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Bond strength of glass FRP rebar splices in beams under static loading

Article  in  Construction and Building Materials · October 1999

DOI: 10.1016/S0950-0618(99)00037-9

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 Construction and Building Materials 13 Ž1999. 383]392

Bond strength of glass FRP rebar splices in beams under

static loading

Brahim Tighiouart, Brahim BenmokraneU , Phalguni Mukhopadhyaya

ISIS Canada, Department of Ci¨ il Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Uni¨ ersite´ de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec,
´ Canada J1K 2R1

Received 24 March 1999; received in revised form 20 June 1999; accepted 11 July 1999

Abstract

This paper presents the preliminary findings of a research programme to characterise the strength of rebar splices in reinforced
concrete members containing FRP reinforcement. The key parameters are the diameter of FRP rebar and the embedment
length. This is the first paper, originating from an extensive ongoing investigation being carried out by the authors, to gain a
better understanding and develop appropriate design procedure that reflect the changes in bond strength caused by the use of
FRP rebars instead of conventional steel rebars. A total of 16 reinforced concrete beams were tested in flexure. The effects of bar
size Ž12.7 and 15.9 mm. and splice length Ž0.6, 0.7, 0.9, 1.3 and 1.6l d . on the bond strength were critically evaluated. The bond
development length Ž l d . was calculated according to the relevant ACI Building Code ŽACI 318M-95. requirements for steel
rebars in concrete. The test results indicate that a modification factor of 1.3 is necessary for the bond development length of glass
FRP rebars in order to achieve an adequate tension lap splice length. Q 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Bond; FRP; Reinforced concrete; Beam; Lap splice

1. Introduction to resist corrosion in real structures. However, compos-

Premature deterioration of the reinforced concrete
structures due to corrosion in steel rebar has become a
major concern in last few decades. This widespread
degradation has been attributed to the extensive use
of de-icing salts, resulting in the corrosion of the re-
inforcing steel. Parking garages and bridge decks are
especially susceptible to this problem but other facili-
ties such as coastal structures and chemical plants
would also greatly benefit from the provision of corro-
sion free reinforcement. With this consideration in
mind, epoxy coated rebars had been used as reinforce-
ment to concrete but they were found to be ineffective
U
Corresponding author. Tel.: q1-819-821-7758; fax: q1-819-821-
7974.
E-mail address: bbenmokrane@andrew.sca.usherb.ca ŽB. Ben-
mokrane.
ite Fibre Reinforced Polymer ŽFRP. rebars are at
present being considered as a corrosion free alternative
to steel reinforcement w1]3x for reinforced concrete
ŽRC. structures.
Many experimental studies have demonstrated that
some key physical and mechanical behaviour of FRP
rebars are qualitatively and quantitatively very differ-
ent from the properties of steel rebars w4x. Since little is
known about the behaviour of composite rebars, an
extensive research program has been undertaken at the
University of Sherbrooke in order to study the use of
new reinforcements for structural applications.
Field splices of reinforcing bars are often necessary
because of limitations of bar lengths available, require-
ments at construction joints, and changes from larger
diameter rebars to smaller rebars. The most common
method of splicing bars is simply to lap the bars one
over the other. Lapped bars may be either spaced from

