Biofuels

ISSN: 1759-7269 (Print) 1759-7277 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tbfu20

Microbial fuel cell, the Indian scenario:

developments and scopes

Rushika Patel, Purvi Zaveri & Nasreen S. Munshi

To cite this article: Rushika Patel, Purvi Zaveri & Nasreen S. Munshi (2017): Microbial fuel cell,
the Indian scenario: developments and scopes, Biofuels, DOI: 10.1080/17597269.2017.1398953

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2017.1398953

Published online: 26 Dec 2017.

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 BIOFUELS, 2017
https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2017.1398953

Microbial fuel cell, the Indian scenario: developments and scopes

Rushika Patel, Purvi Zaveri and Nasreen S. Munshi
Institute of Science, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India – 382481

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

The growth of developing countries such as India depends on the generation of energy Received 2 May 2017
required for industrial and agricultural sectors, and the energy-use efficiency of their processes. Accepted 4 October 2017
In the current energy crisis it is now a major concern of governments and researchers to look KEYWORDS
for alternative and sustainable sources of energy for the future. Fuel cell technologies offer Microbial fuel cell; electricity
dual-purpose solutions for electricity generation and wastewater treatment. This review gives generation; wastewater
insight into the basic functioning of microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology and its current status treatment; electrogenic
in India. Researchers have put in efforts toward the development and optimization of single, bacteria; hydrogen
dual and stacked fuel cells using various Gram-negative heterotrophic bacteria and marine production
algae. These cells are no longer restricted to lab studies; field applications are now being
Downloaded by [RMIT University Library] at 00:59 02 January 2018

planned by researchers. This review looks into details of MFCs developed by research groups of
India from the perspective of structure, configuration, substrate, various electrogenic bacteria
and, ultimately, the output generated. This allows the reader not only to know the current
status but also to understand limitations, loopholes and further scope of development in the
field of MFC technology.

Background toward MFCs. In the next 50 years insufficient results

were obtained regarding better understanding and
The energy crisis and environmental protection are
working principles of the MFC. Development of media-
major issues addressed by researchers globally. Pro-
tor-less MFCs gave a second boost to the field of MFC
spective economic growth in India critically depends
research. From then on, optimization of various com-
on the future availability of energy from inexpensive
ponents and development of electrical components
and accessible energy sources. India has reached
have helped in proving MFC a promising technology
alarming levels of energy crisis due to population
worldwide [2]. Keeping pace with global development
growth, requiring immediate attention. India will be
of the energy sector and wastewater treatment,
the fifth largest electricity producer and consumer in
researchers from India have also been contributing to
the world by 2022, with 1905 TW [1]. Due to its low
the MFC field. MFC is a device that uses microorgan-
land-to-population ratio, the use of land for production
isms as the catalysts to oxidize organic and inorganic
of biofuel producing plants is not a viable option. Wide
matter and produce hydrogen or current. When com-
utilization of renewable resources such as solar and
pared to other biofuels, MFC stands alone with a
wind power has been introduced and implemented in
unique ability to produce energy (either electricity or
the policies of the government of India. The use of
hydrogen production) from renewable resources such
green energy is an alternative to fossil fuels, but strate-
as wastewater. With a total of 36,400 million liters per
gic waste management remains unaddressed in each
day (MLD) of wastewater generated by various sectors,
commercial sector. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are elec-
this has attracted the attention of the Indian scientific
trochemical devices functioning on metabolic abilities
community to serve multiple purposes using MFCs.
of microorganisms to oxidize organic substances and
The objectives of MFC research include reduction of
generate flows of electrons serving the dual purpose
treatment expenditure, simplifying implementation
of waste management and energy generation. At the
conditions and generation of a green environment.
beginning of the nineteenth century, M. C. Potter first
MFC technology has been successfully implemented at
conceptualized the production of electricity using
a large scale in Queensland, Australia [3 ]. Reviewing
microorganisms, but unfortunately did not receive any
the status of MFC research in India will increase
appreciation for this idea. Later, Barnet Cohen built a
researchers’ understanding of this technology and
number of microbial half-fuel cells connected in series,
guide them toward unfulfilled requirements and future
which were able to produce over 35 volts; this develop-
focus areas.
ment drew the attention of the research community

