Name: Ma. Charyn Joy C.

Talde
Section: BSN302
2.1 Discuss the pathophysiology of the disease.

Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The circulatory system, also known as the cardiovascular system, is an important organ
system that transports necessary substances to all cells for basic functions to take place. The
cardiovascular system is a network made up of the heart as a centralized pump, blood vessels that
carry blood across the body, and blood itself, which transports various substances. There are two
separate loops: The shorter pulmonary circuit that exchanges blood between the heart and
the lungs for oxygenation; and the longer systemic circuit that distributes blood throughout all other
systems and tissues of the body. Both circuits begin and end in the heart.

The circulatory system is made up of several parts, which includes:

• Heart. This muscular organ works to pump blood throughout your body via an intricate
network of blood vessels.
• Arteries. These thick-walled blood vessels carry oxygenated blood away from your heart.
• Veins. These blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood back toward your heart.
• Capillaries. These tiny blood vessels facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
between your circulatory system and your organs and tissues.

ANATOMY OF THE HEART

The heart of the human body is an organ that pumps blood throughout the body, supplies
oxygen and nutrients and removes carbon dioxide and other wastes. Henry Grey's estimates that
the heart of humans is about the size of the large fist, weighing between 10 and 12 ounces in men
and 8 to 10 ounces in women.
 According to the National Institutes of Health, there are four chambers in the human heart:
two upper chambers (the atria) and two bottoms (the ventricles). The "right heart" is made up of
the right atrium and right atrium, and the "left heart" consists of the left atrium and left atrium.
The two sides of the heart are separated by a muscular wall called the septum.

• The right atrium receives blood from the veins and pumps it to the right ventricle.
• The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs, where it is
loaded with oxygen.
• The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.
• The left ventricle (the strongest chamber) pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body.
The left ventricle’s vigorous contractions create our blood pressure.

The atria are separated from the ventricles by the atrioventricular valves:
• The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.
• The mitral valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle.

Two valves also separate the ventricles from the large blood vessels that carry blood leaving the
heart:

• The pulmonic valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, which carries
blood to the lungs.
• The aortic valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta, which carries blood to the
body.

OVERVIEW OF THE DISEASE

Cardiac arrest has global cellular ischemic effects that impact organ after resuscitation.
Direct cell loss and edema formation are the principal effects. Edema is especially dangerous in
the brain, with no space for expansion, often leading to elevated intracranial pressure and the
resulting reduction in post-resuscitation brain perfusion. A large number of patients who have
successfully been revived show short-term or long-term brain dysfunction through impaired
alertness (from minor agitation to coma), seizures or both.

In adults, sudden cardiac arrest results primarily from cardiac disease (of all types, but
especially coronary artery disease). In a significant percentage of patients, sudden cardiac arrest
is the first manifestation of heart disease. Other causes include circulatory shock due to noncardiac
disorders (especially pulmonary embolism, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, or trauma), ventilatory
failure, and metabolic disturbance (including drug overdose)
 In adults, cardiac arrest is mostly due to heart failure (of all types, but especially coronary
artery disease). Cardiac arrest is the initial manifestation of heart disease in many patients. Other
causes include non-cardiac circulatory shock (particularly lung embolism, gastrointestinal
hemorrhage, trauma), ventilatory failure, and metabolic disturbances (including drug overdose)

Cardiac causes of sudden cardiac arrest are less frequent in infants and children than in
adults. The predominant cause of sudden cardiac arrest in infants and children is respiratory failure
due to various respiratory disorders (e.g., airway obstruction, smoke inhalation, drowning,
infection, sudden infant death syndrome [SIDS]). Other causes of sudden cardiac arrest include
trauma and poisoning.

Cardiac arrest is often followed by a clinical phase deterioration with rapid, low respiratory,
arterial hypotension, and a gradual reduction in mental alertness in critically and terminally ill
patients. In sudden cardiac arrest, collapse occurs without warning, occasionally accompanied
by a brief (< 5 seconds) seizure.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

CARDIAC ARREST

ETIOLOGY PRECIPITATING FACTORS

PREDISPOSING FACTORS
Damage electrical-conduction • Smoking
• Predominant in male
system of the heart • Electrolyte imbalance
• Prevalent in age 55 and
• Diabetes mellitus
above
• Obesity
• History of CAD, Heart
• Recreational drug use
attack, and CAV
Failure of the heart to contract (cocaine,
• Congenital heart defect
effectively. methamphetamine)
• Lack of physical exercise

Absence of the electrical

Severe cardiac arrythmia
activity of the heart

Loss of blood Pulselessness Asystole Impaired blood circulation

pressure

Impaired cerebral perfusion

Ischemia in the brain tissue

 Altered functioning of Inadequate oxygen Altered functioning of
reticular formation in and nutrition reaching Reticular Activating
medulla and pans. brain. System in brain stem
Altered functioning of
reticular formation in
medulla and pans
Apnea Hypoxemia Decrease level of
consciousness.

Infarction

DEATH

References:

Hirsch, L. (Ed.). (2018, September). Heart and circulatory system (for parents) - NEMOURS
KidsHealth.https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/heart.html#:~:text=The%20heart%20is%20a%20pu
mp,to%20pick%20up%20more%20oxygen.

Hoffman, M. (n.d.). Human heart (anatomy): Diagram, function, chambers, location in body.
https://www.webmd.com/heart/picture-of-the-
heart#:~:text=Chambers%20of%20the%20Heart&amp;text=The%20right%20atrium%20receives
%20blood,it%20to%20the%20left%20ventricle.

Lewis, T. (2016, March 22). Human heart: Anatomy, function &amp; facts.
https://www.livescience.com/34655-human-
heart.html#:~:text=The%20human%20heart%20is%20an,be%20active%2C%22%20said%20Dr.

Cardiac Arrest By Robert E. O’Connor, By, O’Connor, R., &amp; Last full review/revision Dec 2019|
Content last modified Dec 2019. (n.d.). Cardiac arrest - critical care medicine.
https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/critical-care-medicine/cardiac-arrest-and-
cpr/cardiac-arrest#:~:text=trauma%20and%20poisoning.-
,Pathophysiology,cellular%20damage%20and%20edema%20formation.

https://www.healthline.com/health/circulatory-system