0950-0618r99r$ - see front matter Q 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 9 5 0 - 0 6 1 8 Ž 9 9 . 0 0 0 3 7 - 9
384 B. Tighiouart et al. r Construction and Building Materials 13 (1999) 383]392
each other or placed in contact. However, the contact
splices are much preferred since the bars can be wired
together. Bond stresses play an important part in trans-
ferring the forces from one bar to another w5]7x. Thus
the required splice lengths are closely related to devel-
opment lengths. Bond is the basis of composite action
and effectiveness of reinforced concrete, and hence,
the importance of it cannot be overstated.
This paper investigates the bond of glass FRP rebars
to concrete through the means of lap splice. Analytical
and experimental results of 16 concrete beams re-
inforced with glass FRP rebars are presented. The
effects of rebar diameter and splice length on the bond
strength were investigated. In future, other rebars with
carbon fibres ŽCFRP. will also be used to achieve a
better understanding of bond strength development of
FRP reinforcing bars in concrete. Bond properties of
FRP rebars had been already investigated by pullout
and beam tests in previous studies which were a part of
a large-scale experimental and theoretical research
programme on the application of FRP reinforcement
for concrete structures initiated at the University of
Sherbrooke, Canada w5,7x.
2. Experimental program
2.1. Test specimens and material
The glass FRP rebars used in this study contain
continuous longitudinal Type E glass fibres Ž73]78% by
volume. and impregnated with a thermosetting poly-
ester resin matrix. Helicoidal fibreglass strand windings
and sand particles are used to increase bond per-
formance w4x ŽFig. 1.. The dimensions of the glass FRP
reinforcing bars are shown in Table 1, and Table 2
Fig. 1. Geometry of GFRP reinforcing bar ŽTable 1..
Table 1
Detailed dimensions of glass FRP rebars ŽFig. 1. a
db d1 d2 D d1rdb
Žmm. Žmm. Žmm. Žmm.
12.7 12.5 13.5 16.9 0.984
15.9 15.5 16.9 19.6 0.975
a
d b is the nominal diameter; d1 is the diameter without coating; d 2 is the diameter with sand coating; D is the outer diameter; l n is the rebar
pitch; h is the height of ribs; w is the width of strands; and u is the angle of strands.
summarises the mechanical and physical properties of
the glass FRP rebar.
Sixteen reinforced concrete beams, with an effective
span length of 3000 mm, were subjected to a four-point
flexural test. The laps were located in the constant
moment region, resulting from the two symmetrical
point loads applied during testing ŽFig. 2.. The clear
cover to the longitudinal reinforcement was 30 mm and
the side cover to the reinforcement was also 30 mm.
For each concrete batch, six 100 = 200-mm cylinders
were cast to evaluate the concrete properties. Typical
composition and characteristics of concrete are shown
in Table 3. Conventional 11.3-mm plain mild steel
stirrups, spaced at 80-mm crc, were used throughout
the length of the beam, and 10-mm diameter plain steel
rebars were used for compression reinforcements. The
cross-section details of the beams and a photograph
of FRP rebar splices can be seen in Figs. 3 and 4, re-
spectively. The details of 16 tested specimens are sum-
marised in Table 4. The labelling of the specimens, in
Table 4, is given by: the first letter reveals the rebar
diameter as A for 12.7 mm, B for 15.9 mm; the number
after the first letter represents the lap splice length in
millimeters; and the last number is the sample identi-
fication Ž1 for the first and 2 for the second..
2.2. Placement procedure
The concrete was placed in two lifts in the beam
specimens. The first lift was placed in all specimens in a
group before any specimen received a second lift. The
splice region of the beams was filled with concrete at
last during the first lift and at first during the second
lift to ensure that the test region with rebar splice
would have uniform concrete properties. The concrete
inside the mould, after each lift, was vibrated on each
side of the beams at staggered 300-mm intervals.
2.3. Test set-up and instrumentation
For some samples, strain gauges were bonded, fol-
lowing the instruction of the manufacturer, on the
reinforcement surface within the length of the splice,
on both rebars, in order to investigate strain distri-
bution. Strain gauges were also bonded on the concrete
compression surface to monitor strain at the concrete
ln h w u
Žmm. Žmm. Žmm. Žo .
21.4 1.6 3.7 57.5
23.9 1.5 3.7 61.0
 B. Tighiouart et al. r Construction and Building Materials 13 (1999) 383]392 385

