film.

2. SCRIPT. The plot in detail, the script arranges events in

logical order and in progressive intensity so that less
climaxes lead up to important ones.

3. ACTING. Actors and actresses should be able to play

Jose Nepomuceno their parts so well that they almost become the characters
called as the “Father of they play.
Philippine Movie”
1. proper casting
2. satisfactory make-up
3. intelligent understanding of the role
4. skilful picturing of the necessary emotions
5. naturalness in acting
6. skilful use of dialogue

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 7. proper timing
8. expressiveness of eyes and mouth

4. COSTUMES. Reveal class, psychological state, self-image, suggest delicacy, dignity

etc. Symbolize something suggest change and transition.

5. MAKE-UP. To change the actors’ appearance. To change complete realism. To

suggest a typical or specific

6. SOUND EFFECTS. Gives a scene a feeling of authenticity

1. High-pitched sounds – generally produce a sense of tension

2. Low-frequency sounds – used to emphasize dignity or solemnity
3. Loud Sound- tend to be forceful, intense and threatening
4. Quiet Sound – tend to be delicate, hesitant and often weak
5. Fast-Tempo – for greater tension
6. Off-Screen Sound
7. Absolute Silence – tends to call attention to itself

7. SPOKEN LANGUAGE. It develops characterization, it develops dramatic situations,

it sharpens the expressiveness of an image.

8. CINEMATOGRAPHY. Cinematography includes aspects of: camera shots, camera

angles and camera movements.

Camera shots and angles. The camera shot will alter according to the context of
the shot, it is important to get this right as different types of shots can have
different meanings. When deciding the most appropriate camera shot it is crucial
to consider what else is happening before deciding what they want the shot to
mean and how they want the audience to feel. For example, the closer you are
to the character the more you feel emotional towards them regardless of it being
positive or negative.

Types of Camera shots:

• Close up: Head and shoulders are in the

frame, the directors want to focus our
attention on their facial expression.

• Extreme Close up: Small details, often

used for artistic effect and can give the
audience a sense of discomfort.

• Long shot: Shows the whole character,

drawing attention to costume and body
language.

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• Extreme wide shot: The view is so far
from the subject that the character isn’t
visible.

• Point of view: When the audience see

exactly what the character is seeing.

• Mid shot: The view is from the characters

waist with partial view of the background,
normally used to focus on the dialogue
between two characters.

• Birds eye view: When the camera looks

down on settings of characters from high
about, people tend to look insignificant.

• Low angle shot: The camera is placed

below the character looking up, normally to
make the character seem large and more
powerful.

• High angle shot: The camera is placed

above the character looking down, normally
used to make the character look
vulnerable.

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 • Over the shoulder shot: Looking from
behind a character at the subject, normally
to show the subject more clearly and to see
their reaction

• Two shot: A shot with two people which is

used to show the relationship they have
with each other.

Camera Movement. Cameras are rarely motionless and if they are it’s because
something in the frame was moving or the moment requires stillness to create
impact.

Types of Camera Movement:

• Steadi-cam: This is where the camera is at a standstill and is mounted

on a harness attached to the DP so the movement is smooth.
• Handheld: The camera shots are a bit shaky and the shots are unclear
as the camera in held without support. This is normally used to build
tension and most commonly used in horror and action films.
• Pan: This type of movement scans the scene horizontally (left to
right/right to left)
• Zoom: The camera is fixed and a zoom lens is used to move closely or
move further a way, this is normally used to get expressions from the
characters.
• Tracking: This is when the camera is placed alongside the movement
of the scene, this is normally used to portray a movement.
• Tilt: A movement which scans a scene vertically (up and down/down
and up)

9. LIGHTING

1. Front Lighting
2. Back Lighting
3. Top Lighting
4. Side Lighting
5. Bottom Lighting

10. DIRECTION

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 1. A good director must know a good story when he sees it
2. A good director must have an interest in the picture he is making
3. A good director must know what the camera can do
4. A good director must know the art of story-telling
5. A good director must be able to convey his ideas to the players

Assessment:

Fill in the blanks the correct word or phrase.