CONTACT Nasreen S. Munshi nasreen.munshi@nirmauni.ac.in, nasreenhaque@hotmail.com

© 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
 2 R. PATEL ET AL.
Functioning of MFC
Structurally, MFC consists of anode and cathode
chambers connected by an external circuit and sep-
arated by a salt bridge or proton exchange mem-
brane (PEM). In the anode chamber, microorganisms
accomplish the decomposition of a given organic
substance and generate electrons (e¡) and protons
(H+). Transfer of electrons from organism to elec-
trode is driven either by membrane-bound qui-
nones and cytochromes of electrogenic bacteria (in
case of mediator-less MFC) or by mediators such as
methylene blue. In the cathode chamber is a termi-
nal electron acceptor (usually oxygen) where pro-
tons and electrons form molecules of water. The
electrons are conducted to the cathode by an exter-
nal circuit, and protons are conveyed through the
salt bridge or PEM. The potential difference gener-
ated during the process may be measured with a
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multimeter. The presence of oxygen in the anode
chamber has been reported to be inhibitory; thus,
for the generation of large potential difference, oxy-
gen scavengers are usually added to anode cham-
bers to create anaerobic conditions, whereas
cathode chambers are aerobic in nature. The follow-
ing are equations for MFC using acetate as a sub-
strate (Equations 1 and 2).
Anodic reaction:
C2 H4 O2 þ 2H2 O ! 2CO2 þ 8e þ 8Hþ (1)
Cathodic reaction:
2O2 þ 8e þ 8Hþ ! 4H2 O (2)
It is evident from the structure that MFC is a mul-
tidisciplinary subject and needs expertise from vari-
ous technical lines to function optimally. This
multifaceted technology can be considered from
various angles for reviewing the literature; however,
within the scope of this paper we will discuss the
basics of fuel cells and summarize the development
of MFCs from the perspective of various designs
constructed, and various anolytes, catholytes and
electrogenic microorganisms used by researchers in
India.
Design of MFC
An ideal MFC device is single or dual chambered and
consists of anodic and cathodic chambers made up of
plastic polymer, glass or Plexiglas, with appropriate
electrodes of graphite plates/rods/brush/flet, carbon
paper, carbon-cloth, platinum or reticulated vitreous
carbon (RVC), etc. Of the numerous types of MFCs con-
structed, double-chambered, single-chambered and
stacked-type MFCs have been investigated in India
and reported on periodically.
Dual-chambered MFC
Dual chambered MFCs (DC-MFCs) are easy to construct
and have been widely explored in India by various
research groups. Jadhav and Ghanghrekar [4] studied
two dual-chambered MFCs which were constructed
from acrylic sheets, where the anode surface area,
anode orientation, and position of effluent pipe were
investigated. MFC-1 and MFC-2 were provided with
stainless steel wire mesh squares with total surface area
of 167 cm2 and 100 cm2, respectively. Electrodes were
placed at the bottom of the reactor. PEM was used as a
separator in the system and the maximum power den-
sity generated was found to be 56.87 mW/m2 using syn-
thetic wastewater as anolyte in MFC-2. The experiments
were conducted for comparison between catholytes
such as variations of KMnO4 and tap water [4].
Later on, the same research group also studied the
impact of temperature and pH on the efficiency of
MFC functioning. They found that a higher tempera-
ture range favored higher Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD) removal efficiency, reaching as high as 90%, but
produced lower current (0.7 mA) and Coulombic effi-
ciency (CE, 1.5%). At a lower temperature range,
although the COD removal efficiency of the MFC
decreased (59%), it gave higher current (1.4 mA) and
CE (5%) values. Such studies are important for under-
standing MFC behavior under field conditions with
actual stressed conditions [5].
The use of perplex glass for construction of DC-MFC
chambers was reported by Agarwal et al. [6]. The micro-
bial community present in wastewater served as microor-
ganisms for conversion of organic matter and electricity
generation in 5-L capacity (20 £ 20 £ 16 cm3) chambers.
Anode and cathode chambers were filled with wastewa-
ter and phosphate buffer, respectively. These chambers
were connected by a salt bridge and graphite plates were
used as electrodes. The same setup was also run with the
addition of 5% dextrose as a carbon source, and it was
observed that the current output was much higher in the
presence of the additional substrate.
Jayendrakishore et al. (2012) reported the usage of
pencil graphite in DC-MFCs made up of plastic contain-
ers of 1.2-L capacity, in the absence of membrane and
mediator [7]. The anode chamber contained wastewa-
ter as a substrate, which was collected from the Sri
Ramaswami Memorial (SRM) University’s wastewater
treatment plant. The two chambers were connected
internally with a salt bridge and externally with wire
and a voltmeter. Variations in the number of electrodes
used per operation were 10, 20 and 30, and the maxi-
mum current production of 269 mA was obtained with
30 pencil graphite electrodes.
 BIOFUELS 3

