Analysis of the barriers of cleaner production

implementation in Kampung Batik

Semarang using interpretive structural
modeling approach
Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 1977, 020025 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5042881
Published Online: 26 June 2018

Darminto Pujotomo, Sriyanto, and Lenny Widyawati

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AIP Conference Proceedings 1977, 020025 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5042881 1977, 020025

© 2018 Author(s).
 Analysis of the Barriers of Cleaner Production
Implementation in Kampung Batik Semarang Using
Interpretive Structural Modeling Approach
Darminto Pujotomo1, a), Sriyanto1, b) and Lenny Widyawati1, c)
1
Industrial Engineering Department, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia
a)
Corresponding author: darminto_pujotomo@yahoo.com
b)
sriyanto.st.mt@gmail.com
c)
lennywidy@gmail.com

Abstract. Kampung Batik Semarang as one of the centers of Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) of batik producers in
Semarang has endured wastewater problems that affect the environment. The implementation of cleaner production (CP)
is expected to be able to prevent and reduce the waste contained in each stage of the production process. This study
aimed to identify the barrier factors that affect and make recommendations in the application of CP in Kampung Batik
Semarang. This study involved respondents from stakeholders, including batik cluster chairman and manager of
Semarang Batik Village, environmental academician, Environment Agency (BLH) Semarang City, Industry and
Commerce Office of Semarang City, and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Semarang City. The ISM method
was used to identify the barrier factors and the Delphy method was employed to prepare the recommendation proposal.
The results of this study indicate a lack of awareness with the risk of hazardous and toxic chemicals and a lack of
awareness of the economic benefits and environmental benefits. The proposed recommendations include the introduction
and socialization of CP concept, CP training, creation of an integrated production site, dissemination of Waste Water
Treatment Plant (WWTP), WWTP installation, dissemination of waste utilization and regular waste level checking.

INTRODUCTION
Batik Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are those which have a major contribution in Indonesia. In 2009,
the Ministry of Industry estimated approximately 48,287 batik SMEs in Indonesia. Nevertheless, in Semarang City,
this type of SMEs has adverse impact on the environment. Kampung Batik Semarang produces waste water mainly
from the process of staining [1]. The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
result naphtha content of 5 mg/l and 83.9 mg/l and salt content of 14 mg/l and 839 mg/l, respectively. The COD
value exceeds the government standard quality of 100 mg/l (Permen LH No. 3/2010). Furthermore, based on the
adverse effects of Batik SMEs to the environment, study on the concept of Cleaner Production (CP) is required.
According to the United Nation Environmental Program (UNEP), Cleaner Production is an environmental
management strategy that is preventive, integrated and continuously applied to production processes, products and
services to improve eco-efficiency thereby reducing risks to human health and the environment. Cleaner Production
aims to prevent and minimize the formation of waste or environmental pollutants throughout the production process.
The application is known as the term 5 R (Rethink Reuse, Reduction, Recovery, and Recycling).
Implementation of CP can be achieved with collaboration from the government and industry by preparing a
strategic step, namely by preparing recommendations to reduce the barrier of CP in Kampung Batik Semarang. To
reduce the CP barrier, there needs to be a study to understand the most influential barriers in CP implementation.
The purpose of this study was to identify the contextual relationship between obstacles to obtain the most influential
barriers by using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM). The second objective is to formulate recommendations

Human-Dedicated Sustainable Product and Process Design: Materials, Resources, and Energy
AIP Conf. Proc. 1977, 020025-1–020025-9; https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5042881
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1687-1/$30.00

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that need to be formulated by related governments to achieve CP based on the most influential barriers through the
Delphi Method

RESEARCH METHODS

Cleaner Production
The definition of Cleaner Production is an integrated environmental impact prevention strategy that is applied
continuously to processes, products, and services to improve the overall efficiency and to reduce risk to humans and
the environment [2]. It is a strategy of environmental management that is preventive, integrated and applied
continuously in every activity from upstream to downstream relate to the production process, products and services,
in order to: [3]
a. Increase the efficiency of natural resource use,
b. b. Prevent environmental pollution,
c. c. Reduce waste generation at the source

Barrier Factors
The barriers in the implementation of Cleaner Production (CP) among the SMEs in Asia are: (1) the lack of
awareness, education and training on Cleaner Production and technology; (2) the financial and economic factors; (3)
the lack of coordination and inaction; and (4) the lack of infrastructure [4]. Furthermore, it also relates with the lack
of professional skill management, the lack of data recording, the resistance in decision makers, the limited technical
skills, the difficulty in obtaining information, the unstable finances, and limited capital [5].

Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM)

ISM is an interactive learning process in which a set of different and directly related elements is structured
into a systematic comprehensive model [6]. The ISM method helps to point the connection between the elements of
a complex ISM system. The expert group decides whether and how the variables are related.
ISM advises researchers to use expert opinions based on various management techniques, such as
brainstorming, nominal group techniques, and so on, in developing contextual relationships between variables [7].
For this purpose, researchers should consult with industry experts and academics in identifying the nature of the
contextual relationship between factors.

The Delphi method

The Delphi method consists of a series of structured group processes, each referred to as an iteration, the
first being an expert opinion survey and achieving a group response [8]. Opinions, beliefs, and judgments are
collected and organized systematically. The core principles include individual feedback on a given topic or
questionnaire, group assessments, opportunities for individuals to revise their views, and anonymity for individual
response.

ANALYSIS

Interpretive Structural Modeling

Structural Self-Interaction Matrix (SSIM)

To perform a barrier analysis of Cleaner Production implementation in SMEs in Kampung Batik Semarang, as
many as 16 barrier factors were collected based on literature study. After brainstorming with an expert, only 3
(three) barrier factors from those factors were determined based on the validity analysis on literature studies.
Subsequently, after factor verification and additional factors from the expert, there were a total of 15 barrier factors
determined for the realization of CP as shown in Table 1.

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 SSIM is the first stage in the ISM method. In this study, data for SSIM calculation were obtained from
questionnaires and discussion with respondents to obtain relationships between factors, namely relationships that
affect each other. Furthermore, experts from industry and academia identified the contextual relationship between
factors. The generated SSIM is presented in Table 2.
TABLE 1. CP Barriers Factors
No. Barriers Factor Source
1 The low awareness and demands of the community to support SMEs in cleaner Literature
production implementation. Study
2 Lack of government production training for SMEs. Expert
3 Lack of program of socialization of cleaner production to Batik SMEs. Expert
4 The low knowledge of SMEs in regulating the composition of the use of chemicals Expert
on batik cloth.
5 Lack of human resources who can carry out cleaner production in SMEs. Expert
6 Lack of cluster formation of batik to facilitate the implementation of cleaner Expert
production.
7 The low knowledge of SMEs against the risks of using hazardous and toxic Expert
chemicals.
8 The absence of conversion of synthetic dyes to the natural dye in Batik SMEs. Expert
9 Unavailability of main sewer system in Kampung Batik Semarang. Expert
10 Limitations of land for the management and disposal of batik production waste. Expert
11 The low awareness of the SMEs on the economic benefits and environmental Expert
benefits of the application of Cleaner Production.
12 The low responsibility of the SMEs to the environmental impacts caused. Expert
13 The low awareness of the community and SMEs in maintaining the environment. Expert
14 Lack of comparative studies on Batik SMEs that have successfully implemented Expert
Cleaner Production.
15 Waste management needs a lot of cost. Literature
Study

The experts from industry and academia should have comprehensive understanding on the issues under
consideration to analyze factors, contextual relationships of 'influence' or 'influenced'. On the basis of this contextual
relationship between the identified factors, SSIM is compiled based on the expert opinion results. The results of
questionnaire were in the form of symbols to show the direction of the relationship between two factors of i and j.
The symbols are V, A, X, or O. The V is factor i affects factor j, A is factor i influenced by factor j, X is factor i and
factor j influence each other and O is factor i and j do not affect each other

Reachability Matrix

SSIM was converted into reachability matrix by substituting four symbols (V, A, X, or O) from SSIM to 1 or 0
in the reachability matrix. The initial reachability matrix can be seen in Table 3. Rules in substitution are as follows:
x If the symbol on the SSIM is V, then the entry (i, j) is 1 and the entry (j, i) is 0 in the reachability matrix.
x If the symbol on the SSIM is A, then the entry (i, j) is 0 and the entry (j, i) is 1 in the reachability matrix.
x If the symbol on the SSIM is X, then the entry (i, j) is 1 and the entry (j, i) is 1 in the reachability matrix.
x If the symbol on the SSIM is O, then the entry (i, j) is 0 and the entry (j, i) is 0 in the reachability matrix.