1. The time and location in which a story takes place. ____________

2. The most exciting part of the story is called __________.
3. The character who opposes the main character is called the _____________.
4. It is an art of photography and visual storytelling in a motion picture. _____________
5. The basic idea of the film.____________

Identify what types of camera shot is being shown. Write your answer on the space
provided.

1. _________________________

2. _________________________

3. _________________________

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4. _________________________

5. _________________________

Output:

Write a movie review using the format below.

MOVIE REVIEW

Movie Title: ___________________________________________________________

Genre: _______________________________________________________________

Your rating

Setting: ______________________________________________________________
Summary of Movie:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Favorite character. Why?

_____________________________________________________________________

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_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Did you like the movie? Why? Why not?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Would like to recommend this movie? To whom? Why?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

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 rt
A ppreciation
MODULE 2

(Appreciating the Arts of Sculpture and

Architecture)

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 Appreciating Sculpture and Architecture

This module consists of discussions about both sculpture and

architecture. Its purpose is to inform students how sculpture and architecture
become a form of art. It also contains examples of architecture and sculpture and
even the famous artists in these forms of art.

Intended Learning Outcomes:

• Familiarize the three Greek Columns and their characteristics

• Identify the different kinds of sculpture

• Explained the basic differences between the Greek and Roman Architecture

Discussion:

ARCHITECTURE

It is the combination of architect’s art and engineer’s skill. It needs

engineering skills in translating the creative thought of architect. Architecture is
essentially just a shelter from the elements BUT, it can be an important record of
a society.

THREE KEY ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE

• Function- how a building is used
• Form- how it looks like
• Structure- how it stands up

ARCHITECTURE AS AN ART AND AS A SCIENCE

• As an art, architecture creates indoor spaces and an exterior that can be

beautiful

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 • As a science, architecture has to be able to withstand weather and
stress.
THREE ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
– Supporting skeleton
– Outer skin
– Operating equipment

3 Types of Greek Columns

America is a melting pot of diverse cultural influences, many of which

date all the way back to ancient Greece. From the roots of our words to
the facades of our buildings, evidence of Greek influence on American culture is
never in short supply. Classical architecture in ancient Greece focused on three
architectural orders or styles, all of which continue to heavily influence building
design to this day. Each style can be most easily identified by the type of column
it employs. The Greek columns include the Classical orders known as Doric,
Ionic and Corinthian.

Doric Columns

Of the three Classical orders, the

Doric order is the earliest and the
simplest. Doric columns include a top
(called the capital) and a shaft (the
long part of the column) but no base.
The area above the column is the frieze, which has smooth sections of stone
called metopes and patterns of three vertical lines between them called
triglyphs. Despite being very plain, Doric columns have simple designs with a
powerful appearance. The Parthenon in Athens is probably the most famous
example of a building that employs the Doric order.

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 The Doric order is the earliest of the three Classical
orders of architecture and represents an important
moment in Mediterranean architecture when
monumental construction made the transition
from impermanent materials—like wood—to
permanent materials, namely stone. The Doric
order is characterized by a plain, unadorned
column capital and a column that rests directly on
the stylobate of the temple without a base. The
Doric entablature includes a frieze composed of
trigylphs—vertical plaques with three divisions—and metopes—square spaces for either
painted or sculpted decoration. The columns are fluted and are of sturdy, if not stocky,
proportions.

The Doric order emerged on the Greek mainland during the course of the late
seventh century BCE and remained the predominant order for Greek temple
construction through the early fifth century BCE, although notable buildings built later
in the Classical period—especially the canonical Parthenon in Athens—still employed it.
By 575 BCE, the order may be properly identified, with some of the earliest surviving
elements being the metope plaques from the Temple of Apollo at Thermon. Other early,
but fragmentary, examples include the sanctuary of Hera at Argos, votive capitals from
the island of Aegina, as well as early Doric capitals that were a part of the Temple of
Athena Pronaia at Delphi in central Greece. The Doric order finds perhaps its fullest

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expression in the Parthenon, c. 447-432 BCE., at Athens designed by Iktinos and
Kallikrates.