Table 2 region between the two loads. Loading was applied in

Mechanical and physical properties of glass FRP rebars
5-kN increments by means of two 200-kN hydraulic
Tensile strength ŽMPa. 700 jacks until failure. After each increment, the crack
Compressive strength ŽMPa. 540 pattern was sketched with dark black ink and crack
Shear strength ŽMPa. 180 widths near midspan were measured with a microscope.
Elastic modulus in tension ŽGPa. 45
Elastic modulus in compression ŽGPa. 40
Strain at failure Ž%. 1.8
Poisson’s ratio in tension 0.28 3. Evaluation of the development length
Poisson’s ratio in compression 0.30
Coefficient of longitudinal thermal expansion Žr8C. 9 = 10y6 The development length was calculated according to
Coefficient of transverse thermal expansion Žr8C. 19 = 10y6 the 1994 ACI Building Code w8x requirements for steel
Density Žkgrm3 . 2000
rebar, as described below.
For deformed steel rebars used in this investigation
Table 3 with clear spacing being developed or spliced not less
Composition and characteristics of concrete than d b , clear cover not less than d b , and stirrups
throughout l d not less than the minimum requirements
Water ŽW. Žkg. 170
Cement ŽC. Žkg. 340
of code Ž300 mm., l d r d b will be as:
WrC 0.5
Sand Žkg. 880 ld 12 f y abl
Aggregate (kg) s Ž1.
14 mm 576
db 25 f cX
'
20 mm 464
Slump Žmm. 115
Air Ž%. 2.0
where: reinforcement location factor s a s 1.0; as less
Density Žkgrm3 . 2380 than 300 mm of fresh concrete is cast below the splice;
Compressive strength ŽMPa. 31 coating factor s b s 1.0, for uncoated reinforcement;
Modulus of elasticity ŽGPa. 29 and l s 1.0, for normal weight concrete.
Unlike steel rebar, the bond strength of glass FRP
surface. All tested beams were instrumented with a rebar to concrete does not increase with the concrete
Linear Variable Differential Transformer ŽLVDT. at strength w7,9,10x. Hence, the concrete compressive
midspan to monitor the deflection. A computer aided strength Ž f cX . is fixed at 30 MPa in this study, and f y is
automatic data acquisition system was used to monitor taken as the glass FRP tensile strength of 690 MPa.
load, midspan deflection as well as strain in concrete Substituting these values in Eq. Ž1., the development
and reinforcement. Each beam was subjected to a length can be written as:
four-point flexural bending test. Loads were positioned
as illustrated in Fig. 2, resulting in a constant moment l d s 60.47d b Ž2.

Table 4
Details of test specimens

Specimen Fraction embedment ls L b d h Cb Cs

length Žmm. Žmm. Žmm. Žmm. Žmm. Žmm. Žmm. Žmm.

A460-1 0.6ld 460 1000 200 252 300 30 115

A460-2 0.6ld 460 1000 200 252 300 30 115
A540-1 0.7ld 540 1000 200 252 300 30 115
A540-2 0.7ld 540 1000 200 252 300 30 115
A1000-1 1.3ld 1000 1000 200 252 300 30 115
A1000-2 1.3ld 1000 1000 200 252 300 30 115
A1235-1 1.6ld 1235 1000 200 252 300 30 115
A1235-2 1.6ld 1235 1000 200 252 300 30 115

B675-1 0.7ld 675 1000 200 251 300 30 124

B675-2 0.7ld 675 1000 200 251 300 30 124
B870-1 0.9ld 870 1000 200 251 300 30 124
B870-2 0.9ld 870 1000 200 251 300 30 124
B1255-1 1.3ld 1255 1000 200 251 300 30 124
B1255-2 1.3ld 1255 1000 200 251 300 30 124
B1545-1 1.6ld 1545 1000 230 401 450 30 124
B1545-2 1.6ld 1545 1000 230 401 450 30 124
386 B. Tighiouart et al. r Construction and Building Materials 13 (1999) 383]392

Fig. 2. Typical loading arrangement.

4. Test results 4.2. Cracking beha¨ iour

4.1. Load transfer

Fig. 5 shows a typical plot of load vs. reinforcement
strain at midspan for beams B1235 and B1545.
The strain gauges were bonded at the centre of rebar
splicing before placing the concrete. As it can be seen
from Fig. 5, the load vs. strain relationship is similar for
each splice bar that indicates a good transfer of the
load up to bond failure. However, there are a few
instances where an apparent temporary drop in strain
can be observed with the increase in load which would
be expected with the development of cracks in the
vicinity of the strain gauge and resulting strain relax-
ation.
Cracking in the constant moment zone consisted
mainly of vertical flexural cracks, while cracks outside
the pure bending or constant moment zone originated
as flexural vertical cracks at a relatively lower load level
but transformed into inclined shear cracks at higher
load. For short embedment length Ž1.3l d ., at the initial
stage the flexural cracks spread over a region well
beyond the constant moment zone and the end of the
splice was generally the initiator. The beams B675 and
B870 showed many initial flexural cracks going outside
the constant moment zone even though the splice
length was entirely limited within the constant moment
zone Ž L s 1 m.. However, for the embedment length of

Fig. 3. Cross-sections of the beams Žsection AA..

