Sociology

SociologyLiterature
LiteratureReview/ASA
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According to ASA formatting, the Ageism in the To
information. Workplace
According to ASA formatting, the not disrupt the
title page should only include the
title page should only include the flow of the paper,

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 Literature
TheReview Comment:

The
introduction introduction
of the literature review should: of
1. Introduce the topic
the literature review should:

1. Introduce the
2. Identify overall trends in what has been published on the The title of the essay
topic

2. Identify overalltopic trends in what has been should also be placed on

published on the topic

3.stating
3. Include a thesis statement the a
Include overall purpose and
thesis the second page of the
the factors discussed throughout the literature review essay. The title should be
statement stating the overall purpose and the factors centered.
discussed throughout the literature review

Ageism in the Workplace

Generally, older workers are more likely than workers of other

ages to remain unemployed long term (Barrington 2015). Literature Review
Comment:

This
Barrington (2015) suggests that ageist thinking is very much This thesis
thesis statement
statement clearly
present in workplaces across America, and more supportive, states states
clearly the main
thetopic
that will be
main topic that will
inclusive workplaces are needed for older employees. Older discussed
be discussed
throughout the
women may be set a further disadvantage because they tend to throughout the
literature
review.Typically,
face additional discrimination based on gender (Barrnett 2005). literature review.
thesis statements
This literature review examines the social factors that lead to ageism in Typically, thesis
are placed at the
statements
very endare
the workplace. Additionally, it illustrates how gender discrimination also of the
placed introductory
at the very
intersects with ageism and creates more dimensions to discrimination paragraph(s).
end of the
Literature Review experienced by aging women in the workplace. introductory
In the body: THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF AGE
Comment:

In the paragraph(s).
1. Group articles LiteratureThe
Review
body:

1. first
togetherGroup articlesto:
according Comment:

The
together according to While age is often viewed as a purely biological process, age is socially constructed. sentence in first
this
factors/variables,
paragraph
sentence is an is
in this paragraph
conclusions
factors/variables, of
conclusions
an example
example ofof a strong
a strong topic
authors,
of authors, or specific
or specific A person's birth date dictates their chronological age, societies differ in their perceptions of what topic sentence.
sentence. Topic
Topic sentences
purposes/objectives
purposes/objectives

2. "old" means (Overall 2006). Overall (2006) illustrates the idea that age is socially constructed by sentences
introduce introduce
the reader to the
Compare 2. Compare
and evaluate and
the
drawing on the baby boomers--the cohort of people born in the years following World War II. The the reader to the
content that will follow
evaluate the articles
articles or documents content that will
or documents baby boomers support this idea of age as a social construction because as they have aged, throughout the paragraph.
follow throughout
American society's definitions of "oldness" have changed. Sayings like "60 is the new 50" show When forming topic
the paragraph. When
sentences, it helps to look at
that age is more social than it is biological. While views on aging have been improving in forming topic
thesentences,
entire paragraph andto
it helps
America, aging is primarily seen as being synonymous with decline, whether it be in relation to
ask, look
"Whatatis the
this entire
paragraph
bodily function, work, skill, or productivity (Barnett 2000). paragraph
about?" andtoask,
Being able
answer“What is thisin a
this question
paragraph
single statementabout?”
will help
Being
you ableantoeffective
formulate answer
this question
topic sentence.
in a
single statement will
ASA Formatting
Level 1 headings help you formulate
Comment:

1. The title of
introduce a new AGEISM IN THE WORKPLACE an effective topic
the essay should also
thought, idea, be sentence.
placed on the second
argument, page
or topic. Ageism is discrimination based on age, including negative stereotyping and prejudice and is
of the essay. The title
Level 1 headings are typically targeted against those who are of older age (Jyrkinen 2014).
helpful
should because they
be centered.

2.
allow
Level readersintroduce
1 headings to clearly
a new thought, idea, section
indicate a new
within
argument, or the
topic.review.
Level 1
Each Level 1
headings are helpful
Subheading should be
because they allow readers
flushed left on the page
to clearly indicate a new
and formatted in ALL-
section within the review.
CAPS.
Each Level 1 Subheading
should be flush left on the
page and formatted in
ALL-CAPS.
 A literature review can be challenging to write because it should
not be a source-by-source summary, but instead it should synthesize
or bring multiple sources together. Each paragraph within a
literature review should contain at least two sources that speak to the
same sociological factor. Your goal is to essentially highlight the
relationship between sources. In other words, the goal is to discover
if researchers agree or disagree on a given factor.
Literature Review
Notice the way
Reskin (2000) elaborates that in order to evaluate age discrimination, explanations must be grounded in conflict theory. Conflict theory Comment:

