(https://infectious-diseases-and-treatment.imedpub.

com/antibacterial-effect-of-garlic-allium-
sativumagainst-clinical-isolates-of-staphylococcusaureus-and-escherichia-coli-from-patientsa.php?
aid=17777) In the study conducted by Abiy, Ephrem, and Berhe, Asefaw in 2016, in today’s generation,
the use of higher plants and preparations from them to treat infections is an age-old practice. Interests in
plants with antimicrobial properties have come to use again because of the emergence of resistant strains
against antimicrobials. 
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3874089/) As stated in the study of Aghajanshakeri et al
in 2013, Garlic(Allium sativum) is under the family Liliaceae, like mountain onion and shallot, and also
has antibacterial activity against many common pathogenic bacteria. Garlic is a hardy perennial member
of the onion family. Studies explain that it may be originally native to Asia, but has long been naturalized
to Europe northern Africa, Mexico, and all over the world. It is an erect annual herb with superficial
adventitious roots, bulbs composed of a disk-like stem.
(https://openventio.org/wp-content/uploads/Therapeutic-Value-of-Garlic-Allium-sativum-A-Review-
AFTNSOJ-5-162.pdf) These chemicals were used for the treatment of inflammation, cancer, blood
pressure, atherosclerosis, and hyperlipidemia as praised by several authors. Additionally, extracts of
garlic have been used to treat various diseases and have shown anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal,
anticoagulative, and antioxidant effects. However, few adverse effects have been found with garlic are
nausea and vomiting when a high quantity is consumed.
(https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=168987) Based on the study of Amini et al, the
inaccessibility to effective drugs and vaccines has made world health authorities to be interested in
traditional medicine to prevent the spread of the infectious agent. Garlic is one of the most famous of all
plants in human history. It has been shown that garlic extract has various effects on different diseases and
viruses. 
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3249897/#ref3)  According to the study conducted by
Cekovska, Svetlana and Petrovska, Biljana Bauer in 2010, Garlic is nicknamed as Russian penicillin due
to its widespread use as a topical and systemic antimicrobial agent; it is commonly used in many cultures
as excitement and reputation of healing power. Garlic has been utilized as a medicinal for centuries.
References to this herb have been recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible, the Codex Ebers, an
ancient Egyptian medical volume, Shin ching, the Chinese Book of Songs, and in medical texts of
Sumeria, considered to be the world's oldest pharmacopeia. There are Biblical references to garlic.
Ancient medical texts from Egypt, Greece, Rome, China, and India each prescribed medical applications
for garlic. Garlic was in use at the beginning of recorded history and was found in Egyptian pyramids and
ancient Greek temples. 
(https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1475-2891-1-4) Based on the study of Banerjee, Sanjay, and
Maulik, Subir in 2002, it has a long tradition as a medicinal plant, started with a direction of preparing a
medicinal remedy that is found on Sumerian clay tablets from 2600-2100 BC. It is also written in a
cuneiform character in about 3000 BC.
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4103721/) According to the study of Avicenna J
Phytomed in 2014, it has been reported that fresh garlic ingestion or intravenous preparation of its
extracts is used to treat various viral infections or cryptococcal meningitis patients, respectively, in China
(Tsai et al., 1985). In Asia and Europe, garlic is used to treat the common cold, fever, coughs, asthma, and
wounds (Rehman et al., 2019). Garlic oil has also been used to relieve pain due to ear infections (Al
Abbasi, 2008). Garlic has been used in African traditional medicine, such as in Ethiopia and Nigeria, to
treat several infections including sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, respiratory tract infection,
and wounds (Abiy & Asefaw, 2016; Gebreyohannes & Mebrahtu, 2013). Garlic has been reported to have
antiviral activity against human, animal, and plant viral infections. Further, randomized clinical trials on
different commercial garlic preparations also showed that garlic plays a significant therapeutic role in
various viral infections such as cold and flu, viral-induced hepatitis, viral-associated warts, as well as
immune-enhancing activity in viral infected patients. The proposed mechanism of their antiviral activity
was reported to be the inhibition of the viral cell cycle, enhancing host immune response or reduction of
cellular oxidative stress.
