2019 International Electronics Symposium (IES)

Short Circuit Current Based ANN MPPT For

Battery Charging
Achmad Hidayat
Electrical Engineering Department
Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya
ahmhidayat13@gmail.com
Ayatullah Bela Muhammad Novie Ayub Windarko
Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Engineering Departemen
Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya
ayatelmu@gmail.com ayub@pens.ac.id

Moh. Zaenal Efendi

Electrical Engineering Departmen
Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya
zen@pens.ac.id

Abstract --- Photovoltaic is a device that can output power which produced by photovoltaic also
convert sun’s rays as a source of energy into electricity. changes. Therefore, to optimize the work of photovoltaics,
However, the erratic intensity of sunlight can cause the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is
unstable electricity which generated by photovoltaic. used. MPPT used to optimize the power produced by
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is one of photovoltaics. The princile method of MPPT is to find the
solution to maximize the output power of photovoltaic. maximum power point on photovoltaics in various
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method used to conditions. In recent years much literature has developed
maximize the output power of photovoltaic. ANN is a various methods of MPPT, including pertube & observe [1,
computational method based on the neuron system. 2], incremental conductance [3], gray wolf optimization [4,
Short circuit current based ANN MPPT which applied 5], flower pollination algorithms [6, 7], etc. with various
for battery charging was proposed in this paper. The dc-dc converters such as buck converter, boost converter,
ANN will installed to the microcontroller in order to buck boost converter, etc. Therefore, in this research, the
control the duty cycle for obtaining maximum power artificial neural network (ANN) method with Isc input will
from the photovoltaic. Short circuit current from be used which has the advantage of fast power tracking.
photovoltaic used as input of the ANN method while
II. System Description
duty cycle used as the target. Based on the experiment,
In this research, designing and implementing MPPT
the MPPT ANN control is able to produce maximum
uses the SEPIC converter with the artificial neural network
power in various types of irradiance. When compared
(ANN) method to obtain the maximum power point
with the power produced by Non MPPT, MPPT ANN
produced by photovoltaics.
increased the power between 0,1 – 12,63 W on various
Photovoltaic used to convert solar energy into
kinds of irradiance data. When it used to charge the
electricity. The output power of photovoltaic influenced by
battery for 120 minutes (at 10:30 a.m. - 12:30 p.m.),
two main factors such as irradiance and temperature. The
MPPT ANN was able to increase the battery SOC by
optimal irradiance condition is around 1000 W/m2 at 25 oC.
20% while Non MPPT was only able to increase the
Each cell of a photovoltaic has an equivalent circuit
battery SOC by 15%.
consisting diodes arranged in parallel with the current
Keywords --- Artificial Neural Network, SEPIC
source as shown in Figure 1.
Coverter, MPPT Photovoltaics. In this research, one static photovoltaic used with a
slope of 23o facing north. Photovoltaic specifications are
I. Introduction
shown in Table 1.
Photovoltaics are alternative energy sources that used
to meet electrical energy needs. The energy produced by
photovoltaics during the day will be stored in batteries and
at night will used as supply for lights or household
appliances. In addition, solar energy also can applied to
systems without batteries.
However, the voltage and current characteristics of
photovoltaics are not linear at all times due to changes in
irradiance conditions. With the changing of solar
irradiance and temperature condition of photovoltaic, the Figure. 1. Equivalent Series of Photovoltaics

