PERENCANAAN USAHA PERIKANAN

(PIM3237/PIM 20192242)
Basic Managerial Planning

Candra Aryudiawan, S.Pi., M.Sc.

Dr. Nurfitri Ekantari
 GAGAL MERENCANAKAN
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MERENCANAKAN KEGAGALAN
Learning Objectives
• Discuss the nature of planning, including its purpose and where the
responsibilities for planning lie within the organization.
• Define goals, note their purpose, and identify the steps in the goal-
setting process.
• Identify and define three major kinds of plans.
• Describe three major time frames for planning and how these time
frames are integrated within organizations.
• Define contingency planning and describe contingency events.
• Discuss how to manage the planning process by avoiding the
roadblocks to effective planning.
Planning in Organizations
• Plan: blueprint or framework of how organization expects to
achieve its goals.
• Planning: determining which path to follow in attempting to
reach a goal.
• Planning: determining which is the best approach to a
particular goal.
• Planning activities: serve to project image of managerial
competence.
Planning in Organizations
• Responsibilities for Planning
• All managers involved in planning process.
• In large organizations, planning starts with top
management.
• In smaller organizations, top managers plan alone or with
participation of others in organization.
• Middle managers assist with strategic planning and
undertake tactical planning.
• First-line managers assist with tactical planning and
developing operational plans.
The Nature of Organizational Goals
• Definition and Purpose of Goals
• Goal: desired state or condition organization wants to achieve.
• Goals: clear purpose or direction for organization.
• Essential for both management and employees to know company
goals.
The Nature of Organizational Goals
• Types of Goals
• Goals by management level
• Organization’s purpose: its reason for existence.
• Organization’s mission: way it attempts to fulfill its
purpose.
• Goals by organizational area
• Goals by time frame and specificity
• Specificity: extent to which goal is precise or general.
The Nature of Organizational Goals
The Nature of Organizational Goals
• Steps in Setting Goals
• Scan environment for opportunities and threats.
• Assess organizational strengths and weaknesses.
• Establish organizational goals that match strengths and
weaknesses with opportunities and threats.
• Set unit and subunit goals.
• Monitor progress.
The Nature of Organizational Goals
• Guidelines for Setting Goals (SMART)
• S: specific, significant, stretching
• M: measurable, meaningful, motivational
• A: agreed upon, attainable, achievable, acceptable,
action-oriented
• R: realistic, relevant, reasonable, rewarding, results-
oriented
• T: timely, time-based, time-targeted, tangible, trackable,
time-bound
The Nature of Organizational Goals
• Managing Multiple Goals
• Goal optimization
• Balancing and trading off between different goals for
sake of organizational effectiveness.
• Allows organization to pursue unified vision and helps
managers maintain consistency in their actions.
Kinds of Planning
• Strategic Planning
• Formulates broad goals and plans developed by top
managers to guide general directions of organization.
• Tactical Planning
• Focuses on people and actions and how to implement
strategic plans already developed.
Kinds of Planning
• Operational Planning
• Standing plans: plans for handling recurring and relatively
routine situations.
• Policies
• Standard operating procedures (SOPs)
• Rules and regulations
Kinds of Planning
• Operational Planning
• Single-use plans: plans handling one-time-only events.
• Program
• Project
Time Frames for Planning
• Long-Range Planning: several years to several decades;
associated with activities.
• Intermediate Planning: one to five years; building blocks of
long-range plans.
• Short-Range Planning: one year or less; day-to-day activities.
• Integrating time frames
Contingency Planning
• Contingency Planning
• Identify alternative courses of action if various conditions
arise.
• Develop initial plan
• Change to contingency plan
• Change to another contingency plan
• Identification of contingency events
• Crises
Contingency Planning
Managing the Planning Process
• Roadblocks to Effective Planning
• Environment
• Resistance to change
• Situational constraints
• Poor goal setting
• Time and expense
Managing the Planning Process
• Avoiding the Roadblocks
• Start at the top
• Recognize the limits
• Communicate
• Participate
• Integrate
• Develop contingency plans
TERIMA KASIH