Ionic Columns

The Ionic order derived its name from a coastal region of central
Turkey called Ionia where many ancient Greek settlements were
located. The capital on Ionic columns have scroll-like decorations
called volutes. The Ionic shafts appear leaner than their Doric
counterparts because they are taller. Ionic columns also have lines
called flutes, which are carved into the columns from top to bottom.
Thanks to a special bulge in the shafts called entasis, Ionic columns
appear to be straight even though they aren’t. Ionic columns do have
bases, which are large and look like a set of rings stacked on top of
each other. Graceful proportions that boast an elegant profile
characterize the Ionic order. To see the Ionic columns in action, look
no further than the Temple of Athena Nike in Athens.

Ionic capital, north porch of the Erechtheion, 421-407 BCE, marble, Acropolis, Athens

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 As its names suggests, the Ionic order originated in Ionia, a coastal region of
central Anatolia—today Turkey—where a number of ancient Greek settlements were
located. Volutes, scroll-like ornaments, characterize the Ionic capital, and a base
supports the column, unlike the Doric order. The Ionic order developed in Ionia during
the mid-sixth century BCE and had been transmitted to mainland Greece by the fifth
century BCE. Among the earliest examples of the Ionic capital is the inscribed votive
column from Naxos, dating to the end of the seventh century BCE.

North porch of the Erechtheion, 421-407 BCE, marble, Acropolis, Athens

Corinthian Columns

The third and most decorative of the Classical Orders is the Corinthian. Using
capitals adorned with flowers and leaves below a scroll, Corinthian columns are highly
elaborate. Like the Ionic, Corinthian columns use entasis to make the shafts appear
straighter than they are. The flute and base on the Corinthian are also like the Ionian,
but the flat roof sets it apart from both the Ionian and Doric designs. The Romans
favored the Corinthian order more than the Greeks. Modern examples of elaborate
Corinthian columns are at the U.S. Capitol building and the Supreme Court building.

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 The Corinthian order is both the latest and
the most elaborate of the Classical orders
of architecture. This order was employed in
both Greek and Roman architecture with
minor variations and gave rise, in turn, to
the Composite order. As the name
suggests, the origins of the order were
connected in antiquity with the Greek city-
state of Corinth, where, according to the
architectural writer Vitruvius, the sculptor
Callimachus drew a set of acanthus leaves
surrounding a votive basket (Vitr. 4.1.9-
10). In archaeological terms, the earliest
known Corinthian capital comes from the
Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae and
dates to c. 427 BCE.

Corinthian Capital

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Difference Between Greek and Roman Architecture
Difference between Greek and Roman architecture may seem not
to exist for some because they look so much alike. However, that does not mean
there is no difference at all between the two styles. The simple explanation for such
a lot of common appearance is this. Greek architects with its civilization came into
being before Roman civilization. Therefore, the Roman civilization borrowed aspects
from Greek architecture when their time came. Nevertheless, there is a unique style
for Roman architecture as well.

More about Greek Architecture

The focus of architecture by the Greek Civilization had almost died since the end
of Mycenaean period around the time of 1200 BC till 700 BC. This was a time when the
life and prosperity of Plebeians had reached a point of recovery where buildings of public

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could be undertaken. However, most of the buildings during the time period of 8th
Century BC to 6th Century BC consisted chiefly of wood or clay or mud-bricks. Out of
those buildings, there are only a few remains left which have some plans. Also, there are
no sources in writing available about the early architecture.

The Parthenon

Moreover, archaeologists have

not been able to find any kind of
description about the existence of these
buildings. Materials that were used by
architects in the making of these
buildings and major portions of Greek
architecture include wood, unbaked
bricks, limestone, marbles, terracotta,
plaster and bronze. Wood was used in
the supports for buildings and was also
used in the beams for roofs. Plaster was
another important material used for
making sinks and bathtubs. Unbaked
bricks have been seen in the ancient
Greek buildings; they were mostly used
to make walls in private homes most of the times. Marble and Limestone have been seen
in the walls, upper portions and columns of buildings of public. Roof tiles and ornaments
were made from terracotta. Amongst metals, bronze was the material that was used for
the purpose of decorations. This kind of architecture was seen in religious, funerary,
domestic, civic and recreational types of buildings.