978-1-7281-4449-8/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE 422

 Table 1. Specifications of Photovoltaics Used Parameter Value Unit
Helios USA LLC
Frequency of Switching (fs) 40 kHz
Model No. CHN200-72M
Output Voltage (Vo) 28,8 V
Rated Maximum Power (Pmp) 200 W
Current Ripple (∆IL) 20% A
Tolerance 0 ~ +3 %
Voltage Ripple (∆Vo) 0.1% V
Voltage at Pmp (Vmp) 38,8 V
Inductor 1 (L1) 401,2 µH
Current at Pmp ( Imp) 5,15 A
Inductor 2 (L2) 401,2 µH
Open-circuit Voltage (Voc) 45,0 V
Capacitor 1 (C1) 2052 µF
Short-circuit Current (Isc) 5,80 A
Capacitor 2 (C2) 2052 µF
Maximum System Voltage 1000 V
Maximum Series Fuse Rating 10 A IV. Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
ANN or commonly referred to as an artificial neural
network is an artificial representation of the human brain
To clarify system planning, a block diagram is made
that is developed with the actual working pattern of the
as shown in Figure 2.
brain. Implementation of this artificial neural network
usually uses a computer program that is able to complete a
number of calculation processes with certain algorithms
[10].

Figure 2. Block System Diagram

III. SEPIC
The SEPIC converter is a non-insulated DC-DC
converter that able to increase and reduce the output
voltage without reversed polarity [8, 9]. The SEPIC Figure 3. Model of Artificial Neural Network.
parameter can be calculated using equation 1-5.
Figure 3. is an example of a model from the artificial
neural network method. ANN consists of several neurons
(1)
and there is a connection between neurons as in the human
brain. Neurons are information processing units that are the
(2) basis of artificial neural network operations. ANN consists
of several non-linear counting elements, each of which is
connected via weight and arranged in parallel. In addition
(3) there is also a bias that will give the value to each neuron
in the hidden layer. This weight and bias will later change
(4) (adapt) during the training process.
∑ Short Circuit Current Method (Isc)
The numerical method has shown that there is a
(5) linearity between Isc and Imp shown by equation 6.

SEPIC uses high frequency switching operations Imp = Ksc . Isc (6)
where the inductor must use ferrite core material to work Ksc is the current factor, the value depends on the
optimally during high frequencies. The SEPIC parameters type of cell used. In Figure 4 can be observed that when an
are shown in Table 2. irradiance increased, the Isc value also increased. So that,
Table 2. SEPIC Parameters in this research used Isc as input from ANN. The reason for
Parameter Value Unit using short circuit (Isc) as an ANN input is because short
circuit current can symbolize various types of irradiance
Input Voltage (Vin) 38,8 V

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conditions so it is expected that this MPPT ANN can work
well [11].

Figure 5. ANN Research Model.

Figure 4. Characteristics of PV on Irradiance Change.

The MPPT ANN system created by searching
learning data, then learning manually through the
MATLAB software. Learning data used as ANN input is
the short circuit current (Isc) on the photovoltaic and the
ANN output / target is the value of the duty cycle when the
maximum power. The duty cycle will be used to control
the performance of the MOSFET in the SEPIC converter.
Retrieval of learning data took 3 days, start at 06.30 a.m.-
4.30 p.m. with intervals of 4-5 minutes. The way to find it
is by giving a PWM signal to a SEPIC converter that
connected to a photovoltaic and battery load with a duty
cycle in the range of 6 - 94% with step 1%. Figure 4 is the
target in the form of a duty cycle when the maximum
power and later will used as learning data from the ANN.

50
45
40
Figure 6. ANN Regression Plot.
35
30 Figure 6 is the result of learning that have had done.
25 It can be seen in the regression plot, the value of R almost
20
one mean that the ANN made is quite identical to the data
being learned, so that this ANN is worthy of being used as
15
an MPPT control.
10
5 V. Result
∑ Response Control (PSIM Simulation Results)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
ANN control response when viewed through a
simulation on the PSIM can be seen in Figure 7. From this
Isc (A) picture the maximum power can be achieved in
Figure 4. Target Duty Cycle. approximately 200 ms and in the second second the power
drops because at that time the Isc retrieval process took
After obtaining input and target data for MPPT ANN place.
control, then enter the above data in MATLAB for the
learning process so that the weight and bias values are
obtained. In this research, the ANN design is two layers
consists of a hidden layer with the logig activation function
and an output layer with tansig activation function. Where,
there are 25 neurons in the hidden layer and a neuron at the
output layer. The ANN model in this study is shown in
Figure 5.