Figure 1. Schematic representation of double-chambered microbial fuel cell construction: (A) using a proton exchange membrane
(PEM) as separator; (B) using a salt bridge as separator [8].

Zaveri et al. (2016) constructed a dual-chambered H- and a carbon felt electrode. The anode was filled with
type DC-MFC with synthetic wastewater having synthetic wastewater containing sodium acetate as the
sucrose as anolyte, with graphite electrodes and E. coli sole source of carbon, and mixed anaerobic sludge
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as the MFC culture, and showed the suitability of such after heat treatment at 100 C for 15 min as a source of
an MFC for treatment of industrial wastewater [8]. Dif- microbial consortium. Various percentages of montmo-
ferent separators such as an anionic exchange mem- rillonite or kaolinite were used as a cation exchanger. It
brane, a cationic exchange membrane and a salt was observed that the ceramic separator has low resis-
bridge were used to investigate performance of the tance, less oxygen diffusion and greater long-term sta-
DC-MFC for the treatment of combined industrial efflu- bility of operation [9]. Many more parameters can still
ent of South Gujarat. Figure 1 shows a DC-MFC with (A) be modified and improved in dual-chamber construc-
an ion exchange membrane and (B) a salt bridge. The tions. There is scope for improvement in almost all
salt bridge was found to be the best candidate for sta- components of the dual-chambered MFC.
ble voltage output, with high Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD) and COD reduction achieved [8].
As electron transfer from organism to electrode Single-chambered MFC
plays a very important role in the working of MFCs, var-
ious forms of graphite such as rod, sheet, brush and In a single-chambered microbial fuel cell (SC-MFC), the
blade types are used to enhance the surface area of anodic chamber is connected to a porous, air-exposed
electrodes. cathode, separated by a PEM (Figure 2) or gas diffusion
Pathak and Mahadwad constructed a DC-MFC with layer.
five carbon and graphite rods (or blades) in a single Three SC-MFCs were constructed using plexiplex
chamber as electrodes with distinct surface areas. Dif- material with 320 mL capacity, having inlet and
ferent surface areas used in system were 64.46 cm2 for
the small rod, 176.43cm2 for the large rod, 210.43 cm2
for four blades, 267.20 cm2 for six blades and
486.60 cm2 for eight blades [1]. The anode chamber
was filled with 300 mL inoculated sludge and 700 mL
wastewater collected from the Upflow Anaerobic
Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor and from the influent
stream of the Sewage Treatment Plant, Tapovan,
Nashik, treating 78 MLD, respectively. Potassium per-
manganate was used as a catholyte and the two cham-
bers were separated by a PEM. With different
electrodes, viz. carbon rod, graphite rod, four-blade
graphite, six-blade graphite and eight-blade graphite,
open-circuit voltages generated were 0.741, 1.023,
1.183, 1.351 and 1.431 V, respectively. Ghadge and
Ghangrekar [9] constructed a DC-MFC with variation in
separators. In this study, a low-cost ceramic separator
was used instead of a PEM or salt bridge. DC-MFCs Figure 2. Design of SC-MFC. (PEM: Proton Exchange
were designed using a transparent polyacrylic material Membrane).
 4 R. PATEL ET AL.
outlet ports and the chamber separated by PEM, by
Mohan et al. [10]. Graphite plates with surface area
of 70 cm2 were used as electrodes. In this study, an
anaerobic mixed consortium was used as the inocu-
lum and the effect of biofilm formation on graphite
anodes was investigated. The operation was done
in fed-batch mode. Designed synthetic wastewater
and chemical wastewaters were used as substrate,
with 1.67 and 1.81 kg COD/m3/day organic loading
rates, respectively, to investigate substrate degrada-
tion and power generation in the presence of bio-
film on the anode electrode. Concentrated
orthophosphoric acid (88%) was added to wastewa-
ter to achieve pH 6 for inhibition of methanogenic
bacteria and to sustain acidogenic bacteria during
the process. An air cathode was used and the
anode and cathode were connected with copper
wire. The partially developed biofilm or fully devel-
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oped biofilm on the surface of the anode evidenced
the positive influence on degradation and electricity
