ARTICLE IN PRESS
ORIGINAL REPORTS
The Sorting Hat of Medicine: Why
Hufflepuffs Wear Stethoscopes and
Slytherins Carry Scalpels
Maria Baimas-George, MD, MPH, and Dionisios Vrochides, MD, PhD
Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North
Carolina
INTRODUCTION: Choosing a medical specialty is a com-
plex decision comprised of a combination of intrinsic
and extrinsic factors that can include economic status,
personal interest, input from mentors, and personality
traits. The fictional world of Harry Potter, a generational
literary phenomenon, describes 4 distinct houses in the
wizarding Hogwarts school; each valuing particular traits
of mortality that correspond with personality types. As
such, we hypothesized that with each medical specialty
often attracting particular personalities, the percentage
of residents who self-sorted into the different Hogwarts’
houses would vary depending on their chosen specialty.
METHODS: A web survey was sent out nationwide to
surgical coordinators and residents, collecting demo-
graphic information and responses regarding specialty
type and Hogwarts’ house self-sorting.
RESULTS: The survey was completed by 251 residents
(49.4% from surgical specialties) with a 12.6% response
rate of surgical coordinator dissemination and a 43.1% res-
ident response rate at Carolinas Medical Center. Surgical
specialties were found to have significantly fewer self-
sorted Hufflepuffs (p = 0.002) and more Slytherins
(p = 0.0061) than nonsurgical specialties. General surgery
had significantly more Gryffindors (p = 0.04) and fewer
Hufflepuffs (p = 0.0017) whereas orthopedic surgery had
significantly more Slytherins (p = 0.0282). Pediatrics had
significantly fewer Gryffindors (p = 0.0096) and more Huf-
flepuffs (p = 0.0006). Obstetrics and gynecology had sig-
nificantly fewer Gryffindors (p = 0.0082) and the highest
percentage of Ravenclaws when compared to all other
specialties (35.3% vs 19.9%; p = 0.1344). Family medicine
had no self-proclaimed Slytherins.
Funding: None.
Correspondence: Inquiries to Maria Baimas-George, MD, MPH, Division of Hepa-
tobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Atrium Health 1025
Morehead Medical Dr., Suite 600; Charlotte, NC 28204; e-mail: Maria.
Baimasgeorge@atriumhealth.org
Journal of Surgical Education  © 2020 Association of Program Directors in Surgery. Published by
Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
CONCLUSIONS: The discrepancies between specialties
in the ratios of residents per Hogwarts house highlights
that certain attributes may be more essential, advanta-
geous, or complementary to a specific specialty. This
information may guide medical students in choosing a
satisfying and successful career path. ( J Surg Ed
000:1 7. Ó 2020 Association of Program Directors in
Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
KEY WORDS: Harry potter, Specialty, Personality, Medi-
cal student, Surgery, Education
COMPETENCIES: Interpersonal and Communication
Skills, Patient Care, Professionalism
INTRODUCTION
The spectrum of incongruent clinical environments avail-
able in medical and surgical specialties results in, logically,
an association of specific personality profiles with particu-
lar professions.1-4 This extraordinary variability between
the wide range of disciplines, from pathology to cardiac
surgery, encompasses technical involvement, patient
exposure, degree of responsibility, economic status, per-
sonal interest, and work-life balance. The differences in
these factors facilitates the potential for specific personal-
ities to be more successful or content. For instance, suc-
cess in a surgical career requires significant
determination, the ability to deal with extreme stress and
often fatal error, efficiency, and leadership.5,6 Whereas,
being punctilious, patient, attentive to detail, and logical
may be of higher value for a career in radiology or pathol-
ogy. Consideration of one’s own personality profile may
be practical in identifying a predisposition or ability to
succeed and be content in a specific specialty.7
In 1997, JK Rowling, a British philanthropist known
less popularly by the alias Robert Galbraith, began to
write the novels now known ubiquitously throughout
1931-7204/$30.00 1
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.01.004
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
the world.8 Within the domain of Harry Potter, the Hog-
warts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry was founded
by 4 disparate wizards who valued particular traits of
mortality, ethical principles, and moralities. They each
created their own exclusive house within the school for
students who champion, embody, and promote such
cherished beliefs. Godric Gryffindor favored courage,
fortitude, and chivalry, while Helga Hufflepuff believed
humanity’s prominence lay heavily in fidelity, diligence,
and integrity. Rowena Ravenclaw supported those with
exceptional wit, intelligence, and reason whereas Salazar
Slytherin took pride in ambition, resourcefulness, leader-
ship, and guile. A timeworn magical “Sorting Hat” ascer-
tained the innermost thoughts, prized values, and truest
desires of the new students to aptly sort them into 1 of
these 4 houses.