Figure 7. ANN Response to PSIM Simulation Results.

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∑ Response Control (Experimental Results)
This test aims to determine how fast the MPPT ANN
controls to find the maximum power that can be released
by photovoltaics during experiments. Based on MPPT
ANN control test for 5 seconds, the MPPT ANN control
response curve was obtained in Figure 8.
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0 observed whether the MPPT ANN control can reach
0 2 4 6
Time (s)
Figure 8. MPPT ANN Control Response Curve.
The curve in Figure 8. above is taken in 5 seconds,
and the MPPT ANN is able to get maximum power in less
than 1 second. Because the input from the MPPT ANN in
this research is a short circuit current, the MPPT ANN is
designed to be active in a time interval of 2 seconds. So
that every 2 seconds the microcontroller will provide a duty
cycle of 94% for approximately 200 ms. At that time, the
short circuit current will be obtained and the short circuit
current parameters are entered into the ANN calculation so
that the duty cycle is obtained at maximum power.
However, because the MPPT ANN control in this research
project was designed with an interval of 2 seconds each
time taking Isc parameters, causing the MPPT ANN
control unable to respond directly if there was a change in
irradiance conditions that occurred in the middle of the Isc
time interval. So that the MPPT ANN response slows down
to a maximum of 2 seconds. When taking the short circuit
current parameters, the voltage of the photovoltaic will
drop dramatically which is indicated by the power curve
down to the second and fourth seconds. Figure 9. is a
voltage wave when the Isc value is taken which is
displayed through an oscilloscope.
Figure 9. Voltage Waves When Taking Isc Value.
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From Figure 9. it can be observed that the value of the
voltage drops to near zero for approximately 200 ms. That's
when the ANN calculation process to get the duty cycle
when maximum power is carried out.
∑ Comparison of MPPT ANN Power, Duty Cycle
Manual, Pmax PV, and Non MPPT.
In this test, the power produced by photovoltaics due
to MPPT control with the artificial neural network (ANN)
method will be compared to the truth with the power
generated by the duty cycle which will be manually raised
or lowered. In addition, the power produced by the MPPT
ANN is also compared to the power produced by the test
using a sliding resistor and the power produced by non
MPPT. The duty cycle used for non MPPT is 47%, the
figure is determined based on the duty cycle which
produces the maximum power at the highest irradiance.
With the comparison of the power produced, later it can be
maximum power. So that it can be ascertained that the
MPPT ANN controls that have been made are going well.
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
9:00 11:24 13:48 16:12
Time
Non MPPT MPPT ANN
Duty Manual Pmax PV
Figure 9. Power Comparison Curve.
Based on Figure 9. the power produced by the MPPT
ANN when compared to the power produced by manually
changing the duty cycle is obtained by the output power of
the photovoltaic which has almost the same value. This
indicates that the MPPT ANN control is able to achieve
maximum power that can be released by photovoltaics
under different irradiance conditions. Whereas when
compared with the power obtained by non MPPT, the
power produced by the MPPT ANN is almost the same
when compared to high irradiance around 850 W/m2 and
above. Power starts to show the difference occurs when the
irradiance condition is low or around 850 W/m2 and below.
Whereas when compared to the power produced by
maximum power of photovoltaics, the power produced by
MPPT cannot reach the maximum power of photovoltaics.
However, the power produced by MPPT ANN can still
approach the maximum power of photovoltaics.
Of all the samples of the power comparison produced
by the MPPT ANN control with the power produced by
manual duty cycle, the maximum power of photovoltaics,
and non MPPT can be seen that the MPPT control can 160
produce maximum power from various irradiance changes. 140
To clarify the power difference between MPPT ANN and
120
Non MPPT when compared with the results of the test
characteristics of photovoltaics, can be seen in Figure 10. 100
80
20 60
18
40
16
20
14
12 0
0 50 100 150
10
Time (Minute)
8
6
No MPPT MPPT ANN
4
2 Figure 11. Graph Comparison of MPPT ANN and Non-MPPT
Power When Battery Charging.
0
Figure 11 is a comparison of the power produced by
MPPT ANN and Non MPPT. From the picture, it shown
Time that the power produced has almost the same value. This is
because charging the battery starts at 10.30 a.m. – 12.30
MPPT ANN Non MPPT am. Where, around this time the maximum power tends to
be constant between 130 W - 137 W.
Figure 10. MPPT ANN and Non MPPT Power Difference
Diagrams compared to PV Characteristics. 4.5
Figure 10 is the difference in power produced by 4
MPPT ANN and non-MPPT. Based on the data obtained in 3.5
several irradiance conditions, the MPPT ANN control was 3
able to approach the maximum power of photovoltaics test 2.5
results with the largest power difference of 7.3 W at 11.00 2
a.m. Whereas Non MPPT can only approach the maximum
1.5
power of photovoltaics in irradiance conditions above 850
1
W/m2 which is around 10.30 a.m. - 01.30 p.m. However,
when the irradiance conditions below 850 W/m2 Non- 0.5
MPPT are less capable of approaching the maximum 0
power of photovoltaics with the largest difference of 0 50 100 150
17,717 W at 03.30 p.m. Increasing the power at high Time (Minute)
irradiance is quite small because the duty cycle that
specified as the duty cycle for non-MPPT is the duty cycle Non MPPT MPPT ANN
when the maximum power in the highest irradiance Figure 12. Graph of Battery Charging Flow.
condition. So that the power produced by Non MPPT
approaches the power produced by MPPT ANN when Figure 12 shows a graph of the battery charging
irradiance is high. current using MPPT ANN and Non MPPT. Based on the
data, it can be observed that the charging current using
∑ Comparison of MPPT ANN Performance with Non MPPT ANN is greater than the Non MPPT charging
MPPT for Battery Charging. current. The charging current tends to decrease indicating
The next integration test is to compare the the battery is charging. After charging the battery for 120
performance of MPPT ANN that will be compared with minutes, the battery left to stand for about 15 minutes to
Non MPPT in terms of battery charging. The testing check the battery capacity condition (SOC). Table 3 shows
process lasts for 120 minutes, namely at 10:30 - 12:30 with the comparison of the percentage increase in battery SOC.
sunny weather conditions (irradiance around 850 - 960
W/m2).