production. This study also showed the role of bio-
film in the enhancement of electron transfer in the
absence of a mediator.
Unique SC-MFC devices were constructed, with a
distinct design of the anodic chamber, by Khare and
Bundela [11]. The SC-MFC was designed with plastic
chamber of 2-L capacity, a carbon electrode, a salt
bridge as a separator and methylene blue as the medi-
ator for transfer of electrons to the anode. Four differ-
ent types of wastewater, obtained from biscuit and
potato processing factories, cow dung and vermicom-
post from Jabalpur, were used as carbon sources. The
system was operated for 7 days and generated maxi-
mum voltages of 356, 258, 174 and 357 mV from bis-
cuit and potato processing factories, cow dung and
vermicompost, respectively. This study demonstrated
that MFCs are self-sufficient devices that can success-
fully generate elecricity from organic waste and reus-
able waste materials.
An air-cathode SC-MFC was assembled using a
baked clayware cylinder with 26-L capacity which
had three compartments (lower, middle and upper)
and three sample collection ports. The outer wall of
the cylinder was coated with carbon ink (carbon
powder with MnO2 catalyst) and comprised of three
different cathodes called the separator electrode
assembly. The air-cathode SC-MFC can be con-
nected in series (Figure 3), individually or in parallel.
The anode was made of carbon felt with 0.44 m2
surface area. The anodic chamber was filled with
4.87 L of anaerobic sludge after providing combined
pretreatment of acid and heat where synthetic
wastewater with sucrose was used as carbon source.
COD varied from 0.5 to 2.0 g/L in the wastewater.
The maximum power of 17.85 mW was achieved at
0.375 V (47.25 mA) with 78% COD removal.
Fourteen months of stable performance reveals the
viability of MFC for field applications [12].
Stacked MFC
A small-scale single MFC does not generate sufficient
power to be used in even low-consumption devices.
Using a number of MFCs connected in series or in par-
allel is one way to increase power generation for spe-
cific applications (Figure 4). A novel configuration of
stacked MFCs was adapted for continuous and high
electricity production by Aelterman et al. [13]. In this
type of construction, individual MFCs’ CE is not altered,
but together they increase the total current output. A
stacked MFC was designed with three MFCs, fabricated
using polyvinylchloride (PVC), to have a two-compart-
ment system with 100 mL working volume per cell
[14]. A dual-gas diffusion cathode was used in this
study. VITO-CoRETM cold-rolled gas diffusion electrodes
(GDEs) were used as cathodes on both side of MFCs,
whereas carbon cloth was used as the anode. Ion-per-
meable separators were used as connectors. Ambient
air was fed at the catholyte via the GDE at an overpres-
sure of 5 mbar. Farm manure was used as biocatalyst
after pretreatment with 2-bromoethane sulphonic acid
(BESA). Anodic chambers were filled with diluted dark
fermentation effluent. This study displayed a continu-
ous increase in voltage up to a maximum of 2.12 V,
contributing to a power density of 3163 mW/m3 with 2
kV external resistance. Increased treatment efficiency
(82%) was achieved as compared to individual systems
(»60%) when run in continuous mode.
Such structural modifications play a very important
role in achieving improvements in open-circuit voltage
generated by MFCs. However, physicochemical condi-
tions under operation, and the scale of operation, also
are contributing factors to cells’ voltage output.
Microbes used in MFC
The catalyst being exploited in MFCs is a live microbial
population, microbial consortia or pure isolated forms.
Being exposed to a diverse array of organic substances,
microbial communities present in marine sediment, soil,
wastewater and activated sludge have proved to be effi-
cient inocula for use in MFCs. Due to availability of varie-
ties of species and their exposure to various sbstrates,
consortia have better ability to utilize a broad substrate
range. Apart from the basic function of microorganisms
for degrading substrates and generating electricity, they
also have been employed to fix oxygen in some cases,
which is discussed later in the section.
Anaerobic sludge is a widely used microbial consor-
tium in various types of fuel cells, but the activity of
methanogens was found to negatively influence the
CE of MFCs. To provide a solution to this practical