More about Roman Architecture

Ancient Rome did not have its own architecture much. Most of the architectures
that were seen in the Roman civilization have got traces of the Greek Architecture. Most
of the Roman architectures have adopted the architecture of Greek for their own
purposes through which they have created an architectural style that is unique. The
Roman architecture has been largely influenced by the Greek architecture. An example
of this can be seen by the use and introduction of Triclinium as a place of dining, which
was not seen in early buildings of Rome. Similar to this, the Romans took the help from
Etruscan civilization from where they obtained a large amount of knowledge, which

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helped them in the buildings
they prepared in the future.
Uses of such obtained
knowledge are evident from
the construction of arches as
well as the use of hydraulics.
During the reign of Pax
Romana, the architecture
flourished.

The Colosseum

What is the difference between Greek and Roman Architecture?

Greek and Roman architecture, though derived from the same source, have still
got a few differences.

• Greek architecture mainly consists of three different styles which are Doric, Ionic, and
Corinthian.

• The Roman Empire, on the other hand, consists of different types of basilicas and
temples and other buildings such as bridges, etc. that are utilitarian and prove
significance in the unification of the people of the empire. With the construction of roads
and bridges, the communication between people was enhanced across the large empire.

• Roman architecture has been derived from Greek architecture, but it has been edited
with their ideas from their culture which distinguish it from Greek architecture.

• Roman architecture includes factors in their buildings which display the power they
possess. Also, their architecture serves the purpose of bringing people together, which
is displayed by their buildings. Greek buildings were designed due to one or the other
political purposes. Most of the times these political purposes were things such as the
celebration of civic power and pride, or they were made to offer thanksgiving to city’s
management on their success in war.

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SCULPTURE

History and Kinds of Sculpture

The most enduring and, arguably, the greatest form of fine art known to man,
sculpture has played a major role in the evolution of Western culture. Its history and
stylistic development are those of Western art itself. It is a key indicator of the cultural
achievements of Classical Antiquity, and became an important influence on the
development of Renaissance art in Italy. Together with architecture, it was the principal
form of monumental religious art which for centuries (c.400-1800) was the driving force
of European civilization. Even today, although continuously evolving, sculpture is still the
leading method of expressing and commemorating both historical figures and events.

During its history, it has attracted some of the world's greatest artists, including
classical sculptors like Phidias, Myron of Eleutherae, Polyklitos, Skopas, Lysippos,
Praxiteles and Leochares, as well as Donatello (1386-1466), Michelangelo (1475-
1654), Giambologna (1529-1608), the great Bernini (1598-1680), Auguste Rodin
(1840-1917), Henry Moore (1898-1986), Picasso (1881-1973), Constantin
Brancusi (1876-1957), and Damien Hirst (b.1965).

Principles of Sculptural Design

These regulate the approach of sculptors to such matters

as orientation, proportion, scale, articulation and balance.

Orientation

To create a sense of harmony (or disharmony) in the sculpture itself, or between

parts of it, or between the sculpture and the viewer, or between the sculpture and its
surroundings, the sculptor usually works to a particular spatial plan or scheme of
reference. Such a plan, often based on a system of axes and planes, is essential to
maintain linear proportion amongst other things. Thus, for instance, the poses of human
figures are typically calculated and created with reference to the four cardinal planes,
namely: the the principle of axiality (eg. anatomical movement), the principle of
frontality (predominant in the kouros standing figures of Greek Archaic

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sculpture), contrapposto - the dynamic pose in which one part of the body twists or
turns away from another part, exemplified in works by Michelangelo (1475-1564) and
Giambologna (1529-1608) - and the chiastic stance (the pose in which the weight of
the body rests mainly on one leg, a typical characteristic of Greek figurative sculpture of
the High Classical period).

Proportion

How sculptors handle proportionality varies considerably. Some (eg. Egyptian

sculptors) observed hierarchic non-naturalistic canons of proportion (eg. Gods the
largest, Pharaohs next largest, citizens smallest etc). Other sculptors have followed more
naturalistic but equally iconometric rules of proportion. By comparison, many tribal
cultures employ systems which - for religious or cultural reasons - accord greater size to
certain parts of the body (eg. the head). In addition, the specific siting of a sculpture
may require a special approach to proportionality. For example, a human statue mounted
on the top of a tall structure may require a larger upper body to balance the effects of
foreshortening when viewed from ground level. (The great rococo painter Tiepolo was a
master at counteracting this effect when creating his ceiling frescos).

