Solar-powered battery charging with

highly efficient buck converter

 
Submitted by;
AM.EN.P2PRE21013– Susan Thambi
Project Guide: Ass. Prof. Dr. Ravikumar Pandi V
AM.EN.P2PRE21010 – Neema C Jayan
AM.EN.P2PRE21019 – Alphy Teresa George
 CONTENT
 Abstract

 Introduction

 System Description

 Block Diagram

 Simulation Parameters

 Simulation Diagram

 Output Waveforms

 Results

 Conclusion

 References
ABSTRACT
 PV array charging battery with buck and MPPT control useful in many areas especially electric
vehicles.

 Instead of using a single buck we use the dual buck converter as a novel feature for improved
efficiency and reduced switching losses as well as practical heating losses.

 The modified perturb & observe (MPO) MPPT algorithm is used to provide suitable duty cycle to
the dual buck converter.

 The dual buck converter will provide the battery bank a large energy capacity, to run at 12V, and a
large output current to handle high power loads.

 Buck converters are used in controlling the charging current supplied to the battery based on the
power obtained from the PV system
INTRODUCTION
 Photovoltaic panels convert solar energy into electrical energy PV energy - clean, inexhaustible, easily harvested.

 Irradiation and temperature in the solar PV system will affect the voltage and power characteristics.

 Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) - track maximum output power, improve the efficiency

 Perturb and observe algorithm (P & O) is used for MPPT tracking

 DC to DC converter is interfaced with the PV panel and the battery.

 Lead acid battery - wide operating temperature range, low self-discharge, long service life, maintenance-free.

 The available PV power is greater and after the step down of voltage happens with which the battery gets charged.

 The PV model, battery model, and the battery charging system designed with dual buck converter is implemented
 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
A) PV Source

 A solar cell generates a voltage around 0.5V to 0.8V depending on the type of semiconductor.

 This voltage can be varied as desired, numbers of cells are connected in series and parallel, to get the
higher voltage and current ratings called PV module.

 Output current of Solar panel PV module Specifications

Ipv = Iph*Np - Io - Ish Rated power 213.15W

Voltage at max. power 29V
Current at max power 7.35A
Open circuit Voltage (Voc) 36.3V

Short circuit current (Isc) 7.84A

No. of series cells (Ns) 1
Circuit Diagram of PV array No. of parallel cells (Np) 1
 B) Perturb and Observe Algorithm

 PV modules cannot produce maximum power all the times - irradiance, temperature varies.

 Extract the maximum power from the cells by the MPPT algorithm -20 to 30% more energy can be
obtained.

 The sign of the last perturbation and the sign of the last increment in the power are used to determine what
should be the next perturbation.

 output power is increasing - voltage shift of the

PV panel is kept in a similar direction

 output power is decreasing then the voltage

of the PV Panel is shifted in opposite direction

 the process continues until MPPT is attained.

FLOWCHART OF P&O
MPPT  Algorithm works on the concept that at maximum

power point derivative of power with respect to panel

voltage is 0.

 P& O algorithm is the most used one.

 Advantages

 Simple

 No previous knowledge

 Easy to implement
 C) Buck Converter
 The most common power converter topology is the buck power converter also called as step-down power converter is
shown, output voltage is always less than the input voltage in the same polarity and is not isolated from the input.
 It uses an inductor and a capacitor as energy storage elements so that energy can be transferred from the input to the output
in discrete packets.
 The advantage of using switching regulators is that they offer higher efficiency than linear regulators. The one disadvantage
is noise or ripple, the ripple will need to be minimized through careful component selection.

Inductor, L 865 uH

Filter Capacitor, C 369.79 uF

DC Link Capacitor 1 mF
dc-dc buck converter
Switching frequency 500 KHz
 
Vin (from PV Array) 200 – 300V
The average output voltage is given by;
Vout 30V

Current Ripple ΔI;