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Figure 3. Schematic diagram of SC-MFC in series connection.
problem, the addition of marine algae such as Chaeto-
ceros is employed. It contains hexadecatrienoic acid,
which significantly reduces the growth of methano-
genic archaea. Rajesh et al. designed a DC-MFC that ini-
tially contained anaerobic sludge with pretreatment of
Chaetoceros, and they also added Chaetoceros after a
few cycles [15]. A decrease of almost 60% in specific
methanogenic activity was observed after pretreat-
ment of anaerobic sludge, and led to an increase in
power generation.
Bacteria used in MFCs have been extensively investi-
gated with or without mediators. Pseudomonas aerugi-
nosa and Shewanella putrefaciens are strains well known
for their ability to degrade complex organic compounds
and for bioelectrogenicity, respectively. These two
strains were inividually or together used in MFCs for
better electricity generation and substrate utilization
[16]. Paenibacillus, a starch-degrading microorganism,
Figure 4. Stacked MFC of five individual cells. (PEM: Proton Exchange Membrance; A: Anode; C: Cathode).
BIOFUELS 5
was used as a biocatalyst in an MFC [17]. Work on Sac-
charomyces cerevisiae (a commonly used fungus during
fermentation and baking) as an anodic biocatalyst in an
SC-MFC without mediator has also been reported. The
performance of the SC-MFC was determined in terms of
power generation and substrate removal. It was
reported that the performance of the device was influ-
enced by pH because S. cerevisiae has superior growth
at pH 6 [18]. Experiments were performed to compare
the performance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Escherichia coli with anaerobic consortia as anodic bio-
catalyst. The study concluded that mixed microbial con-
sotia had higher practical utility than the pure culture
for real field conditions and wastewater treatment with
high degradation capacity and electricity production
[19].
Subhas et al. designed an SC (Single Chambered)
autotrophic photo-bioelectrocatalytic fuel cell using an
 6 R. PATEL ET AL.
algal consortium as biocatalyst in the anode [20]. The
consortium was obtained from an ecological water
body at Hyderabad and was enriched before further
use. This device worked in the presence of atmospheric
CO2 and domestic wastewater as a carbon source. It
was run with a dark:light cycle of 12 h. Availability of
light and uptake of organic matter are two major fac-
tors affecting electrogenicity and degradation effi-
ciency of algal fuel cells. This fuel cell was found to be
a potentially cost-effective, sustainable and renewable
alternative ecofriendly device. But the photosynthetic
nature of algae poses a major limitation of increased
concentration of dissolved oxygen, which negatively
influences degradation and generation of electricity.
After evidence of usage of microalgae in anodes,
the efficiency of organisms to fix oxygen was used to
aerate the cathode by Mohan et al. [21]. They con-
structed a DC-MFC with a microalgae consortium as a
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biocathode. An anaerobic consortium was used as a
biocatalyst for production of electricity and substrate
degradation. To stabilize voltage ouput initially an air-
cathode was used. The cathode was then filled with
microalgae and domestic wastewater to ensure parellel
degradation and increased oxygen concentration. It
was observed that seasonal changes had considerable
impact on electrogenic activity (spring: 57.0 mW/m2;
summer 1.1 mW/m2). This phenomenon may be due to
the higher activity of RuBisCO at lower temperature of
spring leading to higher oxygenic photosynthetic
activity of microalgae and respective dissolved oxygen
levels. Higher temperature of summer and light inten-
sity were found to prevent rich algal biomass growth
as well as their photosynthetic activity during summer..
This study offers a model example of the synergistic
relationship between bacterial fermentation in the
anode and the oxygenic photosynthesis of microalgae
in the cathode resulting in progress in power output as
well as treatment efficiency.
Substrate
The substrate, being the electron donor of the system,
plays a very important role in the generation of high
voltage from MFCs. A complex substrate may be
unavailable or unsuitable for immediate assimilation/
degradation by microorganisms. Substrates reported
for use in MFCs range from the simplest sugars to com-
plex organic compounds, and mixtures of organic mat-
ter, various sludges and wastewater from individual
industries [22]. Most studies have been conducted
with single substrates such as acetate, sucrose and glu-
