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Jar Test Lab Report (Level 2)

Environmental Engineering Laboratory (Universiti Teknologi MARA)

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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

ECW 568
OPEN-ENDED LAB REPORT

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : JAR TEST

DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 06/ 05/ 2020
GROUP : EC2206 C4A
GROUP MEMBERS 1. AINATUL-FATIMA BINTI MD MUROZI ( 2018438002)
2. FATIN ARIFA BINTI MANSOR ( 2018264884)
3. NABILAH BINTI MD ZIN ( 2018694072)
4. NURFAIZA ADRINA BINTI AHMAD KHIR ( 2018693872)
5. SITI AISYAH BINTI ABD MALIK ( 2018402684)

LECTURER : IR. MUHAMAD FUAD SHUKOR

LEVEL OF OPENESS : 2

MARKS COMMENTS
INTRODUCTION
BASIC CONCEPTS
METHODOLOGY 1 2 3 4 5
RESULTS&ANALYSIS 1 2 3 4 5
DISCUSSION 1 2 3 4 5
CONCLUSION 1 2 3 4 5
ORGANIZATION 1 2 3 4 5

TOTAL MARKS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 PREAMBLE

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Objectives

1.3 Learning Outcomes

2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT

2.1 Problem Statement

3.0 WAYS AND MEANS

3.1 Apparatus

3.2 Procedures

4.0 RESULTS

4.1 Results

4.2 Data Analysis

4.3 Discussion

4.4 Conclusion

APPENDIX

REFERENCES

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1.0 PREAMBLE

1.1 Introduction

Water treatment is a process that makes the water more acceptable for a specific end-use,
which may be drinking, industry, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many
other uses. Water treatment should remove existing water contaminants or so reduce their
concentration that their water becomes fit for its desired end-use, which may be safely
returning used water to the environment. Treatment for drinking water production involves the
removal of contaminants from raw water to produce water that is pure enough for human
consumption without any short term or long term risk of any adverse health effect. Substances
that are removed during the process of drinking water treatment include suspended solids,
bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi and minerals such as iron and manganese. The processes
involved in removing the contaminants include physical processes such as settling and
filtration, chemical processes such as disinfection and coagulation and biological processes
such as slow sand filtration. Measures are taken to ensure water quality not only relate to the
treatment of the water but its conveyance and distribution after treatment. It is, therefore,
common practise to have residual disinfectants in the treated water to kill any bacteriological
contamination during distribution. World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines are a general
set of standards intended to be applied where better local standards are not implemented.
More rigorous standards apply across Europe, the USA and in most other developed countries
followed throughout the world for drinking water quality requirements.

1.2 Objectives

This study aims

1. To determine the optimum dosage of coagulant

2. To measure the water quality parameter such as turbidity, pH and colour before and
after the Jar Test.

1.3 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the laboratory activities, students able to

1. Define the term coagulation and flocculation

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2. Identify the optimum dosage of coagulant and correlate with the actual water treatment
process
3. Analyse test data and present the solution in a proper technical format
4. Work in a group to undertake the task and produce the relevant technical report

2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT

2.1 Problem Statement

Surface waters containing colloidal particles are normally treated by coagulation-flocculation

followed by clarification process. In this study, two types of coagulants were given to carry out
a jar test on the collected water samples by using an appropriate apparatus available in the
laboratory.

3.0 WAYS AND MEANS

3.1 Apparatus

1. Jar Test apparatus

2. Beakers of 1000 ml capacity
3. The scaled cylinder of 1000 ml capacity
4. Beaker of 250 ml capacity
5. Turbidity meter
6. Syringes
7. Pipette
8. pH meter
9. Spectrophotometer

10. Aluminium Sulphate

11. Ferric Chloride
12. Water sample (residual discharge)

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3.2 Procedures

1. 25mL of water discharge was taken to evaluate turbidity, pH and color by using
appropriate apparatus before conducting the Jar Test experiment.
2. 1000 ml of water discharge was poured into each beaker.
3. The beakers were then placed at the Jar Test apparatus.
4. The syringes were filled with different quantities of Aluminium Sulphate ( 0 mL, 2 mL,
4 mL, 6 mL, 8 mL, 10 mL)
5. The beakers were labelled according to the Aluminium Sulphate dosage that is going
to be added.
6. For a rapid mixing, the water sample agitated at a velocity of 100 r/min.
7. Proper quantities of Aluminium Sulphate solution were added inside the beaker.
8. The agitation speed was reduced at 40 r/min and let it mixed for 15 min.
9. The completed 15 min of steering the samples were kept in for sedimentation.
10. The flock settling velocity was observed for 10 min.
11. 25 mL of clear liquid was taken carefully from each beaker, the sedimentation flocks
were ensured not to agitate and turbidity was evaluated after conducting Jar Test.
12. Before usage, the turbidity meter container has been washed with distilled water and
well-drained with being careful not to leave residual impurities.
13. The container was filled with the sample which turbidity will be measured.
14. Finally, the turbidity, pH and colour were evaluated by using appropriate apparatus.
15. The experiment was repeated with another coagulant of Ferric Chloride.

