National Polytechnic School

Department of Electrical Energy IEE6N4 Introduction to Power Systems

Homework 4
Due date: July 3, 2015

1. For the system shown in Figure 1, draw an impedance diagram in per unit, by choosing 100
kVA to be the base kVA and 2400 V as the base voltage for the generators.

Figure 1

2. Three single-phase two-winding transformers, each rated 25 MVA, 38.1/3.81 kV, are connected
to form a three-phase Y–∆ bank with a balanced Y-connected resistive load of 0.6 ohms per
phase on the low-voltage side. By choosing a base of 75 MVA (three phase) and 66 kV (line-to-
line) for the high voltage side of the transformer bank, specify the base quantities for the low-
voltage side. Determine the per-unit resistance of the load on the base for the low-voltage side.
Then determine the load resistance RL in ohms referred to the high-voltage side and the per-unit
value of this load resistance on the chosen base.
3. A 130-MVA, 13.2-kV three-phase generator, which has a positive-sequence reactance of 1.5
per unit on the generator base, is connected to a 135-MVA, 13.2 ∆/115 Y-kV step-up
transformer with a series impedance of 0.005 + j0.1 per unit on its own base. (a) Calculate the
per-unit generator reactance on the transformer base.
4. Figure 2 shows a one-line diagram of a system in which the three-phase generator is rated 300
MVA, 20 kV with a subtransient reactance of 0.2 per unit and with its neutral grounded through
a 0.4-ohms reactor. The transmission line is 64 km long with a series reactance of 0.5 ohms/km.
The three-phase transformer T1 is rated 350 MVA, 230/20 kV with a leakage reactance of 0.1
per unit. Transformer T2 is composed of three single-phase transformers, each rated 100 MVA,
127/13.2 kV with a leakage reactance of 0.1 per unit. Two 13.2-kV motors M1 and M2 with a
subtransient reactance of 0.2 per unit for each motor represent the load. M1 has a rated input of
200 MVA with its neutral grounded through a 0.4-ohms current-limiting reactor. M2 has a rated
input of 100 MVA with its neutral not connected to ground. Neglect phase shifts associated
with the transformers. Choose the generator rating as base in the generator circuit and draw the
positive-sequence reactance diagram showing all reactances in per unit.

Dr. Franklin Quilumba EPN-2015A 1

National Polytechnic School
Department of Electrical Energy IEE6N4 Introduction to Power Systems

Figure 2

5. Consider the single-line diagram of a power system shown in Figure 3 with equipment ratings
given below:

Choose a base of 100 MVA for the system and 132-kV base in the transmission-line circuit. Let
the load be modeled as a parallel combination of resistance and inductance. Neglect transformer
phase shifts. Draw a per-phase equivalent circuit of the system showing all impedances in per
unit.

Figure 3

6. Use Newton–Raphson to find a solution to the polynomial equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 where 𝑦 = 0 and
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 50. Start with 𝑥(0) = 1 and continue until a tolerance of 0.001 is
reached.
7. Use Newton–Raphson to find a solution to

Dr. Franklin Quilumba EPN-2015A 2

National Polytechnic School
Department of Electrical Energy IEE6N4 Introduction to Power Systems

where 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 are in radians. (a) Start with 𝑥1 (0) = 1.0 and 𝑥2 (0) = 0.5 and continue until a
tolerance of 0.005 is reached. (b) Show that Newton–Raphson diverges for this example if with
𝑥1 (0) = 1.0 and 𝑥2 (0) = 2.0.
8. Consider the simplified electric power system shown in Figure 4 for which the power flow
solution can be obtained without resorting to iterative techniques. (a) Compute the elements of
the bus admittance matrix Ybus. (b) Calculate the phase angle 𝜃2 by using the real power
equation at bus 2 (voltage-controlled bus). (c) Determine |𝑉3 | and 𝜃3 by using both the real and
reactive power equations at bus 3 (load bus). (d) Find the real power generated at bus 1 (swing
bus). (e) Evaluate the total real power losses in the system.

Figure 4

9. Determine the bus admittance matrix (Ybus) for the following power three phase system whose
data is shown in the table below. Assume a three-phase 100 MVA per unit base.

Dr. Franklin Quilumba EPN-2015A 3

National Polytechnic School
Department of Electrical Energy IEE6N4 Introduction to Power Systems

10. For the two-bus system shown in Figure 5 with the operating conditions indicated, it is required
to find the equivalent load impedance ZA. Assume the voltage is given in per unit on a 230 kV
basis. Power base is 100 MW.

Figure 5

11. Obtain the power flow solution of the following power system:

12. For the system of Problem 11 with |𝑉2 | = 1.5, verify that the load flow solution is

Comment on the value of the calculated Q2.

Dr. Franklin Quilumba EPN-2015A 4

National Polytechnic School
Department of Electrical Energy IEE6N4 Introduction to Power Systems

13. Figure 6 shows the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with generation at bus
1. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 per unit. The scheduled loads at buses 2
and 3 are as marked on the diagram. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100-MVA
base and the line charging susceptances are neglected.

Figure 6

(a) Using the Newton-Raphson method, determine the phasor values of the voltage at the load
buses 2 and 3 (P-Q buses) accurate to four decimal places.
(b) Find the slack bus real and reactive power.
(c) Determine the line flows and line losses. Construct a power flow diagram showing the
direction of line flow.
14. In the two-bus system shown in Figure 7, bus 1 is a slack bus with 𝑉1 = 1∠0° pu. A load of 100
MW and 50 MVAr is taken from bus 2. The line impedance is z12 = 0.12 + j0.16 pu on a base of
100 MVA. Using Newton-Raphson method, obtain the voltage magnitude and phase angle of
bus 2. Use flat start and perform two iterations.

Figure 7

Dr. Franklin Quilumba EPN-2015A 5