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4332239/) Based on the study of Bayat et al in 2014, in
the year 1970s, Europeans tested the garlic extract on 10 species resistant to bacteria and yeasts and found
it very resistant to Salmonella, S. aureus, Mycobacterium, and Proteus species. In the present study, The
antibacterial effects of garlic aqueous extract on 133 species of bacteria (both Gram-positive and Gram-
negative) resistant to medicine, including S. epidermidis, S. aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, S.
pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, S. typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Shigella spp., Proteus spp.
and 10 types of candida were studied. The minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) or the lowest
densities of garlic aqueous extract that prevented the growth of microorganisms were determined in the
present study.
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4103721/) As stated in the study of  Bayan,
Leyla, Gorji, Ali  Koulivand, and Peir Hossain in 2014, Garlic has had an important dietary and medicinal
role for centuries. Most of its prophylactic and therapeutic effects are ascribed to specific oil- and water-
soluble organosulfur compounds, which are responsible for the typical odor and flavor of garlic (Block,
1985). During crushing or cutting of the clove, the odorless amino acid alliin, present in the garlic clove,
is metabolized by the enzyme alliinase (a cysteine sulfoxide lyase) to yield allicin and other thiosulfinates
that are the source of the characteristic odor of garlic. Thiosulfinates and other secondary metabolites of
garlic, including 7-glutamyl peptides, scordinins, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and other phenols, may
be responsible for the range of therapeutic effects reported for garlic. Reuter et al. (1996) recently
reviewed the therapeutic effects of garlic, namely, effects on the cardiovascular system, antibiotic,
anticancer, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and hormone-like effects.
This study will focus on recent research on the protective effects of garlic against Helicobacter pylori and
other bacterial infections.
Garlic has antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiseptic properties from allicin. Allicin is the main
biologically and biochemically active component of freshly crushed garlic which can easily be
decomposed under the influence of heat and time into stable compounds. 2-propenesulfenic acid and
tioacrolein are two important molecules derived from garlic, which in turn result in the formation of
greater molecules including diallyl trisulfide and dithiin. Generally, garlic is a potent antibiotic and shows
an effective performance against the bacteria resistant to pharmaceutical antibiotics.
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3249897/#ref3) According to the study conducted by
Cekovska, Svetlana, and Petrovska, Biljana Bauer in 2010, the action of garlic is manifold. Because of
allicin and other sulfur compounds, garlic has antibiotic, antibacterial, and antimycotic action, which has
been testified by in vitro studies. The allicin is excreted partly by the respiratory organs; therefore garlic
is used to treat respiratory tract diseases. The French phytotherapist Lecraec used garlic tincture in the
treatment of a patient with pulmonary gangrene. The patient recovered in 17 days.
It was also stated in their study that recent studies have revealed that garlic protects from common cold
viruses. For that purpose, patients have been examined during a period of 12 weeks, in the cold season
from November to February. The results have demonstrated that those who took garlic were less prone to
catching a cold or endured the cold easier than those who were given a placebo. Today, garlic, as well as
garlic preparations, are prescribed in many pharmacopoeias in the world, including Ph Eur 6, USP XXXI,
BP 2007. It is also incorporated in the list of German Commission E, which is a therapeutic guide in
herbal medicine, complied by a special expert commission of German Federal Institute of Medicines and
Medical Inventions. German Commission E recommends usage of an average dose of 4 g of fresh garlic
or equivalent preparations of garlic as a supplement to hyperlipemic patients’ diet and in the prevention of
vascular alterations caused by aging.
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7434784/) As stated in the study of Ali et al in 2020,
garlic and its OSCs have potential antiviral activity against different human, animal, and plant pathogenic
viruses through blocking viral entry into host cells, inhibiting viral RNA polymerase, reverse
transcriptase, DNA synthesis, and immediate-early gene 1(IEG1) transcription, as well as through
downregulating the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated protein kinase
(MAPK) signaling pathway. The alleviation of viral infection was also shown to link with the
immunomodulatory effects of garlic and its OSCs. Clinical studies further demonstrated a prophylactic
effect of garlic in the prevention of widespread viral infections in humans through enhancing the immune
response. This review highlights that garlic possesses significant antiviral activity and can be used
prophylactically in the prevention of viral infections.