Capacitor value is given by;
D) Dual Buck Converter
 Dual buck converter is same as buck converter, in dual buck, 2 buck converters are connected in parallel with each other.
 Both the converters are operated simultaneously based on the input power availability from the PV panel.
 The buck converters are operated in such a way that constant output power is supplied to the battery for charging.
 The input voltage to battery may be maintained constant and the input current supplied to battery may be varying based
on the power generated from the solar panel.
 The dual buck converter performs the step-down operation for effective battery charging with the power generated from
the PV panel. By using dual buck converter and the MPPT controller effective battery charging, long battery life and
proper utilization of the power generated.
E)Battery
 The best known and most widely used battery for electric vehicles is the lead acid battery. Lead acid batteries are
widely used in IC engine vehicles and as such are well known.
 A lead acid battery is a secondary cell, meaning that it is rechargeable. It contains plates of lead and lead (IV) oxide
in a sulfuric acid solution. The lead (IV) oxide oxidizes the lead plate, making an electrical current.
 The three characteristics that were determined are State of Charge, current and voltage. State of charge (SoC) is the
level of charge of an electric battery relative to its capacity. Initial SoC is 45% in Lead acid battery. Voltage refers to
the amount of electrical potential the battery holds. The nominal voltage is taken as 12V in the system model. A
flow of charge is known as a current and batteries put out direct current, as opposed to alternating current.
 There are three common methods of charging a battery: constant voltage, constant current, and a combination of
constant voltage/constant current with or without a smart charging circuit.

Battery Type Lead Acid

Nominal Voltage 12V
Rated Capacity 100Ah
Lead Acid Battery
Battery Response Time 1s
Initial SOC 45%
BLOCK DIAGRAM
 MPPT algorithm is used to track maximum output power from the solar panel.
 This power will feed into the buck converter for step down of voltage as requirement of
battery
 A DC-DC converter (dual buck step down), serves the purpose of transferring maximum
power from the PV module to the battery.
Simulation diagram
Output PV array characteristics
Output Voltage, current&Power
Buck converter characteristics
Battery SoC, Current, Voltage
 Result
Maximum output power tracked 213W

Switching losses of MOSFETs 0.394mA

MPPT efficiency 96%

Conversion efficiency of dual Buck 82.75%

The SoC can be seen increasing linearly in steps of .0005 from initial value of 45% to a
maximum of 45.004% in a period of 1s.

At time equals to 0.8s the SoC of the battery attains a value of 45.002% as depicted in the
graph.
Conclusion

 The MPPT dual buck converter battery charging model was successfully implemented with
the desired converter and system efficiency.
 The addition of dual buck converter instead of single buck has improved PV system
efficiency in a considerable manner as provided in results and verified by simulation
results and graphs.
 During our design and implementation we were able to analyse how to recharge a battery
model using solar PV with the assistance of MPPT controller.
 This would serve our purpose in designing a better efficient system for battery charging in
real time project too
 Future Scope
 tremendous application potential areas in the future

 in many electric vehicle applications

 battery storage systems due to the intermittent nature of renewable energy resources.

 Energy storage is becoming more appealing in smart grids and this model can be used for such
applications.

 The design of the MPPT controller, should be extended by tracking a larger number of input
parameters which are varying with respect to time such as parameters variations of the system.

 In order to get accurate MPPT point, recent mathematical algorithms such as Z-infinity algorithms
should be implemented which is the future scope of our design in real-world implementation.
References
 1.Esther Glory, Dhivya. P, and Sivaprakasam. Solar Powered High Efficient Dual Buck Converter for Battery Charging.
International Journal of Innovative Research in Electrical,Electronics and Control Engineering.

 2. Masri, Syafrudin; Mohamad, Norizah; Hariri, Muhammad Hafeez Mohamed -.Design and development of DC-DC buck
converter for photovoltaic application[IEEE 2012 International Conference on Power Engineering and Renewable Energy
(ICPERE) 2012 International Conference on Power Engineering and Renewable Energy (ICPERE)

 3. R. Faranda and S. Leva, “Energy comparison of MPPT techniques for PV systems,” WSEAS Transactions on Power
Systems, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 446–455, 2008.

 4. K. H. Hussein, I. Muta, T. Hoshino, and M. Osakada, “Maximum photovoltaic power tracking: an algorithm for rapidly
changing atmospheric conditions,” IEE Proceedings: Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 142, no. 1, pp. 59–64,
1995.

 5.K. Irisawa, T. Saito, I. Takano, and Y. Sawada, “Maximum power point tracking control of photovoltaic generation
system under non-uniform isolation by means of monitoring cells,” in Proceedings of the 28th IEEE Conference on
Photovoltaic Specialists, pp. 1707–1710, September 2000.