Chem 1020 - Mid-Term Review PDF - 2019-10-22

Chem 1020: General Chemistry-I(B)
Both the PPTs and the Video of this Review Session

will be available on CANVAS!
Mid-Term Review
6:00 – 7:30 pm, Tue, 22 Oct. 2019
LT-A
Professor Xiao-Yuan LI ( 李曉原）

Department of Chemistry
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Fall 2019
Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

Pre-Mid-Term Exam Support and Assistance:
Review Session (by Prof. Xiao-Yuan LI)
 Time/Date: 18:00 – 19:30, Tue., 22 Oct 2019
 Venue: LT-A
 Content: Outlines/guidelines and some working examples
Tutorial Session (by Miss Elaine WONG)
 Date: 14:30 – 15:30; Wed., 23 Oct 2019
 Venue: LT-L (CYT Building)
 Content: Examples of testing questions will be demonstrated.
Office Hours (by Miss Elaine WONG)
 Time/Date: 14:30 – 16:30, Wed./Fri, 23/25 Oct. 2019
 Venue: Rm-4524
Special Help (by appointment)
 Contact the I.A. : Miss Elaine WONG, wylelaine@ust.hk, Rm-4524
 Contact the Instructor: Prof. LI, chxyli@ust.hk, Rm-4516

Chem 1020: Mid-Term Review
In this Review Session, the following information about the Mid-Term Exam
will be provided:
 General information about the Mid-Term
 Topics covered and the weight of each chapter
 Intended-Learning-Outcomes(ILOs) and key questions for each chapter
 Style of questions, the level of difficulty and some examples

 General information about the Mid-Tem Exam:

• CONTENT: Chapters 1 to 4
• TIME/DATE: 19:00 – 21:00; Monday, 28 Oct. 2019
• VENUES: LT-A (Section L1: for last name starting with “A to Y”)
!!Seating Plan!! LT-B (Section L2: for last-name starting with “A to S ”)
LT-F (Section L1: “Z”; Section L2: “T to Z”)
• FORMAT: Close book
• PROVIDED: Periodic Table and Important Constants
• BRING-ALONG: HB Pencil and an eraser.
• FORDIDDEN: No calculator! No mobile-devices!
• WEIGHT IN COURSE GRADE: 50%

Coverage and Weight Distribution of Each Chapter
 The coverage and weight of each chapter in Mid-Term Exam:
CHAPTER TOPIC WEIGHT (%)

(100% total)
Chapter 1 Chemical Foundations ~ 15

Key Word:
Chapter 2 Atoms
Atomic Structure and!Periodicity ~ 40
Chapter 3 Bonding: General Concepts ~ 20

Key Word:
Chapter 4 Bonding
Molecular ! Orbitals
Structure and ~ 25
 For each chapter, ~ 20% of questions in Exam paper were selected from
HW assignments.

A Kind Reminder
Please be kindly reminded that the course requirements
include BOTH the textbook-based reading assignments and
Q/E assignments AND lecture-based supplement materials
(Lecture-PPTs).
 The textbook
(Reading assignments and Q/E assignments)
 Lectures and Lecture PPTs
(A supplement not replacement for your textbook)
Your preparation for the Mid-Term Exam would be severely
handicapped if you focus ONLY on the lecture-PPTs and omit
the textbook which covers ALL the reading assignments and
Q/E assignments.

Preparation for the Mid-Term Exam
 For each and every chapter, focus on the following materials
1. Textbook: 2. Textbook: 3. Lecture PPTs:

reading assignments end-of-chapter exercises
Li
Zumdahl & Zumdahl (2nd Ed.) Homework Assignments
Reading Assignments Exercises & Review Questions Lecture PPTs & Videos
 Definitions; On CANVAS: On CANVAS:

 Working Examples;  Model Answers(Long Answers);  Additional information;
 For Review: Check-list In TEXTBOOK:  Some re-organization;
 Review Questions;  More elaborations;
 Problem-solving strategies.
 Short Answers for HW.  Highlights and emphasis.

