Chapter No.

8
Foundations Of Planning

Presentation By:
Sania Attaria
Nida Farooq Azeemi
Rimsha Zahid
Sadaq Ullah Khan
What is Planning?
Planning:
Defining the organization's goals, establishing strategies for
achieving those goals , and developing plans to integrate
and coordinate work activities.
 Why do managers plan?
• To provide direction.
• Reduces uncertainty.
• Minimizes waste and redundancy.
• Establishes the goals and standards for controlling.
• Commit resources to achieve goals.
• Decides tasks to achieve those goals.
 Planning and Performance

Planning: is the process of creating a roadmap or a set of actions

that need to be taken to achieve a specific goal or objective.
Effective planning involves:
• setting realistic targets and timelines.
• identifying potential obstacles or challenges.
• allocating resources in the most efficient and effective way.
 Planning and Performance
Performance: refers to the outcome of those actions or the results
achieved. Performance metrics can include factors such as
• productivity
• efficiency
• quality
• customer satisfaction
• profitability
 Goals and Plans

• Goals: objectives or desired results.

• Plans: documents that specify how objectives will be

achieved.
 Types of Goals
• Stated Goals:
Formal declarations of an organization's positions and what it
wants its stakeholders to understand are its objectives.

• Real Goals:
Aims that an organization genuinely pursues, as indicated by
the members' behavior.
Types of Plans
 Types of Plans
• Strategic Plans:
Plans that are applicable to the entire company and define
the general goals of the organization.
• Operational Plans:
Strategies that cover a specific operational sector of the
business.
 Types of Plans
• Long-term Plans:
plans with a time frame beyond three years.
• Short-term Plans:
Plans that are for a year or shorter.
• Specific Plans:
A detailed plan spells out its goals in a way that removes room for
misunderstanding and ambiguity.
• Directional Plans:
Adaptable strategies that lay out broad principles
 Types of Plans
• Single-use Plans:
A one-timed plan specifically designed to meet the needs of a unique
situation.
• Standing Plans:
Permanent plans that direct repeatedly performed activities.
 Approaches to Setting Goals
• Traditional Goal-Setting:
Within the organization, top managers' goals become subgoals for each
organizational area.
 Approaches to Setting Goal
Management by Objectives (MBO):
As part of the MBO management philosophy and methodology,
teams or individuals are given specific, measurable, attainable,
realistic, and time-bound (SMART) goals to complete.
• It uses techniques and a process that are goal-oriented.
• MBO calls for collaboration between management and workers. It
places a strong emphasis on progress, feedback, and ongoing
performance monitoring.
• MBO can be utilized as a performance standard.
 Approaches to setting Goal
Management by Objectives:
• It encourages staff involvement and motivation by offering
chances for personal development.
• It can be utilized by various organizations.
• MBO is an ongoing procedure that needs to be adjusted on a
frequent basis.
Planning and Organizational Level
Planning and Organizational Level
Thank You