UNIT 6:

Text Organization 1: Process

Active & Passive Voices
Describing Process
OBJECTIVES:
1. To identify markers of Process
2. To learn Active & Passive Voices
3. To describe process

A. Reading Comprehension: PROCESS

Common signal words or markers for a process are:

Beginning a Process Continuing the Process Ending the Process

(at) first, first(ly), initially, to Second, third step, until, after(ward), Finally, At last
begin with, begin by then, next, later, before, when, while, as
soon as, as, meanwhile

Sample Paragraph 1:

How to Make a Good Cup of Tea

Making a good cup of tea is exquisitely simple. First, the teapot is heated by filling it with water that has
just come to a boil. Then, one teaspoon of loose tea per cup is placed in the teapot. Fresh water that has
just come to a boil is poured into the pot. The tea must now steep for three to five minutes; then it is
poured through a strainer into a cup or mug. A pound of loose tea will yield about two hundred cups of
brewed tea. Using a tea bag eliminates the strainer, but it is still best to make the tea in a teapot so that
the water stays sufficiently hot. Although tea in a pot often becomes too strong, that problem can be
dealt with very easily by adding more boiling water.
(From: Scarry S. and Scary J., 2011: 422)

Sample Paragraph 2

The finishing-off process of mining is called mineral concentration. In this process, the desired
substances are removed from the waste in various ways. One technique is to buble air through a liquid in
which mineral particles are suspended. Chemicals are then added that make them cling to the air bubles.
The bubles rise to the surface with the ore particles attached, and they can be skimmed off and saved.
(From Rogers B, 2001: 402)

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B. Structure: Passive Voice

Basic Form: BE + V3 (Past Participle)

Note: ‘Be’ changes according to 1). Tenses, and 2). Subjects (Singular or Plural)

Past Tense Past Continuous Past Perfect

S + was/were + V3 S + was/were being + V3 S + had + been + V3
The classes were cleaned The classes were being cleaned The classes had been cleaned
yesterday by them. by them. by them.

Present Tense Present Continuous Present Perfect

S + is/am/are + V3 S + is/am/are being + V3 S + have/has + been + V3
The classes are cleaned every The classes are being cleaned The classes have been cleaned
day by them. by them. by them.

Futuret Tense Modals

S + will/to be going to be + V3 S + can/may/must/should be + V3
The classes will be/are going to be The classes must be cleaned by them.
cleaned by them.

Exercise 1: Underline the Passive Verbs in the text below

The energy stored in chemical bonds, which can be released through exothermic reactions is
called chemical energy. Earth abounding with various types of chemicals, the sources of
chemical energy are many, ranging from wood, coal, crude oil to just about any combustible
organic material. Depending on the nature of chemical bonds that are broken by a combustion
reaction, the amount of chemical energy released through a reaction may vary. Crude oil being
made up of a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds, with multiple bonds, is one of the richest
sources of chemical energy. The food we consume contains chemical energy that is derived
through the process of cellular respiration.

Exercise 2: Use the passive to complete the text about “Making Paper”.
First, the tree ……………. (cut) down. Then, the branches ………….. (remove). After that, the trunk
……….. (take) to the sawmill. Here, the bark ………….. (remove) from the trunk and the trunks
…………. ( saw) into logs. The logs ………….. (take) to the paper mill and …………… (place) in the
shredder. Here they ………………. (cut) into small strips and ……………. (mix) with water. After
that, they ……………….. (heat) and …………… (crush).

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C. SPEAKING:

Describing a Process
Describing a process is telling step by step how an activity is done, for example how to set up a
computer network. To do this, you often use the imperative form of verbs (Open, Close, Save, etc.) and
some signal words (Firstly, then, next, after, before, finally) to indicate the steps in the process, for
example: First, plug your computer to the power outlet and then turn it on by pressing the power button.