Unfortunately, medical students have no such miracu-
lous animate inanimate object to rely on which can irre-
futably determine their most suitable career path. They
rely instead on professional mentors, medical school
deans, and loved ones to aid in their profound decision.9
This fallible “sorting hat of medicine” is undeniably
imperfect and can make mistakes, resulting in attrition,
career dissatisfaction, or burnout.
Throughout the literature, there are studies examining
factors that may relate to or be associated with specific
specialties, hoping to identify faithfully reproducible
traits that could provide medical students with prospec-
tive information to improve their career selection pro-
cess and ensuing professional success.1-4,7 Investigating
a similar albeit mayhap more imaginative avenue, we
hypothesized that if each medical or surgical specialty
attracts particular personalities, the percentage of resi-
dents that subsequently self-sort into the 4 unique Hog-
warts houses will vary significantly depending upon
which branch of medicine they practice. This informa-
tion may guide prospective residents in formulating an
understanding of career desires from comprehension of
their own personalities. Further, it could help current
residents or practitioners to focus on and foster those
personal attributes that are advantageous for their own
successful medical or surgical education.
METHODS
Participants
In July of 2018, a self-administered web questionnaire
(Appendix A), designed by a Harry Potter enthusiast and
second year surgical resident, was sent out once to 294
surgical coordinators nationwide and to all 350 residents
of any specialty at Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte,
NC. The survey was disseminated by the surgical
2 Journal of Surgical Education  Volume 00 /Number 00  Month 2020
coordinators to surgical residents of any clinical level
and those performing dedicated research.
Questionnaire
The questionnaire was comprised of 6 questions that
included demographic information of sex, residency,
and residency level. Questions were structured for both
multiple-choice and open-ended responses. They
addressed what specialty a resident practiced as well as
which Hogwart’s house he and/or she self-sorted him
and/or herself into.
Statistical Analyses
The percentages of residents who self-sorted into the 4
Hogwarts houses were compared between surgical (gen-
eral surgery, urology, neurosurgery, orthopedic, and vas-
cular surgery) and nonsurgical specialties (emergency
medicine, pediatrics, family medicine, internal medicine,
obstetrics and gynecology, psychiatry, physical medicine
and rehabilitation, and neurology). The percentages were
also compared between 1 specialty and all remaining spe-
cialties. Comparisons were made using N-1 chi-squared
tests.10,11 The confidence interval was calculated accord-
ing to the recommended method by Altman et al. and a
p value of <0.05 was considered significant.12
RESULTS
The survey was disseminated by 37 coordinators (12.6%
response rate) and completed by 100 surgical residents
nationwide. At Carolinas Medical Center, the survey was
completed by 151 residents (43.1% response rate). One
hundred and twenty-four respondents (49.4%) were sur-
gical residents from specialties including general sur-
gery, orthopedics, urology, and neurosurgery (Table 1).
The remaining 127 nonsurgical residents (50.6%) were
mainly from internal medicine, emergency medicine,
pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, and family medi-
cine. Fifty-five percent of the respondents were female
and the majority were either in their first, second, or
third year of residency (78.1%).
Surgical specialties were found to have significantly
fewer self-sorted Hufflepuffs (6.5% vs 19.7%;
p = 0.002) and more Slytherins (21.0% vs 8.7%
p = 0.0061) than nonsurgical specialties (Table 2).
General surgery had significantly more Gryffindors
(55.1% vs 41.6% p = 0.04) and fewer Hufflepuffs (6.1%
vs 20.7%; p = 0.0017) when compared to all other spe-
cialties whereas orthopedic surgery had significantly
more Slytherins (33.3% vs 12.8%; p = 0.0282). Pediat-
rics had significantly fewer Gryffindors (24.0% vs
51.4%; p = 0.0096) and more Hufflepuffs (36.0% vs
11.1%; p = 0.0006). Obstetrics and gynecology had
 ARTICLE IN PRESS

significantly fewer Gryffindors (17.6% vs 50.1%;

TABLE 1. Characteristics of Survey Resident Respondents
p = 0.0082) and the highest percentage of Ravenclaws
N % when compared to all other specialties (35.3% vs
19.9%; p = 0.1344). Family medicine had no self-pro-
Total 251
claimed Slytherins.