cose, and preliminary investigation and optimization of
various types of MFCs were done [23]. Substrates such
as cow dung, vegetables and fishery waste have also
been used in DC-MFCs. The aim of using such sub-
strates was to investigate the feasibility of replacing
traditional Indian methanogenesis with better and
more eco-friendly energy generation techniques
through MFC [24]. Wastewater was collected from vari-
ous industries including a biscuit factory and a potato
processing factory, and mixed with vermicompost,
which provided good amounts of starch, glucose and
mixtures of organic substrates, and was able to gener-
ate a maximum of 385 mV [25].
Other applications of MFC
The first successful prototype MFC was developed in
May 2007, by the University of Queensland, Australia,
with cooperative efforts by Foster’s Brewing Company.
This prototype was designed with a capacity for 10 L of
brewery waste water to convert into carbon dioxide,
clean water and electricity. With the prototype proven
successful, plans are in effect to produce a 660-gallon
version for the brewery, which is estimated to produce
2 kilowatts of power. Gifu University announced in
December 2014 that it was the first in the world to suc-
cessfully recover phosphorus from wastewater while
generating power through the use of MFCs. Other
globally studied applications of MFCs include those for
hydrogen production and as sensors. However, there
are no reports on full-scale successful implementation
of MFCs in India, to the best of our knowledge.
During the 1960s, MFCs came under scrutiny for two
main technology transfers. The US space program
wanted to build an MFC for use as a waste disposal sys-
tem for space flights and for simultaneous electricity
generation. The second group were medical research-
ers with the goal of creating a power supply for a per-
manently implantable artificial heart [26]. Phototrophic
MFCs also represent an excellent attempt in the
advancement of MFC technology for hydrogen pro-
duction, electricity production and waste treatment.
Other than that, the successful circuit design of stacked
MFCs is also a great achievment in MFC technology.
In addition to the physiological limitations of
growth at lower temperatures, power generated by
MFCs is not sufficient to run even low-power devices
like sensors or transmitters continuously. Improving
various parameters, such as reducing internal resis-
tance, increasing the surface area of the electrodes,
use of adapted cultures or microbial consortia, using a
fed-batch system and the construction of stacked
MFCs, may help in resolving such issues. Alternative
strategies include the use of a suitable power manage-
ment program, and use of an ultra-capacitor for
improving MFC performance.
Conclusion
Intensive research on MFCs has significantly reduced
the complexity of rate-limiting steps, which in turn has
led to higher current output. Some companies such as
MFC tech (Opencel) have emerged to use MFCs for fuel

and other potential applications including remote
power supply, bioremediations and biosensors, prov-
ing that this technology will have greater impact in the
development of clean energy within few years. In
future, MFCs may set an optimistic baseline as an alter-
native energy source and for waste treatment. In India,
rural areas in particular should benefit by replacing
methogenesis with MFC. In urban areas, MFC technol-
ogy may help industrial wastewater treatment plants
reduce their operating costs with parallel treatment of
generated waste.
Executive summary
 It is high time for developing countries such as
India to focus their economy on research related
to energy alternatives. Microbial fuel cells have
great potential for serving major functions of
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electricity generation and wastwewater
treatment.
 Indian researchers have developed and opti-
mized fuel cell configuarations over the past few
years, even making developments according to
regional needs without compromising on voltage
generation.
 Various pure substrates such as acetate, and com-
plex substrates such as industrial wastewater,
have been employed in MFC systems using
organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, She-
wanella putrefaciens and some marine algae in
single-chambered, dual-chambered and stacked
MFCs.
 Further scope lies in the development and use of
electronic components, and overcoming the
internal resistance of MFCs, to generate consider-
able improvements in power generation with effi-
cient waste management.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
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