Exercise
Read this sample text of describing a process and then identify the imperative forms of verbs and the
signal words indicating the sequence of the process

How to Enable or Disable Simple File Sharing in Windows XP

(Adapted from About.com Guide by Bradley Mitchell)

Firstly, open My Computer from the Start Menu or Windows XP Desktop. A new My Computer window
will appear.
Next, open the Tools menu and choose the "Folder Options..." option from this menu. A new Folder
Options window will appear.
Then, click on the View tab and locate the "Use Simple File Sharing (Recommended)" checkbox in the list
of Advanced Settings.
To enable Simple File Sharing, ensure this checkbox is checked. To disable Simple File Sharing, ensure
this checkbox is not checked. Click inside the checkbox to alternately enable and disable the option.
Finally, click OK to close the Folder Options window. The settings for Simple File Sharing are now
updated; no computer reboot is required.

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 EXERCISES (UNIT 6)
Text Organization 1: Process
Active & Passive Voices, Describing Process & Objects

A. Reading Comprehension: Process

Reading 1
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. (13 points)

Line Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to 10 meters high. However
plants can move water much higher, the sequoia tree can pump water to its very top, more
than 100 meters above the ground. Until the end of the nineteenth century, the movement
of water in trees and other tall plants was a mystery. Some botanists hypothesized that the
living cells of plants acted as pumps. But many experiments demonstrated that the stems of
5 plants in which all the cells are killed can still move water to appreciable heights. Other
explanations for the movement of water in plants have been based on root pressure, a push
on the water from the roots at the bottom of the plant. But root pressure is not nearly great
enough to push water to the tops of tall trees. Furthermore, the conifers, which are among
the tallest trees, have unusually low root pressure.
10 If water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, and if it is not pushed to the top of a tall
tree, then we may ask. How does it get there? According to the currently accepted cohesion-
tension theory, water is pulled there. The pull on a rising column of water in a plant results
from the evaporation of water at the top of the plant. As water is lost from the surface of
the leaves, a negative pressure, or tension, is created. The evaporated water is replaced by
15 water moving from inside the plant in unbroken columns that extend from the top of its
roots. The same forces that create surface tension in any sample of water are responsible for
the maintenance of these unbroken columns of water. When water is confined in tubes of
very small pore, the forces of cohesion, the attraction between water molecules, are so
great that the strength of a column of water compares with the strength of a steel wire of
the same diameter. This cohesive strength permits columns of water to be pulled to the
great heights without being broken

A. Choose the best answer.

1. How many theories does the author mention?

A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four

2. The passage answers which of the following questions?

A. What is the effect of atmospheric pressure on foliage?
B. How does water get to the tops of trees?
C. When do dead cells harm plant growth?
D. Why is root pressure weak?

3. What do the experiments mentioned in lines 4 and 5 prove?

A. Cells in plant stems do not pump C. Plant stems die when there is no water
B. Plants cannot move water to high altitudes D. Plant cells regulate pressure within stems

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4. How do botanists know that root pressure is not the only force that moves water in plants?
A. Root pressure decreases in winter
B. Plants can live after their roots die
C. Water in a plant’s roots is not connected to water in its stem
D. Some very tall trees have weak root pressure

5. Which of the following statements does the passage support?

A. Water is pushed to the tops of trees
B. Botanists have proven that living cells act as pumps
C. Atmospheric pressure draws water to the tops of tall trees
D. Botanists have changed their theories of how water moves in plants

6. What causes the tension that draws water up a plant?

A. Evaporation B. Humidity C. Plant growth D. Root pressure

7. According to the passage, why does water travel through plants in unbroken columns?
A. Root pressure moves the water very rapidly
B. The attraction between water molecules is strong
C. The living cells of plants push the water molecules together
D. Atmospheric pressure supports the columns

8. Why does the author mention steel wire in line 18?

A. To illustrate another means of pulling water
B. To demonstrate why wood is a good building material
C. The emphasize the strength of cohesive forces in water
D. To indicate the size of a column of water

B. Cross T if the following statement is TRUE and F if it is FALSE

9. The author gives an example of a plant with low root pressure in lines 6 -7.
10. Plants can move water much higher than 10 meters.
11. Tension occurs before water evaporates from the surface of leaves.
12. The word “there” in line 10 refers to the top of a tall tree.
13. The word “that” in line 14 refers to the plant.