Specialty
Surgical 124 49.4%
General surgery 100 39.8%
Orthopedics 15 6.0%
Urology 3 1.2% DISCUSSION
Neurosurgery 3 1.2%
Other 3 1.2% The difficulty of the profound decision medical students
Nonsurgical 127 50.6% must make as they choose a future career is not taken
Internal medicine 36 14.3% lightly. With often little experience or exposure, they
Emergency medicine 32 12.7% are thrust fearfully into a choice between specialties that
Pediatrics 25 10.0%
vary tremendously, and the wrong decision can lead to
Obstetrics and gynecology 17 6.8%
Family medicine 9 3.6% distress, burnout, dissatisfaction, or attrition.13,14 Unlike
Other 8 3.2% this process, the fictional world of Harry Potter has a
Gender “Sorting Hat” that effortlessly places students into 4
Female 138 55.0% houses that embody distinct principles and values. Our
Male 112 44.6%
study demonstrates that each of the 4 Hogwarts’ houses
Year of residency
Intern 71 28.3% correlate with specific specialties, perhaps reflecting
Second year 74 29.5% attributes that are particularly crucial or advantageous
Third year 51 20.3% for a specific medical or surgical specialty (Fig. 1).
Fourth year 28 11.2% Between surgical and nonsurgical residencies, there
Fifth year 16 6.4%
was a significantly higher percentage of residents who
Sixth year 8 3.2%
Seventh year 1 0.4% self-sort as Slytherins (21% vs 8.7%; p = 0.0061) and a sig-
nificantly lower percentage who self-sort as Hufflepuffs

TABLE 2. Comparing the Percentages of Residents in the 4 Different Hogwarts Houses Between Specialties With Values Reported in
Percentages
Gryffindor p Hufflepuff p Ravenclaw p Slytherin p Muggle p
Value Value Value Value Value

Surgical 51.6 0.2892 6.5 0.002 17.7 0.2495 21.0 0.0061 3.2 0.9639
Nonsurgical 44.9 19.7 23.6 8.7 3.1
General 55.1 0.0418 6.1 0.0017 18.4 0.3908 18.4 0.1592 2.0 0.6799
surgery
41.6 20.7 23.0 11.8 2.8
Orthopedic 40.0 0.7574 13.3 0.5566 13.3 0.3511 33.3 0.0282 0.0
surgery
44.1 19.5 23.8 12.8
Emergency 62.5 0.0873 9.4 0.1484 15.6 0.3261 9.4 0.5493 3.1 0.8818
medicine
46.2 20.1 23.4 13.2 2.6
Pediatrics 24.0 0.0096 36.0 0.0006 24.0 0.8248 8.0 0.4429 8.0 0.0621
51.4 11.1 22.0 13.5 1.8
Internal 50.0 0.3988 13.9 0.436 27.8 0.398 8.3 0.3977 0.0
medicine
42.4 19.4 21.4 13.4
Family 41.5 0.4054 22.2 0.7492 22.3 0.9944 0.0 0.0
medicine
55.6 18.0 22.4
Obstetrics and 17.6 0.0082 29.4 0.1911 35.3 0.1344 11.8 0.9017 5.9 0.3423
gynecology
50.1 16.8 19.9 12.8 2.2
Each specialty is compared to all other surveyed specialties with their percentages listed on the direct line below.
Bolded values are p values <0.05.

Journal of Surgical Education  Volume 00 /Number 00  Month 2020 3

 ARTICLE IN PRESS
FIGURE 1. A visual representation of the prized attributes of the 4 Hog-
warts houses and the medical specialties they may correlate with.