 Topics covered in the Mid-Term:

For each and every chapter, we outline
 Its weight (%) in the Mid-Term Exam.
 The Intended-Learning-Outcomes(the key questions).
 Required calculations(no need for calculator).
 Working examples.

Chapter 1: Chemical Foundations (~ 15% weight)
Intended-learning-outcomes(ILOs):
 Scientific Method and Chemistry:
1. Be able to describe the general steps in scientific method;
2. Be aware of the roles and differences between observation, hypothesis, experiment,
measurement, theory, model, natural law;
3. Be aware of what chemistry is all about at macroscopic and microscopic scales.
4. Be aware of the scale-dependent behaviors of substances;
 Five atomic models and their experimental foundations:

5. Be able to describe the three fundamental chemical laws and the first (Dalton’s) atomic model;
6. Be able to describe Gay-Lussac’s law of combining volumes and Avogadro’s hypothesis,
as well as their implications and significance for the first atomic theory (Dalton’s);
7. Be able to describe five models for atomic structure and their respective key experimental
foundations and the atomic property on which the models were proposed;

Chapter 1: Chemical Foundations (~ 15% weight)
Intended-learning-outcomes:……(continues)
 Modern view of atomic structure: Overall pictures
8. Be able to describe the composition of atom in terms of sub-atomic particles and the key
experimental evidences;
9. Be able to describe the concept of isotopes;
10. Be able to provide the qualitative and semi-quantitative physical description of atomic
structure in terms of length scale and mass density of sub-atomic components;
11. Be able to write the correct symbols of atoms;

Chapter 2: Atomic Structure and Periodicity (~ 40% weight )
Intended-learning-outcomes(this is one of the key chapters of this course):

 Classical and non-classical behaviors of particles and light( a thought revolution!):
1. Be able to describe the classical and nonclassical behaviors of light (wave);
2. Be able to describe the classical and nonclassical behaviors of matter (particle with mass);
Energy
Wave behavior Particle behavior Quantization
Electromagnetic wave wavelength (l) Mass & momentum Ephoton = hn = ( hc/l )

( light ) ( l = c /n ) ( E = mc2; p = h/l = hc/n )
Matter wavelength (l) mass & momentum DEgap = hn = ( hc/l )

( particles ) ( l = h/p )
Key Information:
Both light(without rest mass) and matter(with rest mass) display non-classical behaviors, including
 wave~particle duality;
 energy quantization;
 energy~mass equivalence.


 The main merits and limitations of Bohr model of atomic structure:
3. Be able to describe the Bohr model of atomic structure both qualitatively and quantitatively,
and aware of its experimental evidences as well as its limitations;
 Quantum mechanical model of atomic structure:

4. Be aware of the main points of the Quantum mechanical model of atomic structure;
5. Be aware of the origin and physical meaning of atomic orbitals;
6. Be able to describe atomic orbitals in atom by three quantum numbers, and be aware of their
respective relationship with the spatial quantization of electron motion in atom;
7. Be familiar with the graphs of the radial and angular functions of atomic orbitals;
8. Be able to specify the shape and orientation of an atomic orbital for a given set of three
quantum numbers;
9. Be able to recognize the graphic representations of atomic orbitals;
10. Be familiar with the symbols of atomic orbitals;


11. Be familiar with the concept of spin of electron in atom and its associated quantum numbers,
as well as their experimental evidences;
12. Be able to specify the state of an electron in atom by four quantum numbers and the Pauli
exclusion principle;
13. Be familiar with the relative energy levels of AOs in H atom and H-like atoms, and the
determinant factor;
14. Be familiar with the terms associated with AOs such as “shell” (or level) and “sub-shell”
(or sub-level);
15. Be able to describe the number of AOs and electrons allowed in each shell and subshell;
16. Be aware of the electron-electron correlation problem in multi-e atoms and its consequence,
namely, the atomic orbital concept for a multi-e atom is an approximation, and that there is
no exact solution to the Schrodinger equation of any multi-e system;
17. Be able to describe the penetration effect and the shielding effect and their origins, as well
as their consequences to the energy levels of atomic orbitals in a multi-e atom;
18. Be able to use the concept of the effective nuclear charge in a multi-e atom to qualitatively
discuss relevant problems;