Scale

This refers, for example, to the need to create a sculpture in tune with the scale
of its surroundings. Walk around any major Gothic cathedral and observe the great
variety in the scale of the sculptures which decorate the doorways, facades and other
surfaces. In addition, certain groups of figures, illustrating Biblical scenes, may contain
several different scales: the Virgin Mary and Jesus may be similar in size, while (eg) the
Apostles may be smaller.

Articulation

This describes how sculptural figures (and other forms) are jointed:, either how
the differing parts of a body merge in a single form, or how separate sections come
together. The realist French sculptor Auguste Rodin (1840-1917) created impressionist-
style continuity in his figures, in contrast to the earlier Greek classical sculptors (eg.
Polyklitus) and Renaissance sculptors who preferred distinct units of delinated form.

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Balance

In freestanding figurative sculpture, balance involves two principal matters. First,

the sculptural body must be physically stable - easy enough to achieve in a crawling or
reclining figure, less easy in a standing statue, especially if leaning forwards or
backwards. If naturally unstable, a base must be used. Second, from a compositional
viewpoint, the statue must project a sense of dynamic or static equilibrium. Without such
harmony, beauty is almost impossible to achieve.

Types of Sculpture

• Stone Sculpture

Stone sculpture, probably the earliest form of monumental sculpture as well as the best
medium for monumental works, was common to many eras of the Paleolithic Stone Age.
Prototype works of prehistoric stone sculpture include the basaltic figurine known as The
Venus of Berekhat Ram (c.230,000 BCE or earlier) and quartzite figurine known as The
Venus of Tan-Tan (c.200,000 BCE or earlier). Since then, probably the largest body of
stone sculpture was the series of column statues and reliefs produced for the great
European Gothic cathedrals of Chartres, Notre Dame de Paris, Amiens, Reims, Cologne,
among many others, during the period 1150-1300.

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 Venus of Berekhat
Ram

Stones from all three

principal categories of rock
formation have been
sculpted, including igneous
(eg. granite), sedimentary
(eg. limestones and
sandstones) and
metamorphic (eg. marble).
Pure white Italian Carrara marble was used in Roman art and in Italian Renaissance
Sculpture by artists like Donatello and Michelangelo, while Greek artists preferred
Pentelic marble to make the Parthenon sculptures. Irish sculpture in the late medieval
era was principally confined to Celtic High Crosses, made from granite.

Supreme examples of marble sculpture are Venus de Milo (c.130-100 BCE) by

Alexandros of Antioch; Laocoon and His Sons (c.42-20 BCE) by Hagesander,
Athenodoros and Polydorus; Pieta (1497-99) and David by Michelangelo; The Ecstasy of
St Teresa (1647) by the Baroque genius Bernini; Cupid and Psyche (1796-7) by the Neo-
classicist Antonio Canova; and The Kiss (1889) by the French genius Auguste Rodin.

Jade Sculpture

The best-known form of hardstone sculpture, jade carving has been a specialty of
Chinese master craftsmen ever since Neolithic times. Nephrite and Jadeite are the two
most common types of jade stone, although bowenite (a form of serpentine) is also used.
The Chinese attribute important qualities to jade, including purity, beauty, longevity,
even immortality, and sculptors value jade stones for their lustre, translucent colours
and shades.

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 The Nephrite Jade Road

Wood Sculpture

Wood carving is the oldest and most continuous type of sculpture. Especially
convenient for small works, wood carving was widely practised during the Prehistoric
age, and later during the era of Early Christian sculpture - see, for instance, the gilded
oak carving known as the Gero Cross (965-70, Cologne Cathedral) - and had its Golden
Age in the West, especially in Germany, during the era of late Medieval art: witness the
exquisite religious limewood carvings of the German wood-carvers Veit Stoss (1445-
1533) and Tilman Riemenschneider (1460-1531). Later, in the Baroque era, wood was
often coated in plaster stucco and painted, in the manner of ancient Egyptian art. Great
modern wood-sculptors include Henry Moore (1898-1986) known for his
elmwood Reclining Figure (1936), and Barbara Hepworth (1903-75)

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 Elmwood Reclining Figure (1936)

Bronze Sculpture

Sculpting in bronze is a complicated process which was developed independently

in China, South America and Egypt. Bronze casting requires the modelling of a form in
clay, plaster or wax, which is later removed after the molten bronze has been poured.
The lost-wax method was a common technique during the Renaissance era. It was also
a widely used technique in African sculpture from Benin and Yoruba.