Exercise 2
Read the following text and answer the questions that follow. (10 points)

The large plastic soda bottles that are so common today can actually get recycled into
soft, warm, cuddly jackets and blankets with the feel of fleece. These bottles have generally
been dumped into landfill rather than recycled, but now that is beginning to change. In this
recycling process, the bottles are gathered at a plant, cleaned, and then crushed into tiny
5 chips. The chips are melted and then shaped into long threads. These threads are spun into
yarn and knit into cloth. It can be dyed and made into fabric. The outcome of this process is a
soft and warm cloth that can be made into items of clothing or blankets. It seems rather
incredible that plastic coda bottles can be turned into something so soft and warm. Therefore,
you should look for some of these products in stores and purchase them. They are great
10 products, and they are great for the environment at the same time.

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Choose the best answers.

14. What is the topic of the paragraph?

A. Soft, warm clothing C. Problems in landfills
B. How fleece is obtained D. Recycling soda bottles
15. In the past, what commonly happened to the soda bottles?
A. They were left in landfill areas C. They were recycled
B. They were reused D. They were refilled
16. What can be made out of the soda bottles?
A. Dye B. Warm clothing C. Computer chips D. Glass bottles
17. What does the writer recommend?
A. Buying plastic bottles C. Buying these recycled products
B. Solving the problems in landfills D. Becoming aware of the environment
18. The prefix re- in the word “recycled” in line 1 means ________.
A. without B. again C. full of D. not
19. The part of speech of the word “generally” in line 3 is _________.
A. adjective B. noun C. verb D. adverb
20. The word “It” in line 6 refers to ________.
A. the thread B. the cloth C. nothing D. the chip
21. The word “It” in line 7 refers to ________.
A. fabric B. cloth C. nothing D. thread
22. The part of speech of the word “incredible” in line 7 is _________.
A. adjective B. noun C. verb D. adverb
23. The word “purchase” in line 9 is synonymous with _________.
A. sell B. buy C. make D. Produce

Exercise 3
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow. (17 points)
Par 1 Distillation, the process of separating the elements of a solution, is widely used in industry
today. The two most common methods of distillation are fractional distillation, used in the
preparation of alcoholic beverages, and flash distillation, used for the conversion of ocean
water to fresh water.
Par 2 In fractional distillation a mixture is separated into its various component parts by boiling.
This method makes use of the fact that different elements boil at varying temperatures. For
example, alcohol has a considerably lower boiling temperature than water: the boiling
temperature of water is 212 degrees and the boiling temperature of alcohol is 172 degrees.
Thus, when a mixture of alcohol and water is heated, the alcohol vaporizes more quickly
than the water. The distillate is collected and the process is repeated until the desired purity
has been achieved.
Par 3 Flash distillation does not require high temperatures but instead is based on pressure. In this
process, a liquid that is to be separated is forced from a compartment kept under high
pressure into a compartment kept at a lower pressure. When a liquid moves into the low
pressure chamber, it suddenly vaporizes, and the vapor is then condensed into distillate.

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Choose the best answer.
24. According to the passage, what makes fractional distillation occur?
A. Pressure B. Heat C. Water
25. According to the passage, fractional distillation can occur only if _____________.
A. one element is at a higher pressure than the other
B. the elements of the solution have different boiling temperatures
C. the solution is forced from a compartment at one temperature into a compartment at another
temperature.
26. Which of the following statements about boiling temperatures is TRUE?
A. All elements have the same boiling temperature.
B. Water boils at a lower temperature than alcohol.
C. Water does not boil at as low a temperature as alcohol.
27. According to the passage, in the flash distillation process, what causes the liquid to vaporize?
A. The pressure on the liquid is suddenly changed.
B. The liquid changes compartments.
C. The addition of sea water to a solution causes a chemical change to occur.
28. Which of the following processes would probably involve distillation?
A. Adding a new substance to a mixture.
B. Dividing a pure element into smaller quantities.
C. Removing impurities from a solution.
29. The main purpose of this passage is to ____________.
A. explain how salt water can be turned into fresh
B. describe a scientific process
C. discuss the boiling temperatures of various liquids.
30. According to the passage, what happens when water and alcohol are heated together?
A. Both the water and alcohol evaporate at the same rate
B. The alcohol evaporates from the mixture first.
C. The alcohol cannot evaporate because of the water
31. The word “fresh” in line 4 could most easily be replaced by __________.
A. original B. modern C. non-saline
32. The word “Thus” in line 9 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
A. Therefore B. Furthermore C. However
33. The word “purity” in line 10 means ________.
A. goodness B. cleanliness C. thoroughness
34. The word “vaporizes” in line 14 could best be replaced by ________.
A. becomes gases B. disappear C. solidifies