 B. Tighiouart et al. r Construction and Building Materials 13 (1999) 383]392
Fig. 4. Details of FRP rebar splices.
1.6l d , the initial flexural cracks remained within the
constant moment span of the beam and it was only at a
much higher load level when such cracks appeared at
the end of the splice.
From the observations made in this study, it can be
said that an increase in the splice embedment length
decreases the span of cracking zone of the beam and
diminishes the number of cracks. When the longest
embedment length is used, very few cracks, if any, go
beyond the end of the splice. Hence, the load would
therefore be carried almost entirely by four rebars
Žsplicing. instead of two, explaining partially the
changed pattern of crack characteristics with the rebar
splice length.
4.3. Ultimate moment capacities
Table 5 shows the experimental and the theoretical
ultimate moment capacities of the reinforced concrete
beams. The theoretical ultimate moment was calcu-
lated using the limit state design equations w8x, derived
from stress and strain distributions as shown in Fig. 6,
and assuming the continuous presence of longitudinal
bars Ži.e. adequate splice length. as:
a monstrated similar results w11]13x, showing an average
Mtheor s Af y dy
ž /
2 experimental ultimate moment of 39.5 kN m.
where as b 1 c, and
387
b 1 s 0.85y 0.00714Ž f cX y 30.
The experimental moment was calculated as:
Mexp s PL Ž4.
It can be seen in Table 5, with respect to theoretically
predicted ultimate failure moment values, that the
beams with shorter embedment length failed more
prematurely than the beams with longer embedment
length. For an embedment length smaller than l d , it
becomes too large for rebars to provide an effective
tension resistance at a higher load level. Splitting and
bond failure then takes place before the reinforcement
is allowed to develop its complete tensile strength.
When the embedment length is increased above l d , a
significant change in the experimental ultimate mo-
ment is observed and it becomes very close to the
theoretical ultimate moment ŽTable 5.. If the dead load
contribution is added to the experimental ultimate
moment capacity then the beams using the 12.7-mm
rebars would be considered to have reached their
theoretical ultimate moment capacities with embed-
ment length equal to 1.6l d . Identical beams reinforced
with continuous 12.7-mm glass FRP rebars have de-
Ž3.
With an embedment length of 1.3l d , the B1255 beam
series show that the ultimate moment of re-
388 B. Tighiouart et al. r Construction and Building Materials 13 (1999) 383]392
Fig. 5. Typical load]strain curves of rebars spliced at center.
sistance capacity is greater than the value predicted by
the theory and a similar trend was also observed for
identical beams using continuous longitudinal bars in a
previous study reported elsewhere w13x. However,
theoretical prediction of ultimate moment capacity
takes into account only approximately 80% of the rebar
ultimate tensile strength and that might be the reason
for higher experimental moment of resistance values.
The load-deflection response of these beams w14x indi-
cate that a splitting failure occurred following the fail-
ure of the concrete in the compression face since no
regain of elastic deflection had been recorded. The
crack patterns observed in these beams also support
this phenomenon. Deeper beams are therefore re-
quired to lower the actual reinforcement ratio and
insure that an ultimate failure of the beam occurs
without splitting the concrete at the tension face.
For beams B1545-1 and B1545-2 with a 1.6l d lap
splice length and an increased cross-section depth of
450 mm , the experimental failure moment values ex-
ceed the theoretical ultimate moment capacity by ap-
proximately 25%. No similar beams reinforced with
continuous 15.9-mm glass FRP bars are available for
comparison. However, other tests on glass FRP re-
inforced concrete beams had shown an experimental
ultimate moment exceeding approximately 15% of the
theoretical ultimate moment w15x.
From the observations made in this study, it can be
said that an embedment length of 1.6l d is sufficient to
develop the rebar tensile strength in glass FRP rebars
used in this investigation. However, considering the
availability of glass FRP bars with various strength and
surface texture, it would be only logical to suggest at
this stage that further tests would be required to justify
the validity or modify this value for different types of
glass FRP rebars.
4.4. Bond strength
It is well known that glass FRP rebars have lower
bond strength than steel rebar. While the bond failure,
in the case of steel rebar, occurs due to the crushing of
the concrete at the rib or lug of the rebar, but for FRP
rebars it occurs due to shearing off of the helicoidal
windings by the surrounding concrete w5]7x.
Using the limit state design equations w8x, adapted to
glass FRP, it is possible to calculate the tensile strength
of the glass FRP rebar at failure, considering that the
spliced rebar is acting as one continuous rebar ŽTable
6.. The tensile strength divided by the surface of the
rebar enclosed within the splice length gives the aver-
age bond stress at the glass FRP rebar and concrete
interface.
It can be clearly observed in Table 6 that the average
bond stress decreases with the increase of embedment
length. At high bond stress, a bond failure occurs
before the rebar reaches its tensile strength. The ideal
embedment length would therefore be the length
necessary to develop the rebar tensile strength through
bond. However, that may not be desirable for FRP
rebars, in a real structure, in order to avoid brittle and
sudden failure of the FRP reinforced concrete struc-
ture. If the splicing length is longer than the required
development length, a proportion of the load can be
carried by the spliced bars, acting no longer as only one
continuous bar. According to Table 6, this will be
accomplished at 1.6l d .
4.5. Modes of failure
According to the theory and assuming the use of
continuous longitudinal rebars, all the beams re-
inforced with 12.7-mm diameter rebars and two beams
ŽB1545-1 and B1545-2. with a cross-section depth of
450 mm should have failed by the breaking of the
 B. Tighiouart et al. r Construction and Building Materials 13 (1999) 383]392 389