(https://www.bibliomed.org/?mno=29663) Based on the research of El Rahman, El-Kenawy, Sahar Abd,
and Harazem, Rasha, the antiviral effects of garlic extracts were studied on field isolates and reference
strain of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). The antiviral effects involve the gross lesions changes of the
embryo in inoculated ECEs, Haemagglutination test (HA), and Infectivity test (EID50%). The obtained
results showed that most of the isolated viruses expressed subcutaneous Haemorrhage and death of the
embryo on the fifth-day post inoculation via allantoic cavity at the third passage of ECEs, while the field
sample number and the reference strain showed extensive haemorrhage and rapid death of embryos. The
isolated viruses were identified to be NDV of the susceptible to be infected samples by HI using
hyperimmune serum against NDV prepared in a rabbit. The Mean Death Time (MDT) was calculated for
the field sample number and the reference strain which showed that the tested samples are velogenic
strains. Electron microscopy investigation of some selected samples (of high HA titers) identified the
virus as pleomorphic in shape. Some selected samples were analyzed by RT-PCR and gel electrophoresis
expressing clear bands using primers against the F-gene of NDV. RT-PCR is considered the most useful,
reliable, and accurate laboratory test for confirming field NDV. Bulbs of garlic (Allium sativum) were
extracted and the extracts were tested for their antiviral activity against the previously isolated and
identified NDV. Investigating the antiviral effects of both onion and garlic extracts on some field samples
showed the absence of virus activity after treatments by extracts, while samples number (10) and
reference strain showed a reduction of the virus in the HA test, subcutaneous hemorrhage, and EID50%.
The reduction of NDV infectivity may be due to the blocking of the attachment of the virus with the cell
receptors.
 (https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4ca8/59ec58ed7b6784181410dd9efd6454a34076.pdf) According to the
research findings Singh B.R in 2014, garlic is an effectual treatment for both the influenza B virus and
herpes simplex virus. Two independent researchers in Japan and Romania have found that garlic can
protect living organisms from the influenza virus and enhanced the production of neutralizing antibodies
when given the vaccine. Ajoene, isolated from extracts of garlic may inhibit adhesive interaction and
fusion of leukocytes. In a study investigating the effect of allitridin (diallyl trisulfide) on the replication of
human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and the expression of viral immediate-early genes, it was revealed that
this substance has anti-HCMV efficacy. In another study, it was supposed that the antiviral activity of
garlic in humans may be secondary to a direct toxic effect on viruses. It also enhanced the NK-cell
(Natural killer cell) activity that destroys virus-infected cells. On, a double-blind placebo-controlled study
has shown significant protection from the common cold virus and used for prevention, treatment, and
reduction of reinfection benefits from taking allimax powder capsules once daily
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/allicin) Based on a book by Muhammad et al in 2020,
among the viruses which are sensitive to garlic extracts are the Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV),
influenza B virus, Herpes simplex virus type 1, Herpes simplex virus type 2, Parainfluenza virus type 3,
vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and human Rhinovirus type 2, and human immunodeficiency
virus type 1. The order of compounds found in garlic for virucidal activity was, ajoene>allicin>allyl
methyl thiosulfate>methyl allyl thiosulfate; no activity was found for the polar fractions, alliin, deoxy
alliin, diallyl disulfide, or diallyl trisulfide. 
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3874089/) As stated in the study of Aghajanshakeri et al
in 2013, he showed that Allicin-containing supplements can prevent attacks by the common cold virus.
The main antimicrobial effect of Allicin is due to its chemical reaction with thiol groups of various
enzymes, e.g. alcohol dehydrogenase. In an In vivo study, the administration of garlic in mice models
protected them against intranasal inoculation with influenza viruses and enhanced the production of
neutralizing antibodies when given the vaccine. Ajoene, isolated from extracts of garlic may inhibit
adhesive interaction and fusion of leukocytes. In a study investigating the effect of Allitridin (diallyl
trisulfide, a compound from A. sativum extraction) on the replication of HCMV and the expression of
viral immediate-early genes, it was revealed that this substance has anti-HCMV efficacy. In another
study, it was supposed that the antiviral activity of garlic in humans may be secondary to a direct toxic
effect on viruses. It also enhanced NK-cell (Natural killer cell) activity that destroys virus-infected cells
Garlic is a powerful remedy to protect against infections of many bacteria, fungi, and viruses, using garlic
extract as a disinfectant or chemical agents designed to inactivate or destroy microorganisms on inert
surfaces will be effective based on the given viruses and microorganism that it can kill. This study aimed
to create ways on how to make an alternative disinfectant from garlic extract and understanding its
antiviral activity in reducing viruses.