1. A literature
that this and all
perspective posits that ageism is due to intergroup competition--where those who benefit from the systems of inequality protect their privileges so review can be challenging to
other paragraphs
that they may continue to reap the benefits (Reskin 2000). For instance, in the workplace, younger workers reap benefits due to positive write because it should not be a
stereotypes associated with their age, whereas older workers are disadvantaged due to the negative stereotypes associated with old age
include the findings/
source-by-source summary, but
(Malinen and Johnston 2013). Several studies have shown evidence that older workers' productivity do not differ from younger workers'
research from
instead it should synthesize or
productivity, yet older workers are still thought to be less productive (Barrington 2015). Overall, many studies suggest ageism in the workplace is bringmultiple sources/
multiple sources together.
due to intergroup competition and stereotyping based on age perception. groups
Each of authors
paragraphs within a to
support one point.
literature review should contain
Alsotwonotice
at least thatspeak
sources that theto
ASA Formatting the discussion
same sociological offactor.
each
A Level 2 heading is
Comment:

1. A Yoursource is concise
goal is to discover if
used when one of the researchers
Level 2 heading and limited to theiron
agree or disagree
main ideas ofisthe
used a given factor.

2. Notice the
relevance of the
when one
paper can of be
thebroken
main way that this and all other
topic stated in the
ideasdown
of thefurther
paperinto
can paragraphs include the
topic sentence.
sub-sections. Level 2 findings/research from multiple
be headings
broken down further
should be sources/groups of authors to

intotyped
sub-sections. Level
in Title Case, support one point. Also notice
that the discussion of each
2 italicized, and flushed
headings should be source is concise and limited to
left on the page.
typed in Title Case, their relevance of the topic stated
in the topic sentence.

3.
italicized, and flushed
left on the page.
Throughout the paper, take note
Discriminatory Hiring Practices
of how the writing is very sterile
and objective. Description,

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967 was aimed especially narrative description,
is not used, and the writing

toward ridding workplaces of age discrimination, yet ageism still persists instead focuses on reporting
"cold, hard" information. There
in hiring practices (Barrington 2015). Job candidates re forty percent should be an absence of

Throughout the judgement or argumentative

paper, take note of more likely to be contacted for an interview if the high school graduation statements. All references to
situations of phenomena being
how the writing is date on his/her resume if more recent (Barrington 2015). Widely held
"bad," "good," or "negative"
very sterile and
objective. attitudes contribute to workplace behaviors that are discriminatory should be omitted. Literature
reviews are objective reports of
Description,
especially narrative (Malinen and Johnston 2013), and furthermore, discriminatory behaviors
the material and do not argue a
point.
description, is not are implicit and harder to identify compared to more explicit practices
used, and the writing
instead focuses on carried out in the past (Jyrkinen 2014). Literature suggests that
reporting “cold,
hard” information.
workplace attitudes are still inclined to favor younger workers as
There should be an compared to older workers, regardless of the promotion of
absence of judgement
INTERSECTIONS OF AGE AND GENDERED DISCRIMINATION
or argumentative anti-discriminatory measures.
statements. All
references to The construction of age, along with age discrimination, affects men and women differently, where
situations of women face a "double jeopardy" because of their gender (Barnett 2005).
phenomena being
“bad,” “good,”
“positive,” or
“negative” should be
omitted. Literature
reviews are objective
reports of the
material and do not
argue a point.
 Both older men and women are viewed as less valuable in the workplace than their younger counterparts, but older
Take
ASA notice of
Formatting the use
women have a much harder time gaining access to promotions and more of in-text citations
Comment:

1. Take
throughout the
notice of the use of in-text
literature review.
citations throughout the
Prestigious occupations than do older men
(Wilks and Neto 2012). Additionally, while men are When citing several
literature review. When
sources after one
citing several sources after
sentence/idea,
seen to advance and grow in skill and wisdom as they age in their professions, one separate
sentence/idea,
authors’
separate
names authors'
with names
semi-
women do not enjoy the same "premium for experience" (Barnett 2005:26).
colons.
with Keep in
semi-colons. mind
Keep in
Women who age in traditionally feminine positions, such as teachers and nurses, withwith
mind ASAASAformatting,
formatting,
do not hold the same prestige as men who age in traditinally masculine anytime
any time a paraphrase,
a paraphrase,
direct quotation,
direct quotation, borrowed
professions (Barnett 2005). Older women are seen as "too old" and must carry the borrowed phrase, or
phrase, or quantitative date
burden of trying to look younger so that they can earn the respect of their younger quantitative data
(financial figures, statistics,
(financial figures,
colleagues (Jykinen 2014). Researchers ultimately find that aging female workers sales numbers, etc.) is
statistics, sales
referenced,
numbers, the in-text
etc.) is
are mroe prone to age discrimination as compared to males.
citation must also
referenced, theinclude
in-texta
page numbermust
citation or paragraph
also
number. include a page

Examples
As you
Literature write
Review CONCLUSION number
("2014 or paragraph
Annual Report"
your conclusion:
Comment:

1. Develop 2013:312). number.

1. Develop
a summary of pointsa from An increased focus has been placed on research and polices that Examples:
summary of points (“2014 Annual
the article into a closing
from the article surround age in the workplace because of the prevalence of ageist Report” 2013:312).
paragraph

2.
into a closing
Consider developing a
paragraph thinking across workplaces in the U.S. (Barrington 2015). While research
single2.sentence at the
Consider shows that older people in the workplace are just as capable as their
end of the conclusion
developing a single that
points
sentencereaders to a new
at the end younger colleagues, negative stereotyping o older workers are still
of for
area the conclusion
that points readers
prevalent. Additionally, gender roles inform the differences in attitudes
research/scholars to
to a new area
consider

3. for
Consider placed on aging women and aging men. The term "double jeopardy" is
research/scholars
the discipline of which it
to consider often used to describe the way aging women are discriminated against
is a part. Provide
3. Consider the
implications of the studies
discipline of which
based on both gender and age (Barnett 2005). Jyrkinen (2014) suggests
or documents discussed
it is a part. Provide that more studies should be conducted to evaluate the way that men's
for the professionoforthe s
implications
discipline at large.
tudies or d gender intersects with their age in a workplace environment, since most
ocuments d
age discrimination studies focus only on women's disadvantages in the
iscussed for the p
rofession or d workplace.
iscipline at large.
Types of References:

Literature reviews usually

Types of References:
contain peer-reviewed articles that focus on
Literature reviews usually contain peer-
research
reviewed andarticles
data collection.
that focusWebsites andand
on research other
data collection.
non-peer reviewedWebsites and other
journal articles are non-peer
not generally
reviewed journal articles
used in literature reviews. are not generally used
in literature reviews.
References

Barnett, Rosalind Chait. 2005. "Ageism and Sexism in

the Workplace." Ageism in the New Mellenium 25-30.

Barrington, Linda. 2015. "Ageism and Bias in the American Workplace."

Journal of the American Society on Aging 39(3):34-37.

Jykinen, Marjut. 2014. "Women Managers, Careers and Gendered

Ageism." Scandinavian Journal of Management 30(2):175-85.

Malinen, Sanna and Lucy Johnston. 2013. "Workplace Ageism: Discovering

Hidden Bias." Experimental Aging Research 39(4):445-65.

Overall, Christine. 2006. "Old Age Ageism, Impairment and Ableism: Exploring the
Conceptual and material Connections." NWSA Journal 18(1):126-37.

Reskin, Barbara. F. 2000. "The Proximate Causes Of Employment

Discrimination." Contemporary Sociology 29(2):319.

Wilks, Daniela Carvalho and Felix Neto. 2012. "Workplace

Well-being, Gender and Age Examining the 'Double Jeopardy'
Effect." Soc Indic Res Social Indicators Research 114(3): 975-90.

All references used should be cited on the References page! According to

All references used should be cited on the References page! According to ASA,
ASA, citations
citations of peer-reviewed
of peer-reviewed journal
journal articles articles
should should be
be formatted formatted as
as such:
such:

Last name, First name. Year. "Title of Article in Quotation Marks."

Last name, First name. Year. “Title of Article in Quotation Marks.” The Title of the
The Title of the
Journal Journal
in italics in italics
Volume Volume Number):page
Number(Issue Number(Issue Number):page
numbers.
numbers.

Citations should be formatted in alphabetical order (A-Z) with a

Citations should be formatted in alphabetical order (A-Z) with a hanging indent. For
hanging indent. For
more information moresources,
on citing information onanciting
refer to sources, refer
ASA Publication to an ASA
Manual.
Publication Manual.