426
 Table 3. Battery SOC Condition After Charging Process.
SOC Before SOC After Increase
Method
Battery Charging Battery Charging in SOC
Non
15 %
MPPT
24,35 V (55 %) 24,76 (70 %)
MPPT
20 %
ANN
24,33 (55 %) 24,83 (75 %)
Based on Table 3 with a duration of 120 minutes, the
same battery charging between MPPT ANN and Non
MPPT shows a different increase in SOC. For MPPT ANN,
it increased about 20% while Non-MPPT increased about
only 15%. This shows that MPPT ANN has a pretty good
performance compared to Non MPPT.
VI. Conclusion
After going through the process of planning, making,
testing tools, and retrieving data obtained from experiment
this research. It concluded that,
∑ MPPT ANN response needs about 200 ms to reach a
maximum power. However, the short circuit current as
input which shorted the converter about every two
seconds causing MPPT ANN cannot respond directly
when there is an irradiance change in the middle of
taking the Isc value interval. So, the maximum response
time to reach maximum power is 2 seconds.
∑ In the experimental comparison between power
generated by MPPT ANN and power generated by
manual using a sliding resistor, the results indicate that
the MPPT ANN is able to obtain maximum power with
various irradiance conditions.
∑ In the comparison of power between the MPPT ANN
and Non MPPT, it showed that there was a difference
increased power about 0,1 – 12,63 W in each sample of
irradiance conditions.
∑ In the comparison of performance between MPPT
ANN and Non MPPT, it was shown that battery
charging for 120 minutes with MPPT control was able
427
to increase the battery SOC about 20%. While Non
MPPT is only able to increase the battery SOC about
15%.
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