Decide whether the following sentences are TRUE or FALSE.

35. The topic sentence of paragraph 1 is stated at the first sentence.

36. In paragraph 2, the word “its” refers to a mixture.
37. The phrase “In this process” in paragraph 3 refers to the flash distillation.
38. The part of speech “fractional” in Paragraph 1 is noun.

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39. The part of speech “vaporizes” in Paragraph 3 is noun.
40. The verb form of the word “preparation” in paragraph 1 is “prepare.”

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B. Structure: Passive Voice

Exercise 1
Underline the passive sentences in the paragraph below.
The energy stored in chemical bonds, which can be released through exothermic reactions is called
chemical energy. Earth abounding with various types of chemicals, the sources of chemical energy are
many, ranging from wood, coal, crude oil to just about any combustible organic material. Depending on
the nature of chemical bonds that are broken by a combustion reaction, the amount of chemical energy
released through a reaction may vary. Crude oil being made up of a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds,
with multiple bonds, is one of the richest sources of chemical energy. The food we consume contains
chemical energy that is derived through the process of cellular respiration.

Exercise 2
Choose the best answer.
1. Income tax ……………………..in England in 1798.
A. is introduced B. introduced C. was introduced D. was introducing
2. These souvenirs ………………. by children from the local school.
A. make B. made C. is made D. are made
3. While my car …………………. I wandered around the city.
A. repaired B. was repairing C. was being repaired D. had repaired
4. This is a very popular TV program. Every week it ____________ by millions of people.
A. watches B. is watching C. are watched D. is watched
5. Potatoes, now a major source of food worldwide, __________ to Europe by the Spanish in the
16th century.
A. was brought B. were brought C. have been brought D. brought
6. A variety of plants ____________ in this new area next week.
A. are going to be planted B. will plant C. is going to be planted D. are planting
7. The project ___________ by the students last week.
A. is completed B. was completed C. were completed D. completed
8. In the stringed instruments, the tones ____________ by playing a bow across a set of strings
made of wire or gut.
A. are produced B. are producing C. produce D. have produced
9. Although the machine _____________, it was still operational.
A. has been damaged B. had been damaged C. has damaged D. is damaged
10. Above the snowline, any mountain hollow _____________ with snow.
A. are occupied B. is occupied C. occupies D. is occupying

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11. Several good students ____________ to attend the seminar in Jakarta last week.
A. were sent B. are sent C. have been sent D. sent
12. The lives of beetles’ ____________ into four stages.
A. is divided B. divide C. have divided D. are divided
13. The mid-test _____________ next week.
A. will be held B. holds C. will hold D. was held
14. Bogor Botanic Garden _____________ by many tourists every week-end.
A. are visited B. is visited C. visit D. is visiting
15. While the students were doing their exercise, the Quiz _________ by the teacher.
A. was being prepared B. was preparing C. had prepared D. is prepared
16. One of the students rang the professor tp make sure whether the test ___________ that day.
A. was cancelled B. cancelled C. has cancelled D. had cancelled

17. Botani Square ______________ in 2000.

A. is built B. was built C. were built D. was building
18. A: Can I borrow your motorcycle?
B: I’m sorry. It __________.
A. is repairing B. is being repaired C. repaired D. repairs
19. A: This is a very old building.
B: I wasn’t even born yet when it __________.
A. is built B. built C. was built D. has been built
20. Tenants _____________ not to turn on their radios after midnight.
A. requested B. are requesting C. request D. are requested

Exercise 3
Change the following sentences into ACTIVE or PASSIVE sentences.
1. Problems are not solved easily.