Table 5
Experimental and theoretical ultimate moments of beams splices
X
Specimen Actual Balanced fc Mexp Mtheor Mode
reinforcement reinforcement ŽMPa. ŽkN m. ŽkN m. of failure
ratio Ž%. ratio Ž%.

A460-1 0.50 0.60 42.0 32.2 41.4 Splitting

A460-2 0.50 0.60 42.0 33.5 41.4 Splitting
A540-1 0.50 0.60 42.0 29.1 41.4 Splitting
A540-2 0.50 0.60 42.0 37.9 41.4 Splitting
A1000-1 0.50 0.56 37.0 39.1 41.1 Splitting
A1000-2 0.50 0.56 37.0 39.1 41.1 Splitting
A1235-1 0.50 0.68 55.0 41.0 41.9 Splitting
A1235-2 0.50 0.68 55.0 40.4 41.9 Splitting

B675-1 0.80 0.61 42.5 51.6 55.9 Splitting

B675-2 0.80 0.61 42.5 52.1 55.9 Splitting
B870-1 0.80 0.61 42.5 52.1 55.9 Splitting
B870-2 0.80 0.61 42.5 56.1 55.9 Splitting
B1255-1 0.80 0.56 37.0 79.1 52.8 Compression
B1255-2 0.80 0.56 37.0 84.1 52.8 Compression
B1545-1 0.43 0.68 55.0 133.8 107.1 Splitting
B1545-2 0.43 0.68 55.0 139.4 107.1 Splitting

Fig. 6. Strain and stress distribution in a RC beam cross-section.

Table 6
Bond stress of GFRP rebars splices

Specimen Tensile force ŽT .a Normal stress Ž fy .b Bond stress Ž m .c

ŽkN. ŽMPa. ŽMPa.

A460-1 64.0 505 3.73

A460-2 65.7 518 3.83
A540-1 56.3 445 2.52
A540-2 75.0 592 3.35
A1000-1 78.3 618 1.96
A1000-2 78.3 618 1.96
A1235-1 81.0 640 1.65
A1235-2 80.1 633 1.63
B675-1 105.0 529 3.11
B675-2 106.0 529 3.14
B870-1 107.0 539 2.44
B870-2 116.0 585 2.64
B1255-1 173.4 873 2.77
B1255-2 186.3 938 2.98
B1545-1 170.5 859 2.21
B1545-2 178.0 896 2.31
a
T s Mexprjd.
b
f y s TrA.
c
m s Trp d b l s .
390 B. Tighiouart et al. r Construction and Building Materials 13 (1999) 383]392

Fig. 7. Typical splitting failure of concrete.