 The periodic table of elements and the periodic trends of atomic properties:
19. Be familiar with the periodic table of elements and its basic structure in terms of the
electronic configurations of atoms ( s-, p-, d-, and f-block ) ;
20. Be familiar with the periodic table in terms of the periods (the rows) and the groups (the
columns);
21. Be able to use the Aufbau principle, Madelung’s rule and Hund’s rule to write the
electronic configurations of multi-e atoms, especially the main group elements;
22. Be familiar with the exceptions to the electronic configurations predicted by the Aufbau
principle and Madelung’s rule ;
23. Be able to tell the “core shell” and “valence shell” of an electronic configuration of an atom;
24. Be familiar with the names, symbols, and electronic configurations of the first 4 periods of
elements in the periodic table (the first 36 elements);
25. Be familiar with the structure of the periodic table in terms of the “blocks”;
26. Be familiar with the structure of the periodic table in terms of the names of the
representative “groups”;


27. Be familiar with and able to rationalize the periodic trends of the three observed properties,
i.e., the ionization energy (IE), electron affinity (EA), and atomic size (ratom) of elements;
28. Be familiar with and able to rationalize the periodic trends of the defined properties such as
electronegativity (cp ), metal/nonmetal character, and the effective nuclear charge (Zeff);
29. Be aware that it is the number and type of valence electrons that primarily determine an
atom’s chemical behavior, especially its chemical bonding with other atoms.;
30. Be aware that the elements in the same group ( the same column) have the same number
and type of valence electrons, and the same electronic configuration, and therefore are
expected to display similar chemical behaviors;
31. Be aware that the elements in the same block are expected to be chemically more similar to
each other than with the elements in other blocks;
32. Be familiar with the typical properties of the alkali metals;
33. Be familiar with the typical properties of the halogen non-metals.

Intended-learning-outcomes: Calculations in Chapter-2
 1. Equation that relates the energy of a photon with its frequency(or wavelength)
 2. Equation that calculates the energy of orbits in Bohr model for H-atom
 : Required qualitatively.
 : Required quantitatively.

Chapter 3: Bonding - General Concepts ( ~ 20% weight )
Intended-learning-outcomes :
 Chemical bonds: the nature, the driving force and main types.
1. Be able to describe the nature of chemical bonds;
2. Be able to describe the driving force for the formation of chemical bonds among atoms;
3. Be able to describe the main types of chemical bonds;
 Ionic bonds:
4. Be familiar with the important attributions in ionic bond and ionic compounds, including
ionic electronic configuration, ionic radius, and lattice energy;
5. Be familiar with the isoelectronic series of ions;
6. Be able to write the chemical formula for ionic compounds ( ionic solids );
 Covalent bonds:
7. Be able to describe a chemical bond in terms of bond length, bond energy and bond polarity;
8. Be able to discuss the bond polarity (and types of chemical bond) in terms of the
electronegativity differences between two bound atoms;
9. Be familiar with the concept of dipole moment, and its use in bond polarity;

Intended-learning-outcomes(Chapter 3 continues … ):
10. Be aware of the relation between bond polarity and molecular polarity;
11. Be aware of the representation of the charge polarity in molecules by the charge distribution
diagram, the electrostatic potential diagram, and the permanent dipole moment
12. Be able to estimate the partial ionic character in a polar covalent bond;
 Models for covalent bonding:

13. Be aware of the nature of a model, and the model-dependent description of covalent bonds;
14. Be aware of the main assumptions and limitations of the localized electron bonding model;
15. Be familiar with the concept of bond energy, and its use in discussing bond length, and bond
strength, and in prediction of reaction energy change;
Localized electron bonding model-1: Lewis structures
16. Be familiar with the rules in writing Lewis structures and the exceptions;
17. Be familiar with the concept of resonance, and how to write resonance structures;
Conventional rules and terminologies:
18. Common ways to represent compounds.
19. Rules and terminologies in naming compounds (covalent and ionic).

