Quiz:

1. Eight branches for indo-european family

2. Old word for gernmanic—teutonic branch
3. Celtic
4. Caesar was earlier
5. Bede
6. Dialects—four
7. West Saxon
8. 8th—Danes invade?
9. 14th black death
10. Literary—chaucer

Chronology 1
55BC Roman invasion of Britain by Julius Caesar (Roman conquest)
AD 43 Roman invasion and occupation. Beginning of roman rule of Britain
436 Roman withdrawal from Britain complete
449 (450) signifies the beginning of old English settlement of Britain by Germanic invaders
begins ( Germanic conquest)
450-480 earlier know OE inscriptions
597 St. Augustine arrived. Beginning of Christian conversion of Anglo-Saxons (the first
archbishop of canterbury)
792 Viking raids and settlements began (Scandinavian)
865 the danes occupied northumbria (began decades before)
1066 William the conquer. Duke of Normandy, incaded and conquered England (Norman
conquest)
C1150 earliest surviving manuscripts in middle English (saved on 羊皮纸等等)
1337 start of hundred years war between England and France
1384 english replaced latin as the language of instruction in most schools trilingual?—only elites
speak French
1362 replaced French as the language of law. English used in parliament for the first time
牲口 anglo-saxon word，放在桌上就用 French
Chaucer
C1400 The Great Vowel Shift—the change in pronunciation of the long vowels of middle English,
began in 15th century, continued into 16th, high vowels were di
1492 Columbus
1476 the first English printing press William Caxton 稳定 spelling
1564 Shakespeare was born
1607 the first permanent English settlement (Jamestone)
1604 earliest dictionary 2500 words Greek, french, latin,
1611 King James Bible published
1616 Shakespeare died
1623 Shakespeare’s first folio was published
1702 the first daily English-language newspaper The Daily Courant was published
1755 Samuel Johnson’s English dictionary—literary quotations 之 前 是 外 来 词 词 典 classic
languages, hard works
1776 Thomas Jefferson American Declaration of Independence
1782 Britain abandoned its American colonies
1788 British penal colony was established in Australia
1828 Webster published his American English dictionary
1922 BBC
1928 Oxford dictionary
1945 American supremacy
1990s-2000s English’s influence

A brief history
450-1150(or 1100) old English
1150-1500 Middle English (1600s Shakespeare)
1500-Modern English

OE—Roman conquest
The use of Latin language
Germanic tribes: Jutes, Saxons, Angles
Seven countries recognized

Foreign influences on Old English

The Norman Conquest

n Toward the close of the Old English period an event occurred that had a greater effect on
the English language than any other in the course of its history. This event was the
Norman Conquest in 1066.
n Edward the Confessor
n Godwin, earl of the West Saxon earldom
n Harold, his eldest son, was elected king after Edward’s death.
n William, the duke of Normandy, was a second cousin to the late king.

Middle English
n During the Middle English period, the literary language began to evolve, culminating in
the compositions of Chaucer, and we see the first signs of a Standard English emerging in
the work of the Chancery scribes in London.
n This period was marked by momentous changes in the English language, changes more
extensive and fundamental than those that have taken place at any time before or since
(e.g. decay of inflectional endings).
以前有很多，现在只有 ed 和 s

If we remove French inference, we may not speak now

第一部词典 A Table Alphabeticall (I)