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4.0 RESULTS

4.1 Results

Table 1.0: Result Using Aluminium Sulphate as a Coagulant in Jar Test Experiment

Dosage of 0 2 4 6 8 10
Coagulant (mL)
Jar 1 2 3 4 5 6
Parameter (blank)
Turbidity (NTU) 14.0 9.5 6.0 5.7 8.0 13.0
pH 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Color (Pt/Co) 230.0 190.0 100.0 90.0 95.0 110.0

Table 2.0: Result Using Ferric Chloride as a Coagulant in Jar Test Experiment

Dosage of 0 2 4 6 8 10
Coagulant (mL)
Jar 1 2 3 4 5 6
Parameter (blank)
Turbidity (NTU) 14.0 6.5 5.5 6.0 7.0 9.0
pH 5.0 6.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0
Color (Pt/Co) 230.0 130.0 50.0 60.0 100.0 150.0

4.2 Data Analysis

Table 3.0: Optimum Dosage of Coagulant (mL)

Type of Coagulant Aluminium Sulphate Ferric Chloride
Optimum Dosage of
6 4
Coagulant (mL)
Turbidity (NTU) 5.7 5.5
pH 6.5 7.5
Color (Pt/Co) 90.0 50.0

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Table 4.0: Comparison between Standards

National Water
Recommended Drinking Water
Type of Aluminium Ferric Quality
Raw Water Quality
Coagulant Sulphate Chloride Standards
Quality Standards
Class IIA
Turbidity (NTU) 5.7 5.5 1000 5 50
pH 6.5 7.5 5.5 – 9.0 6.5 – 9.0 6-9
Color (Pt/Co) 90.0 50.0 300 TCU 15 TCU 150 TCU

Turbidity (NTU) vs Dosage of Coagulant (mL)

16
14
Turbidity (NTU)

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Dosage of Coagulant (mL)

Aluminium Sulphate Ferric Chloride

Graph 1.0: Turbidity (NTU) versus Dosage of Coagulant (mL)

pH vs Dosage of Coagulant (mL)

8
7
6
5
pH

4
3
2
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Dosage of Coagulant (mL)

Aluminium Sulphate Ferric Chloride

Graph 2.0: pH versus Dosage of Coagulant (mL)

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Color (Pt/Co) vs Dosage of Coagulant (mL)

250

Color (Pt/Co) 200

150

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Dosage of Coagulant (mL)

Aluminium Sulphate Ferric Chloride

Graph 3.0: Color (Pt/Co) versus Dosage of Coagulant (mL)

4.3 Discussion

In this laboratory experiment, the students are required to determine optimum dosage
for two types of coagulants which is Aluminium Sulphate and Ferric Chloride that were used
in the Jar Test. Other than that, this experiment was conducted to measure the water quality
parameter such as turbidity, pH and colour before and after the Jar Test. This experiment is a
laboratory procedure that stimulates coagulation and flocculation with different chemical or
coagulant doses. Widely known that coagulation is a chemical process in which the
destabilization of non-settleable particles take place. These particles will form lumps with the
help of coagulant. While, flocculation can be described as a physical or mechanical process
in which the coagulated clumps or flocs are joined together.

Based on the Table 1.0 and Table 2.0, there is no coagulant was added in the first jar
because they act as a control sample. The data tabulated in Table 3.0 shows that the optimum
dosage of using Aluminium Sulphate and Ferric Chloride is 6 mL and 4 mL respectively. The
value of optimum dose of coagulant can be obtained from the Graph 1.0. It is observed that
the turbidity removal efficiency increased with increased in the dosage of coagulant. To be
noted that the additions of coagulant in the water sample had increasing and decreasing
effects on all the parameters tested in this test. Graph 2.0 shows that, the higher the amount
of Aluminium Sulphate was added in the water sample, the higher the pH value will be.
However, it is different for Ferric Chloride. The graph indicates that the pH will also increase
with the increasing amount of dosage used but after it reached at its optimum dosage, the

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value of pH will decrease. This may due to the reaction of Ferric Chloride with available
alkalinity of sample thus reducing alkalinity much more than Aluminium Sulphate. Next
parameter to be measured is colour. Graph 3.0 illustrates that the colour (Pt/Co) gradually
decreased with the increasing dose of Aluminium Sulphate and Ferric Chloride but starting at
4 mL of coagulants, the colour increased.