1. Equation that relates bond energy with electronegativities of the two bound atoms
 2. Equation that calculates the lattice energy of binary ionic solid

 3. Equation that calculates the percentage of ionic character in a polar covalent bond
4. Equation that calculates the formal charge on an atom when assessing Lewis structure
 5. Equation that calculates the reaction energy from bond energy

 : Required quantitatively.
 : Required qualitatively.
: Not required.

Chapter 4: Molecular Structure and Orbitals (~ 25%)
Intended-learning-outcomes: key concepts

 Localized electron bonding model-2: the VSEPR model
1. Be able to use the VSEPR model to predict molecular shapes;
2. Be able to judge if a molecule is dipolar from its shape (symmetry) and the bond
polarity.
 Localized electron bonding model-3: the atomic orbital hybridization
3. Be able to use the hybridization method to determine what atomic orbitals from
each atom are involved in bonding of a given molecular shape;
4. Be able to determine the type of hybridization of an atom in a given molecular
structure(or shape).
 Molecular orbital theory: a delocalized electron bonding model
5. Be able to describe the limitations of the localized electron bonding model;
6. Be aware of the main assumptions in molecular orbital theory;
7. Be able to describe how MOs are formed;
8. Be able to describe how MOs are classified and designated;

Intended-learning-outcomes: key concepts ……continues

9. Be able to construct MO energy diagram for homo-diatomic molecules;
10. Be able to construct MO energy diagram for hetero-diatomic molecules;
11. Be able to write down electronic configuration of a diatomic molecule according
to MO energy diagram;
12. Be able to determine the bond order and bond strength of diatomic molecules;
13. Be able to determine the type of bond(s) (s or p) in diatomic molecules;
14. Be able to judge if a molecule is paramagnetic or diamagnetic;
15. Be able to indicate the HOMO and LUMO orbitals in diatomic molecules;
 Combination of Molecular Orbital Model and Hybridization Model:

11. Be able to combine the hybridization model (for sigma bond) and molecular orbital
model (for pi bond) to describe the bonding in simple poly-atomic molecules;
12. Be able to describe the main differences between the localized electron bonding
model and molecular orbital model.


1. Equation that relates bond order with the number of net bonding electrons
𝐍𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐬 − 𝐍𝐨.𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐬

Bond order =
𝟐

 About the questions/problems in the Exam paper

 The style of questions/problems.
 The sources of questions/problems.
 The level of difficulty.
 Examples

About the questions/problems in the Mid-Term Exam:
 Style of Questions and Problems:

 Main Objective: to assess the concepts qualitatively;
 The style of questions/problems: Multiple Choices.
 Source of Questions in Mid-Term:

 Reading assignments (the textbook);
 Homework(Q/E) assignments (the model-answers on CANVAS system).
 My lecture PPTs (on the CANVAS system);
 Level of Difficulty:
 At the similar/lower level of the Questions/Exercises in the Homework
Assignments.

Working Examples: Chapter 1
Question: The very first atomic theory, Dalton’s atomic model, was based
on the observations on which of the following atomic properties ?
(A) Atoms contain electrons;
(B) Atoms contain nuclei;
(C) Atoms contain protons;
(D) Atoms contain neutrons;
 (E) Atomic masses.