2. The food is going to be served at 8pm.

3. The store is repairing the computer now.

4. A new library building will be built next year.

5. The students handed in the reports

6. I have eaten two pieces of pizza.

7. Some one had stolen the computer.

8. Julie will finish the project next week.

9. Kevin had seen the movie before.

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10. A lock should be put on your bicycle.

11. The company makes glass from sand.

12. Steam powered the first locomotive.

13. Hundreds of people were killed because of the storms last winter.

14. We will use microcomputers in the future.

15. We need two kilograms of potatoes for the experiment.

16. The next space module will be sent to Venus.

17. Aluminum is produced from bauxite.

18. English has been spoken around the world.

19. The color of the solution is changed by adding acid.

20. Gravity keeps the moon in its orbit.

Exercise 4
Use the passive to complete the text about “Coffee”.
Coffee is a very popular drink around the world. People drink it at all times of the day. There are
several kinds of coffee, but I am now going to describe how instant coffee is produced.
First, the coffee beans (41) ……………. (pick) from the trees and (42)……………. (dry) in the sun. Then,
the beans (43) ………………….. (roast) and then cooled rapidly before being (44) ……………….. (grind). The
beans (45) ……………… (mix) with hot water and the mixture(46) ……………. (strain) before it is (47)
……………….. (freeze). Finally, the frozen mixture (48) …………………. (grind) and then dried in a vacuum
before it (49) …………………. (pack) into jars. The coffee is now ready to be (50). …………………… (sell) in
shops.
Instant coffee is not quite as good as real coffee, but it is very popular and saves a lot of time. The
manufacturers have done most of the steps for us!

B. Speaking:
I. Describing Process

Exercise 1
Read the following paragraph describing the process of making chocolate. Then, you write your own
process paragraphand describe it to your partners.

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 Describing a process: Making Chocolate
The process of making chocolate begins with cocoa grinding, in which cocoa seeds are grinded to
produce cocoa liquor. It also results waste products. Then, cocoa liquor either is pressed become cocoa
powder and sold to food industry or is pressed become cocoa butter. Next, industrial chocolate is made
from cocoa liquor or cocoa butter. Finally, sugar and other ingredients are added to refine the industrial
chocolate and produce chocolate bar.

Exercise 2
Read the following example of making a favorite dish. Then write your own favorite dish.
Give a recipe of your favorite dish:
Heat a frying pan with one or two spoons of ghee. Add a cup of rava and heat till it becomes slightly
brown. Keep it aside. Chop two green chillies and two small size onions. Heat the pan with oil and add a
few mustard seeds. Now add the chopped chillies and onions and boil with sufficient water and salt to
taste. Add the rava and go on stirring it, till cooked well. Put a few curry leaves for extra flavor.

Exercise 3
The sentences below describe the process of making chocolate. Put them in the correct order

The Process of Making Chocolate: Scrambled Sentences

1. Harvested twice a year, they contain the cacao bean used to produce chocolate.
2. The chocolate bar begins with a tropical tree, an evergreen called Theobroma Cacao.
3. On arrival, the beans are cleaned, roasted and chopped into bits.
4. The making of chocolate is a lengthy and somewhat complicated process.
5. This process can last for several days because the liquid must be stirred into a fine, smooth syrup.
6. Once the beans have been collected, they are dried and shipped to chocolate factories.
7. The tree bears yellowish flowers and reddish-brown seed-pods, but only the pods interest
chocolate growers.
8. These tiny bits and pieces are then turned into a bitter liquid which is mixed with special, usually
secret, ingredients.
9. The result can be as simple as a chocolate bar or as complicated as an Easter egg.
10. After being heated sufficiently, the chocolate is further sweetened, allowed to thicken and finally
decorated

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