(6.5% vs 19.7%; p = 0.02) (Table 2). The house of Sly-
therin is represented in the novels as the malevolent resi-
dence, housing mainly corrupt, dark wizards.8 It values
ambition, cunning, leadership, talent, resourcefulness,
and power. Our results demonstrate that people with
these attributes are attracted to surgical specialties,
echoing studies that found students interested in surgery
to be aggressive, determined, have less anxiety, higher
self-esteem, and authoritarian.5,15-17 Surgical careers are
exceedingly demanding due to the work and lifestyle
required. Surgeons are described as “powerful, invulner-
able, untiring technically brilliant, clinically astute. His
feelings, if he has any, are private; his inner life, if he has
time for one is unengaged by his work.”18 Surveyed med-
ical students’ assessments are concurrent, and often
describe surgeons with excessive confidence, intimidat-
ing and competitive personalities, and incapable of hav-
ing acceptable work-life balance, requiring a sacrifice of
future family goals.19 Surgeons, whether or not they
want to be, are the leaders in the operating theatre and
preserving that role and control is necessary for appro-
priate patient care and safety.20 Thus people who natu-
rally strive and crave leadership and enjoy demanding,
stressful situations that require confidence may find
themselves well suited for a surgical career.
The house of Hufflepuff conversely favors acceptance,
inclusivity, patience, and fairness.8 The art of surgery
4 Journal of Surgical Education  Volume 00 /Number 00  Month 2020
itself can be seen as inevitably exclusive due to the
obstacles a resident must surpass to become a surgeon
such as technical prowess, efficiency, constant vigilance
and labor without appropriate sleep, and maintaining
confidence in the face of continued disaster.21 There is
often little time for patience when a surgeon must finish
seeing and helping all ward patients before getting to
the operative theatre for a series of cases that may take
him and/or her long into the night. Fairness may not be
not highly prized as patients’ lives may rest upon choos-
ing the most technically talented individuals rather than
apportioning consults equally.
General surgeons were found to have significantly
more Gryffindors than other specialties (55.1% vs 41.6%
p = 0.0418). The house of Gryffindor values strength,
courage, chivalry, and determination, and passion.8 The
wide spectrum of procedures general surgeons practice
may be interpreted as requiring bravery and daily
resolve, particularly when located outside metropolitan
centers without the fortification of knowing expert sub-
specialists are available.22 Courage is an important attri-
bute when facing the aftermath and often daily evidence
of ensuing patient complications. Instead of electing to
expunge difficult memories, a surgeon’s pluck is often
further witnessed during weekly morbidity and mortality
conferences, presenting cases to the entire department
with subsequent critique. The importance of passion
and strength can presumably be witnessed in the under-
taking of long operations that are high-risk for postopera-
tive complications and patient distaste. After the
malignancy-ridding pancreaticoduodenectomy results in
severe pancreatic fistula formation and delayed gastric
emptying, after the Crohn’s patient who’s enterocutane-
ous fistula takedown is followed by the feculent spout-
ing emergence of yet another fistula, and even after the
seemingly straight forward laparoscopic cholecystec-
tomy with duplicitous anatomy resulting in a common
bile duct injury, surgeons are expected to continue to
show up and operate successfully. A person who would
be happy and effective in a surgical career, therefore,
must be strong and courageous to constantly face the
risk of new complications whilst remembering and
learning from past ones and continuing to work with
confidence and composure.
There was a decreased percentage of Gryffindors in
obstetrics and gynecology (17.6% vs 50.1%; p = 0.0082)
and the highest percentage of Ravenclaws out of all
examined specialties (35.3% vs 19.9%). As an inclusive
field that specializes in care from babies to elderly
women, from benign to malignant concerns, from pri-
mary care to surgical excision, people who prize intellec-
tual ability may be appropriately challenged. The quick
wit and “ready mind” appreciated in Ravenclaw person-
alities would serve an obstetrician and gynecologist well
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
during high risk obstetric complications and deliveries
where time is valuable.8
There was a decreased percentage of Gryffindors in
pediatrics (24.0% vs 51.4%; p = 0.0096) but significantly
more Hufflepuffs than other specialties (36.0% vs
11.1%; p = 0.0006). Hufflepuffs are loyal and inclusive
with strong moral codes.8 A pediatric specialty would
highly prize these attributes in their providers for pedia-
tricians are often required to lead the care of children
whatever the issue may be, ranging from electrolyte dis-
crepancy to growth abnormality to malignancy. They
can effectively help to arrange appropriate consultants
and manage care in a synchronized, inclusive manner.
Pediatricians who are patient, another Hufflepuff trait,
may experience more job satisfaction as they often
must not only listen to their patient, but also to the
caregivers’ and family’s concerns, no matter how triv-
ial. And they would also do well to prize loyalty, as they
follow and care for the same children from neonates to
adolescents.