Question: Bohr’s planetary (or shell) atomic model was built on the earlier atomic
models as well as which of the following experimental observations ?
(A) Three fundamental chemical laws;
(B) Thomson’s Cathode-ray tube experiment ;
(C) Millikan experiment;
(D) Rutherford’s a-particle scattering experiment;
 (E) Hydrogen emission/absorption spectra.

Question: Wave-particle duality of electrons in atoms can be explained by

which of the following atomic model(s) ?
(A) Dalton’s atomic model ( Billiard-ball model );
(B) Thomson’s atomic model (Plum-pudding model) ;
(C) Rutherford’s atomic model (Nuclear model );
(D) Bohr’s atomic model ( Planetary model ) ;
 (E) Quantum mechanical model of atomic structure.

Question: In quantum mechanical model of atomic structure, an atomic

orbital can be represented as
(A) A mathematical function called wavefunction obtained from
solving the Schrodinger equation for the atom;
(B) A set of three integers called quantum numbers;
(C) A graph depicting the angular part of the wavefunction;
(D) Two of above;
 (E) All three above.

Question: How many electrons can be accommodated in the f subshell of

the 5th shell (n = 5) ?
(A) 5;
(B) 7; For f-subshell, l = 3,
(C) 10; the number of AOs in f-subshell = 2l + 1 = 7,
 (D) 14;
(E) 25.
The number of electrons in f-subshell = 2 x 7 = 14.

Question: Two atomic properties, normally one decreases while another

increases from the top to bottom in the periodic table. The two
atomic properties could be
(A) Ionization energy and electron affinity;
(B) Ionization energy and atomic radius; 
(C) Electron affinity and atomic radius; 
 (D) Two of above;
(E) All of above.

Question: Choose the compound with the most “ionic bond” character
F
(A) LiCl O
 (B) KF
(C) NaCl Reference
Level
H
C
N
Cl
Br
(D) LiF I
(E) KCl
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Fr

Question: Choose the molecule with the strongest covalent bond.
(A) F2
 (B) Cl2
(C) Br2
(D) I2
(E) All are equal.

Question: Which of the following has an incomplete octet in its Lewis structure?
(A) SO2
(B) ICl 5 + 6 = 11 e, an odd number !
(C) CO2
(D) F2
 (E) NO

Question: Which of the following atoms cannot exceed the octet rule in a molecule?
 (A)
(B)
(C)
N
S
P
(D) I
(E) All of the atoms (A-D) can exceed the octet rule.

Question: According to the VSEPR model, XeF4 is

(a) of tetrahedral shape
(b) of octahedral shape
F F
(c) of square planar shape Xe
 (d) of square pyramidal shape F F
(e) of seesaw shape.
Hyper-valent on Xe!
(Steric number = 6 )

Question: The hybridizations of C and S atoms in CS2 are, respectively,
(a) sp and sp
(b) sp2 and sp2
S C S
 (c) sp and sp2
(d) sp and sp3
(e) sp2 and sp3 sp2 sp sp2
 The number of “the effective pairs” determines the type of hybridization (and the
number of AOs required for hybridization) :
No. of
“ effective pairs ” 2 3 4 5 6
Hybridization sp sp2 sp3 sp3d sp3d2
AOs s + pz s + (px + py) s + (px + py + s + (px + py + pz) + dz2 s + (px + py + pz) +

(dz2 + dx2-y2)
pz)
Shape Linear Planar Tetrahedral Trigonal octahedral

trigonal bipyramidal
For a free multi-e atom: For a bound multi-e atom:
 Es < Ep < E d  Esp < Esp2 < Esp3 Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST
Question: The hybridization of C atoms in benzene(C6H6) is

(a) sp H sp2
 (b) sp2
(c) sp3
H
C
C
C
H
(d) sp and sp2 on alternative carbons C C

H C H
(e) sp2 and sp3 on alternative carbons H
Question: Consider the following Lewis structure of a molecule
 sp2 !
4
Which statement about the molecule is false?

a. There are 10 sigma (s) and 2 pi (p) bonds.
b. C-2 is sp2 hybridized with bond angles of ~ 120°.
 d.c. Oxygen is sp3 hybridized.