Famous pieces include The Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-Daro (c.2,500 BCE), a

masterpiece of early Indian sculpture from the Harappan Culture or Indus Valley
Civilization in India, and the large hoard of bronze plaques and sculptures (made using
piece-mold casting) with jade decoration found in the Yellow River Basin of Henan
Province, Central China, dating from the Xia Realm and later Shang Dynasty Period (from
c.1,750 BCE).

Later bronze masterpieces include the Gates of Paradise, by Lorenzo Ghiberti

(1378-1455), David by Donatello (1386-1466), and by Michelangelo, Rape of the
Sabines (c.1583) by Giambologna, The Burghers of Calais (1884-9) and the Gates of
Hell (1880-1917) by Auguste Rodin, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (1913) by
Umberto Boccioni (1882-1916), Bird in Space (1923) by the Romanian abstract sculptor
Constantin Brancusi (1876-1957), Woman with her Throat Cut (1932) and Walking Man
I (1960) by Alberto Giacometti (1901-66), and The Destroyed City (1953) by Ossip
Zadkine (1890-1967).

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 Gates of Paradise, by Lorenzo Ghiberti

Clay Sculpture

Sculpting in clay dates from the Paleolithic era of the Stone Age. Known (when fired)
as terracotta sculpture, it is the most plastic of all sculpting methods, versatile, light,
inexpensive and durable. Although clay mainly used for preliminary models, later cast in
bronze or carved in stone, it has also been used to produce full-scale sculpture. The
earliest known clay sculpture is the Venus of Dolni Vestonice (c.26,000 - 24,000 BCE), a
ceramic figurine dating to the Gravettian Period, discovered in the Czech Republic.
Another Paleolithic masterpiece is the Tuc d'Audoubert Bison of the Magdalenian period
(c.13,500 BCE), an unfired relief of two bison, found in the Tuc d'Audoubert Cave, Ariege,

26
France. A third prehistoric masterpiece is the Thinker of Cernavoda (c.5,000 BCE), the
iconic terracotta figurine created during the mesolithic Hamangia Culture in Romania.

Terracotta Warriors

However, the most famous example of clay sculpture must be the Chinese Qin Dynasty
Terracotta Army (the 'Terracotta Warriors'), a collection of 8,000 clay warriors and
horses unearthed in 1974 in Shaanxi province, China. Dating to 246-208 BCE, each of
the 8,000 clay soldiers is unique, with a different facial expression and hairstyle.

Assessment:

Identify what is being asked in the following items. Write your answer on the space
provided.

1. It is the dynamic pose in which one part of the body twists or turns
away from another part, exemplified in works by Michelangelo (1475-1564) and
Giambologna (1529-1608).

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 2. This order is both the latest and the most elaborate of the Classical
orders of architecture.

3. The Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-Daro (c.2,500 BCE), a masterpiece of

early __________ from the Harappan Culture or Indus Valley Civilization in India.

4. Most of the architectures that were seen in the Roman civilization

have got traces of the _______ Architecture.

5. From what coastal region of central Turkey does the Ionic order
derived its name?

6. This describes how sculptural figures are jointed, either how the
differing parts of a body merge in a single form, or how separate sections come together.

7. These columns have simple designs with a powerful appearance.

The Parthenon in Athens is probably the most famous example of a building that
employs this order.

8. These columns have bases, which are large and look like a set
of rings stacked on top of each other. Graceful proportions that boast an elegant profile
characterize this order.

9. Laocoon and His Sons is an example of what kind of sculpture?

10. Who is the artist of Woman with her Throat Cut?

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Output:

In one or two paragraphs, explain the basic differences between the

Greek and Roman Architecture in your own words. (Do not copy the entire discussion
above. Make it brief as much as possible.)

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References:

(Ariola, Introduction to Art Appreciation, 2014)

(Tabotabo, Art Appreciation- Introduction to Humanities, 2010)

(Art, n.d. http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sculpture.htm#meaning)

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