Understanding the components of individuals’ person-
alities that will allow for advancement and success in the
wide range of different medical and surgical careers is
paramount. The practice of medicine is a difficult career
path with elevated stress from job ambiguity, assign-
ments and autonomy beyond one’s proficiency, social
sequestration, and often insurmountable sleep deficits.23
This manifests with high levels of emotional distress and
depression, with studies citing over one-third of resi-
dents afflicted.24-26 It is critical to attempt to decrease
the prevalence of mental illness among this work force
as they not only serve themselves but serve and protect
patients in the most vulnerable of moments. Perhaps by
understanding more thoroughly traits that allow for opti-
mization of a profession, medical students may choose
satisfying career paths that fit and satiate their personal-
ities. And further, understanding the types of personal-
ities attracted to such profession and knowing whether
or not he/she will fit in and be happy around such per-
sonalities, can also serve to create a stronger and more
content workforce. For particularly in surgical profes-
sions, mentorship is invaluable and forming strong rela-
tionships and enjoying spending time with coworkers
makes for a much more favorable and effective learning
environment. These elements would serve logically as
protective factors to prevent depression and allow resi-
dents instead to solely focus on providing exceptional
care. Further, focusing on and cultivating those traits
that are advantageous for a medical or surgical education
can build a stronger surgical workforce. And knowledge
of the personality types that succeed and thrive can help
program directors and/or mentors determine which stu-
dents or residents need additional help and guidance to
be intrinsically and extrinsically successful.
Journal of Surgical Education  Volume 00 /Number 00  Month 2020
LIMITATIONS
There were several limitations present in this study.
Obstetrics and gynecology was grouped as a nonsurgical
specialty as approximately 90% become generalists with
the majority of their clinical responsibilities typically
revolving around continuity of primary care with only 1
day of surgery weekly.27 This specialty could also be
grouped as surgical depending on the criteria one seeks
which could have altered the outcome of the surgical vs
nonsurgical results. Results would have been more robust
with a higher response rate and the analysis could poten-
tially benefit from a multivariate regression model control-
ling for medical specialty and other demographics. We
did not ask respondents how familiar they were with the
world of Harry Potter, only requiring they have knowl-
edge enough to feel comfortable completing the survey;
whether this be through the literature or the theatre was
not specified. If restricted to those with more knowledge
of the world, our results may have been altered.
Future studies assessing whether dissatisfaction and attri-
tion are associated with residents of specific Hogwart’s
houses choosing certain specialties are being considered.
CONCLUSION
There exist correlations between the houses of Hogwarts
and certain medical or surgical specialties, emphasizing
that certain attributes may be more essential, advanta-
geous, or complementary to a specific specialty (Fig. 1).
An understanding of these attributes may aid an appre-
hensive medical student’s introspective analysis and pro-
spectively help guide him/her in in deciding what future
career to pursue. It can also allow current residents and
active practitioners to evaluate their personalities and cul-
tivate those traits that allow for success in their fields.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank Dr. Benjamin Poulose for his
guidance and invaluable input and Keith J. Murphy and
Joseph Rodhouse for their contributions and assistance
with the statistical analysis. We would also like to thank
all of the residents who completed the survey and gave
us the data to make this study possible. And finally, we
would like to particularly thank JK Rowling for simply
existing and creating the world that she did.
STATEMENT OF ETHICS
We affirm that the manuscript is an honest, accurate, and
transparent account of the study being reported; that no
5
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
important aspects of the study have been omitted; and
that any discrepancies from the study as planned have
been explained.
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION
MBG illustrated Figure 1. MBG and DV conceived and
designed the study. MBG interpreted the results and
drafted the paper and DV revised the manuscript.
APPENDIX A. SELF-ADMINISTERED WEB
SURVEY
1. Do you have knowledge of the world of Harry Potter
and the differences between the Hogwarts houses? (If
yes, please continue with the questionnaire).
a. Yes
b. No
2. What is your gender?
a. Female
b. Male
c. Prefer not to answer
3. What residency/specialty are you in? (i.e., General
surgery, dermatology)
4. Are you in a surgical or nonsurgical residency?
a. Surgical
b. Nonsurgical
5. What year of residency are you in?
6. What Hogwarts house would you self-sort yourself into?
a. Gryffindor
b. Hufflepuff
c. Ravenclaw
d. Slytherin
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