This molecule contains 28 valence electrons.
e. There are some H–C–H bond angles of about 109° in the molecule.

Example: Several questions about cyanide anion (CN-, isoelectronic with N2) from its
molecular orbital (MO) energy-level diagram.
MO energy-level diagram Q-1: Ground state electron configuration ?

CN-: (s2s)2 (s2s*)2 (p2p)4(s2p)2
s*2p
p*2p Q-2: HOMO ? s2p
2p
Q-3: LUMO ? p2p*
2p
s2p Q-4: Number of unpaired electrons ? 0
p2p Q-5: Diamagnetic or paramagnetic ? diamagnetic
Q-6: Bond order? (8 – 2)/2 = 3
s*2s
2s Q-7: Bond-order of s bond? (4 - 2)/2 = 1
s2s 2s
Q-8: Bond-order of p bond? (4 – 0)/2 = 2
C atom CN- N atom Q-9: On which atom the “-” charge is mostly located?
( 2s22p2 ) Molecule ion ( 2s22p3 ) on “N “ atom !
Q-10: why E(s2p ) > E(p2p)? Large s-p mixing
for B2, C2, N2 for CO, NO, BF for O2, F2, Ne2+
( large s-p mixing ) (medium s-p mixing ) ( small s-p mixing )
Chem 1020: General Chemistry I(B)
Review Session for Mid-Term Exam
Q&A
Prof. Xiao-Yuan li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

Chem 1020: General Chemistry I(B)
END

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Chem 1020: General Chemistry-I(B)

Both the PPTs and the Video of this Review Session

Professor Xiao-Yuan LI ( 李曉原）

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

 General information about the Mid-Term

 Topics covered and the weight of each chapter

 Intended-Learning-Outcomes(ILOs) and key questions for each chapter

 Style of questions, the level of difficulty and some examples

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

 General information about the Mid-Tem Exam:

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

 The coverage and weight of each chapter in Mid-Term Exam:

CHAPTER TOPIC WEIGHT (%)

Chapter 1 Chemical Foundations ~ 15

Chapter 3 Bonding: General Concepts ~ 20

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

1. Textbook: 2. Textbook: 3. Lecture PPTs:

 Definitions; On CANVAS: On CANVAS:

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

 Topics covered in the Mid-Term:

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

 Five atomic models and their experimental foundations:

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

Intended-learning-outcomes(this is one of the key chapters of this course):

Electromagnetic wave wavelength (l) Mass & momentum Ephoton = hn = ( hc/l )

Matter wavelength (l) mass & momentum DEgap = hn = ( hc/l )

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

Intended-learning-outcomes(this is one of the key chapters of this course):

 Quantum mechanical model of atomic structure:

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

Intended-learning-outcomes(this is one of the key chapters of this course):

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

Intended-learning-outcomes(this is one of the key chapters of this course):

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

Intended-learning-outcomes(this is one of the key chapters of this course):

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

Intended-learning-outcomes: Calculations in Chapter-2

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

 Models for covalent bonding:

Intended-learning-outcomes: Calculations in Chapter-3

 2. Equation that calculates the lattice energy of binary ionic solid

 5. Equation that calculates the reaction energy from bond energy

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

Intended-learning-outcomes: key concepts

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

Intended-learning-outcomes: key concepts ……continues

 Combination of Molecular Orbital Model and Hybridization Model:

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

Intended-learning-outcomes: Calculations in Chapter-4

𝐍𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐬 − 𝐍𝐨.𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐬

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

 About the questions/problems in the Exam paper

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

 Style of Questions and Problems:

 Source of Questions in Mid-Term:

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

 (E) Atomic masses.

Prof. Xiao-Yuan Li, Dept. of Chemistry, HKUST

 (E) Hydrogen emission/absorption spectra.