GEP0370

Air Traffic Management Systems

Eleventh Lesson- aviation safety and security

Cengiz Mesut BÜKEÇ

PhD, aviation management
 overview of
today
❑ aviation safety

❑ aviation security

2
about safety
• What is safety ?
• What safety is not ?
Definition of safety
Safety is the state
in which
the possibility of harm
* to persons or
* of property
* or environment damage is
reduced to, and maintained at or below,
an acceptable level
through a continuing process of
*hazard identification and
*safety risk management.
about safety
• safety is not security

• results of risky behaviors

which are unintentional
safety and related with job process

• results of risky behaviors

security which are intentional and
violent.
about safety
• What is a hazard ?
about safety
• A hazard is:
any existing or potential condition that can lead to
• injury, illness, or death to people,
• damage to or loss of a system, equipment, or property;
• or damage to the environment.
about safety
• What is a risk?
about safety
• A risk is
the composite of
• the likelihood (i.e. probability) of the potential effect of a hazard
and
• predicted severity of that effect.
about safety
• What is an accident?
about safety
An accident is
an unplanned event or series of events
resulting in
• death,
• injury,
• or damage to, or loss of,
• equipment
• property
• nature
about safety
• What is an incident?
about safety
• An incident is
a near miss episode, malfunction, or failure
without accident-level consequences
that has a significant chance of
resulting in accident-level consequences.
about safety
• What is a near-miss ?
about safety
• A near-miss is
any event that could have had bad consequences but did not.
about safety
• What is an unsafe behavior ?
about safety
• An unsafe behavior is
a behavior that is more likely to lead to incidents or accidents.
about safety
• Accidents ocur because «to err is human»

now then late

(before accident) (time of accident) (after accident)
about safety
• What is a root cause?
about safety
• a root cause is
a factor (event, condition, organizational) that contributed to or created
the proximate cause and subsequent undesired outcome
and, if eliminated or modified,
would have prevented the undesired outcome.
 The evolving term: safety
1900s 1990s

•
1970s 2000s

cultural
approaches
organizational
factors
human factors

technical
considerations
 The evolving term: safety
1900s 1990s

•
1970s 2000s

Risk factors could not be controlled reduced

Technical factors main reason for accidents a lot more trustable

Human factors is a part of technical design organizational approach is common

Safety in modern organizations
• medicine

Hazards?
Risks?
Human error?
Accident?
Safety in modern organizations
• Construction companies

Hazards?
Risks?
Human error?
Accident?
Safety in modern organizations
• mining

Hazards?
Risks?
Human error?
Accident?
Safety in modern organizations
• All means of transportation

Hazards?
Risks?
Human error?
Accident?
Concept of safety management systems
• Safety standards
• Evolution of the term safety
• Safety in modern organizations
• Importance of safety in aviation
Free discussion
• Remember the definition of safety:
Safety is the state
in which
the possibility of harm
* to persons or
* of property
* or environment damage is
reduced to, and maintained at or below,
an acceptable level
through a continuing process of
*hazard identification and
*safety risk management.
to rule safety
in an aviation organization…
• everyone in the organization
must
realize
the importance of
safety
to rule safety
in an aviation organization…

Source: Multimodal Safety Management and Human Factors, José M. Anca JR, Ashgate Pub., 2007
to rule safety
in an aviation organization…

• comply with the standards

either by international or national authority
• make audits and have situational awareness
• learn from;
• accidents
• incidents
• audits
• Take precautions
and prevent loses
management should learn
• from
• accidents
• audits
• incidents
management should learn
• from
• accidents
• audits
• incidents
reliable safety data for accidents
could be found in…
• the international statistics by international aviation
authorities
• the national statistics by the national aviation
authority (SHGM)
• statistics by some significant companies
• scientific researches
reliable safety data could be found…
• international statistics by ICAO

documents\statistics\ICAO_SGAS_2012_final.pdf
reliable safety data could be found…
• international statistics by EASA

http://www.skybrary.aero/bookshelf/books/2300.pdf
reliable safety data could be found…
• national statistics by the national aviation
authority (SHGM)

http://istatistik.shgm.gov.tr/site/raporsite.jsp
reliable safety data could be found…
• statistics by some significant companies

http://www.airfleets.net/crash/stat_plane.htm

http://www.boeing.com/news/techissues/pdf/statsum.pdf
management should learn
• from
• accidents
• audits
• incidents
learning from audits …
• what is an audit?
formal reviews and verifications to evaluate
conformity with policy, standards, and contractual
requirements

