PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS AND

GENERATORS

GENERAL CONCEPTS

Juan Manuel Gers, PhD

Cali, November 8th and 9th, 2017

 Content
• General concepts

• Fault calculation review

• Current and voltage Transformers

• Relay classification

• Overcurrent Protection Calculation and Settings

• Transformer protection

• Generator protection
Interface and Analysis Software to be used in the
tutorial

• IPScom® Communications PC Software package for

setpoint interrogation / modification, metering, monitoring,
and downloading oscillographic records.

• IPSplot® Oscillographic Analysis Software package

graphically displays, facilitates analysis, and prints
captured waveforms.

• NEPLAN software to analyze electrical/gas/water systems

• All menu-driven, easy to use

 Preliminary

• Faults in power systems occur due to a high number of

reasons such us:

– Lightning
– Aging of insulation
– Equipment failure
– Animal presence
– Rough environmental conditions
– Branch fall
– Improper design, maintenance or operation

• The occurrence of faults is not the responsibility of poor

protection systems. Protective devices are essential in
Power Systems to detect fault conditions, clear them and
restore the healthy portion of the systems.
 Preliminary

• Protection relays sense any change in the signal which

they are receiving, which could be of electrical or
mechanical nature.

• Typical electrical protection relays include those that

monitor parameters such as voltage, current, impedance,
frequency, power, power direction or a ratio of any of the
above.

• Typical mechanical protection relays include those that

monitor parameters such as speed, temperature, pressure
and flow among others.
 Protection requirements

• Reliability: ability to operate correctly. It has two

components:

Dependability
Security

• Speed: Minimum operating time clear a fault

• Selectivity: maintaining continuity of supply

• Cost: maximum protection at the lowest cost possible

 ANSI/IEEE device identification

No. DESCRIPTION No. DESCRIPTION

2 Time-delay relay 60 Voltage balance or loss of potential relay
21 Distance relay 63 Pressure device
24 Overexcitation / Volts per Hertz 64F Field Ground relay
25 Synchronism-check relay 64B Brush Lift-Off Detection
27 Undervoltage relay 100% Stator Ground Protection by Low
27TN Third-Harmonic Undervoltage relay 64S Frequency Injection
30 Annunciator device 67 AC directional overcurrent relay
32 Reverse power relay 68 Power Swing Blocking
37 Undercurrent or underpower relay 69 Permissive relay
40 Field excitation relay 74 Alarm relay
46 Negative sequence overcurrent relay 76 DC overcurrent relay
47 Negative sequence overvoltage relay 78 Out-of-step relay
49 Thermal relay 79 AC reclosing relay
50 Instantaneous AC overcurrent relay 81 Frequency relay
50DT Split Phase Differential 81R Rate of Change Frequency relay
50/27 Inadvertent Energizing 83 Transfer device
50BF Breaker Failure 85 Carrier or pilot-wire relay
51 AC Inverse Time Overcurrent relay 86 Lock out relay
52 Circuit breaker 87 Differential relay
59 Overvoltage relay 94 Auxiliary tripping relay
59D Third-Harmonic Voltage Differential Ratio
ANSI/IEEE vs IEC Nomenclature
Primary and backup protection
Directional Protection
 Example

Breakers Breakers Tripped by Tripped by

Case which which mal- primary backup
operated operate protection protection
F1 1, 2, 4 3 4 1, 2

F2 3, 5, 8 6 - 3, 5, 8

F3 10 - 10 -

F4 8, 11 8 11 -
Workshop
 Workshop

Breakers that Breakers that Tripped by Tripped by backup

Case
operated mal-operate primary protection protection

F1 2, 3, 4, 5 - 2, 5 -

21, 22, 23, 24,

F2 - - -
27

F3 10, 11, 17, 19 - - -

 Relay Evolution

EVOLUÇÃO DAS PROTEÇÕES

 Relay Evolution

Electromechanical Primary Relay

 Relay Evolution
Electromechanical Relay Solid State Relay Microprocessor Relay

Numerical Relay
Numerical Relay Samples
Induction Disk

Torque
Analog

Averaged

Ref
Microprocessor Based

Averaged

A/D μP
Numeric

Direct Samples

A/D μP
 Sampled Waveform

8
1
6
4
Current

2
0 2 Sine Wave
0 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 4 samples/cycle
-2
-4
3
-6
-8

Sample
 DFT

 2   2 
For k = 0 , n=1 cos nk   1 and sin nk 0
 N   N
 2  2 
For k = 1 , n=1 cos nk   0 and sin nk  1
 N  N 
 2   2 
For k = 2 , n=1 cos nk   1 and sin nk 0
 N   N 
 2 
For k = 3 , n=1 cos nk   0 and sin nk 2   1
 N   N 

I DFT 
2
I 0  jI1  I 2  jI 3 
N
 RMS

T
1 2
I RMS  
T 0
x dt

N 1
1
I RMS   IK
2

N k 0
Classification and function of relays

TYPE OF PROTECTIVE FUNCTION

 Overcurrent
 Directional Overcurrent
 Distance
 Over/Under voltage
 Differential
 Reverse Power
 Frequency
 Others
Classification and function of relays

TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

 Electromagnetic

 Solid state

 Microprocessor

 Numerical

 Non-electric (thermal, pressure, etc.,)

 Advantages of numerical relays

• Reliability

• Multifunctionality

• Self-diagnosis

• Event and disturbance records

• Communication capabilities

• Adaptive protection
Configuration of Numerical Relays
Configuration of Numerical Relays
Questions ?