Table 4.0 shows the comparison of the result with three different standards. The water
sample is not suitable and not safe as a drinking water because the value of turbidity for both
coagulants is higher compared to the Drinking Water Quality Standard. However, the value is
pass when comparing with the Recommended Raw Water Quality Standard and National
Water Quality Standards. While after comparing all the three standards with the water sample,
the pH value is passed because it still in the range. For colour, the sample’s colour is not
passed the Drinking Water Quality Standard which means the colour might not as clear as the
usual water that people drinks. That is why the water sample is not suitable for drinking. The
recorded samples for turbidity were not significant which makes it placed on either class IIA
or IIB. The students assume that the water as class IIA based on the value from the parameter
obtained.

During the experiment, there are several precautions that the students need to
consider to reduce error while conducting the experiment. First, the students need to make
sure that the bottle used to determine the turbidity is cleaned and dried before use it. Next,
make sure that the equipment to determine the pH value is washed with distilled water first
before pour the water sample into it.

4.4 Conclusion

In conclusion, we have successfully achieved the objectives of this experiment which

is to determine the optimum dosage of coagulant and to measure the water quality parameter
such as turbidity, pH and colour before and after the Jar Test. There are few characteristics
that are usually used to describe the water quality such as physical characteristics, chemical
characteristics and microbiological characteristics. Firstly, physical characteristic relates to the
quality of water for domestic use and usually associated with the appearance of the water,
colour, turbidity, temperature, taste and odour. Next, chemical characteristic are proofed by
their observed reactions, such as comparative performance of hard and soft waters in
laundering. Other than that, microbiological agents are important to public health and may
modify physical and chemical characteristics of the water.

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We only measured the water quality parameter such as turbidity, pH and colour before
and after the Jar Test in this experiment. Turbidity is the presence of suspended material and
is measured in TU (Turbidity Unit) or NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit). It can be concluded
that the turbidity of the water in this experiment is 5.7 NTU and 5.5 NTU. The turbidity of the
water in this experiment passed the Recommended Raw Water Quality Standard and the
National Water Quality Standard but not the Drinking Water Quality Standard. Therefore, we
can conclude that the water is not suitable for drinking water purposes.

pH is one of the most common water quality parameters. pH indicates the water’s
acidity, and it is a measurement of the potential activity of hydrogen ions (H+) in the water.
The pH of the water in this experiment is 6.5 and 7.5. The pH of the water in this experiment
is in the range of the Recommended Raw Water Quality Standard, Drinking Water Quality
Standard and National Water Quality Standard.

Meanwhile, colour is the dissolved organic material from decaying vegetation and
inorganic matter in the water, and it does not affect health. The colour of the water in this
experiment is 90 Pt/Co and 50 Pt/Co. The colour of the water in this experiment passed the
Recommended Raw Water Quality Standard and the National Water Quality Standard but not
the Drinking Water Quality Standard. Therefore, we can conclude that the water is not suitable
for drinking water purposes.

Surface waters must be treated to remove turbidity, colour, and bacteria. The objective
of coagulation process is to turn the small particles of colour, turbidity and bacteria into larger
flocs such as precipitates and suspended particles. Coagulation applies to the removal of
colloidal particles. Somehow, the term has been applied to the removal of dissolved ions.
Furthermore, coagulation is a way to alter the colloids so that they will be able to approach
and adhere to each other to form larger floc particles. The coagulants that will be used in a
water treatment process must be a trivalent cation, non-toxic, relatively inexpensive and
insoluble in neutral pH range. The coagulants that are used in this experiment is Aluminium
Sulphate and Ferric Chloride. It can be concluded that the optimum dosage of coagulants is 6
mL and 4 mL from this experiment.

Next, precipitates will be formed from the chemical reaction during coagulation
process. The precipitates formed must be brought into contact with another to agglomerate
and form larger particles. They are called as flocs. This process is the flocculation process.
The objective of the flocculation process is to bring the particles together so that they will
collide, stick together and form into larger particles to settle.

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APPENDIX

Figure 1.0: National Water Quality Standard

Figure 2.0: Drinking Water Quality Standard

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Figure 3.0: Aluminium Sulphate Used As Coagulant

Figure 4.0: Placement of Jar at the Jar Test Apparatus

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REFERENCES

[1] https://environment.com.my/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Drinking-Water-MOH.pdf

[2] https://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Standard-Kualiti-Air-
Kebangsaan.pdf

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