rebars in tension, as they are under-reinforced ŽTable
5.. In the same way, the beams reinforced with 15.9-mm
rebars and with a 300-mm cross-section depth should
have failed, like an over-reinforced concrete section, by
concrete crushing in compression zone. However, since
the object of this study is to investigate the bond
strength of splices, no continuous longitudinal rebars
were used and all beams failed by the splitting of the
concrete except for B1255 beams where a compression
failure of the concrete occurred. Fig. 7a,b show a
typical splitting failure of concrete.
In practice, the discontinuity and stress concen-
 B. Tighiouart et al. r Construction and Building Materials 13 (1999) 383]392 391

tration at the each end of a tension lap splice induce length of glass FRP rebars embedded in concrete
early cracking and splitting from both ends. For short in a reinforced concrete beam.
embedment length, the high bond stress produces split- 2. As the embedment length increases, the cracking
ting cracks at the initial cracking stage. For long em- zone and the number of cracks decrease which
bedment length Ž1.6l d ., splitting cracks at the end of then cause larger crack spacing and thus wider
splice do not occur until the mid to final stage of cracks for the same applied moment.
cracking, just prior to failure. 3. At a splice or embedment length of 1.6l d , the
ultimate capacity of the glass FRP rebar reinforced
4.6. Modification factor concrete beam can be achieved.
4. When the splice length is 1.6l d , the bond stress
Previous evaluation of results for both development permits the development of the complete glass
length and splice tests showed that the same par- FRP rebar tensile strength.
ameters influence the length requirements in both cases 5. All beams failed by the splitting of concrete at the
w16x. For this reason the same expression is used to end of the lap splice except for B1255 beams where
determine the development length and splice length. a compression failure of the concrete occurred.
However, the splice length must and always be larger 6. A modification factor of 1.3 should be considered
than the development length for a single bar. for the development length of glass FRP rebars.
Lap splices of steel deformed bars in tension are
classified in two classes, Ž1. Class A and Ž2. Class B,
depending on the reinforcement stress at the splice and
the fraction of total reinforcement spliced w8x. Most of Acknowledgements
the lap splices of deformed bar in tension are classified
under Class B. For tension steel reinforcing bars, ACI The National Research Council of Canada ŽNRC. at
code w8x requires the minimum lap length, for Class B Ottawa, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Re-
splice, of 1.3 times the development length. search Council of Canada ŽNSERC. and the Canadian
It is also to be noted that classification w8x of lap Network of Centres of Excellence ŽISIS-Canada. are
splice type ŽA or B. depends on the design stress of the gratefully acknowledged for their financial support. The
rebar in the splice within a lap length, and not on the experimental work was conducted with the collabor-
type of rebar. Hence, quite logically, the minimum lap ation of Mr. Claude Dugal, technician at the Depart-
length for class B splice should stay at 1.3l d , irrespect- ment of Engineering, University of Sherbrooke.
ive of the type of rebar Ži.e. FRP or steel.. However,
the development length of a rebar changes with the
type of rebar. For instance, epoxy-coated steel bars Appendix A
show a lower bond strength than the regular steel
variety and this is taken into account by applying a
coating factor to increase the minimum embedment A.1. Con¨ ersion factors
length. Hence, from the available results on lap splice
length in this study, the modification factor for the
development length of glass FRP rebars would be 1.3 25.4 mms 1 inches
Ž1.6r1.3s 1.23; rounded upward.. Unlike steel rebars, 1 kNs 224.8 lbs
glass FRP rebars do not yield before failure. Previous 1 MPa s 145 psi
studies recommended to use only approximately 30%
of the glass FRP rebar tensile strength w17x for design
purpose. Hence, a glass FRP rebar modification factor A.2. Notation
of 1.3 should therefore be considered to be safe.
t s mean bond strength ŽMPa.
A s surface on the rebar Žmm2 .
C s compressive load on the concrete ŽN.
5. Conclusions c s distance from extreme compression fibber to
neutral axis Žmm.
Experimental results of 16 glass FRP splice re- Cb s clear cover Žmm.
inforced concrete beams are reported in this paper. Cs s clear bar spacing Žmm.
The following logical conclusions can be drawn from d s effective depth Žmm.
the observations. db s nominal rebar diameter Žmm.
f cX s 28-day compressive strength of concrete
1. A good load transfer exists within the tension splice ŽMPa.
392 B. Tighiouart et al. r Construction and Building Materials 13 (1999) 383]392
fy s effective yield strength of FRP rebars ŽMPa.
L s shear span Žmm.
ld s development length Žmm.
ls s splice length Žmm.
P s applied load per jack ŽN.
T s tensile load on the reinforcement ŽN.
z s distance between the resultant tensile and
compressive loads Žmm.
a s bar location factor
b s coating factor
l s bar size factor
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