• internal audit
conducted by the
organization being audited
• external audit
conducted by an entity
outside the organization being audited
learning from audits …
• the audit cycle
identify
standards

monitor
collect
and
data
re-audit

plan
compare
and
to
implement
standards
change
management should learn
• from
• accidents
• audits
• incidents
learning from incidents …
learn from
mandatory
reportings

identify
learn from
voluntary
hazards
reportings and
manage risks

learn from
external
sources
management learns as explained today…
• from
• accidents
• audits
• incidents
reactive proactive

now then
late
(before (time of
(after accident)
accident) accident)
 the safety investigation and prevention

database for accident information

* Highly * Designed around * Traditional analysis

Accident database

Database analysis
Accident investigation
sophisticated traditional categories are clearly outlined
techniques and * Variables are well- and readily
procedures defined and causally performed
accident * Information is related * Frequent analysis
objective * Organization and help identify
* Effective at structure facilitate common mechanical
determining why the access and use and engineering
failure occurred safety issues

feedback

Source: A human error approach to aviation accident analysis, Wiegmann &Shappell, Ashgate Pub., 2005
the safety database may include…
• accident investigation data
• mandatory incident investigation data
• voluntary reporting data
• continuing airworthiness reporting data
• operational performance monitoring data
• safety risk assessment data
• data from audit findings/reports
• data from safety studies/reviews, and
• safety data from other States, regional safety oversight
 the safety investigation and prevention
accident prevention
mitigation

Data Effective
accident Accident
driven prevention
database
research programs

Research sponsors
• Aviation authorities
• Airplane manufacturers
• Academic support

Source: A human error approach to aviation accident analysis, Wiegmann &Shappell, Ashgate Pub., 2005
Never forget !
• management should learn
from
• accidents
• audits
• incidents

• in order to rule safety

in an aviation organization…
everyone in the organization must realize the
importance of safety
end of the lecture today

28/49
 overview of
today
❑ aviation safety

❑ aviation security

50
Aviation Security

❑ Basic Aviation Security Terminology

❑ Legal Considerations in International Air Transportation

basic aviation security terminology
• security means

• aviation security means

basic aviation security terminology
security means
• security may be considered as
assured freedom from poverty or want,
precautions taken
to ensure against theft, espionage or a person or thing
that secures or guarantees
basic aviation security terminology
security implies
• a stable, relatively predictable environment
in which an individual or group may pursue its ends
without disruption or harm and
without fear of such disturbance or injury
basic aviation security terminology
• what is the difference between aviation safety and security ?
basic aviation security terminology
security management
• is the identification of an organization's assets, followed by the
development, documentation, and implementation of
policies and procedures for protecting these assets.
basic aviation security terminology
security management
• an organization uses security management procedures as
• information classification,
• risk assessment, and
• risk analysis

to identify threats, categorise assets, and rate system vulnerabilities

so that
they can implement effective controls.
basic aviation security terminology
aviation security is based on a systematic approach:
• “A Security Management System (SeMS) is there to proactively
develop and maintain an effective oversight and quality assurance
process within your organization.
• It is about taking a systemic approach to managing security risks,
in ways which serve to instill security
in the routine daily activities of an organization and
indeed its very culture.”
Peter Drissell, Director of Aviation Security at the UK CAA.
basic aviation security terminology
the reasons why aviation is targeted:
• loses after an attack are mostly very valuable
• any event about aviation attracts the attention of the media
• the results generally are catastrophic
Aviation Security

❑ Basic Aviation Security Terminology

❑ Legal Considerations in International Air Transportation

Legal Considerations
in International Air Transportation
Legal Considerations
in International Air Transportation
Legal Considerations
in International Air Transportation
Legal Considerations
in International Air Transportation
Legal Considerations
in International Air Transportation
Final words
I wish you a very successful semester!
<3

• Do not hesitate to contact with me

anytime you need assistance
via:
• cengizmesut.bukec@rc.bau.edu.tr
• Office on the terrace floor of BAU OEO building