Using the concept of transitivity, the initial reachability matrix (Table 3.) was changed into final reachability
matrix as shown in Table 4. The concept of transitivity means when A corresponds to B, B corresponds to C, and A
corresponds to C. The final table of the reachability matrix is driving power and dependence power, which was used
for next analysis stage, namely MICMAC analysis

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 TABLE 2. Structural Self-Interaction Matrix
Factor 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 O O V V V O V O O X X V V V
2 V O V V V O O V O V V V O
3 V A V V V O V V A V A V
4 V O O O O O O V O O A
5 O O O V V O O O A O
6 O O A A A V V A A
7 O V O V X O O V
8 O O O O O O O
9 V O O O A X
10 V O O O O
11 O V V V
12 O A V
13 O A
14 V
15

TABLE 3. Initial Reachability Matrix

Factor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
2 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
3 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
5 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
6 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
7 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
8 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
11 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
12 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
13 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
14 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

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 Partition Level

Reachability set, antecedent set, and intersection set of each factor were formed. Factors that had the same set
intersection and reachability set were included in level 1 in the ISM hierarchy. After level 1 was identified, the
factor was eliminated and then continued by the next iteration.
In the first iteration, waste management that requires a high cost (15) was included in level 1, then the factor was
eliminated in the second iteration. In the second iteration, there was limited land for the management and disposal of
batik production waste (10) that was included in level 2, then the factor was eliminated in the third iteration. As
such, the SMEs knowledge on the risks of harmful and toxic chemicals (7) and the low awareness of SMEs on the
economic benefits and environmental benefits of applying Cleaner Production (11) were included in level 11 in the
last iteration. In total, there were 11 iterations in this calculation as shown in Table 5.

Conical Matrix

Conical Matrix is made from reachability matrix by arranging the order of factors based on its level. The top
level factor is placed at the top of the ISM model, the second level factor is placed in the second position of the ISM
model, and so on until the lowest level factor lies at the bottom of the ISM model. Conical matrix generated in this
study can be seen in Table 6.

ISM Model Creation

Digraph is a structural model created from conical matrix. Models are made using nodes and lines connecting
each node. Digraph is transformed into ISM model by replacing the node with a factor in sentence form. The
direction of the arrows indicates the relationship between factors. The ISM model is used to indicate factors and
their relationship in the form of lines and nodes. The top level factor is placed at the top of the ISM model, the
second level factor is placed in the second position of the ISM model, and so on until the lowest level factor lies at
the bottom of the ISM model.
From the processing of power using ISM method, the barrier factors that have the most influential in the
realization of cleaner production were determined. The influencing factors are the factors that lie at the bottom of the
ISM hierarchy. These factors are factors of low knowledge of SMEs against the risk of harmful and toxic chemicals
(7) and low awareness of SMEs on the economic benefits and environmental benefits of the application of cleaner
production (11).
TABLE 4. Final Reachability Matrix
Factor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Driving Power
1 1 0 1* 1 0 1 0 1 1 1* 0 1 1 1 1* 11
2 1 1 1* 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1* 13
3 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1* 0 1 1 1* 1* 11
4 0 0 0 1 0 1* 0 1 1 1* 0 1 1* 0 1* 8
5 1* 0 1 1* 1 1* 0 1 1 1* 0 1 1 0 1 11
6 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1* 4
7 1 1 1 1 1 1* 1 1 1 1* 1 1* 1 1* 1* 15
8 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1* 1* 0 0 0 0 0 4
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 3
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2
11 1 1 1 1 1* 1 1 1 1 1* 1 1 1 1 1* 15
12 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1* 1* 1* 0 1 1 0 0 6
13 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1* 0 0 1 0 1* 6
14 1* 0 1 1* 0 1 0 1* 1* 1* 0 1* 1* 1 1 11
15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Dependence Power 7 3 7 8 4 12 2 11 13 14 2 9 10 6 13
*after transitivity

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 TABLE 5. Partition Level

Factor Reachability Set Antecedent Set Intersection Set Levels

1 1,3,14 1,2,3,5,7,11,14 1,3,14 8
2 2 2,7,11 2 10
3 1,3,14 1,2,3,5,7,11,14 1,3,14 8
4 4 1,2,3,4,5,7,11,14 4 7
5 5 2,5,7,11 5 9
6 6 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,11,12,13,14 6 4
7 7,11 7,11 7,11 11
8 6,8 1,2,3,4,5,7,8,11,12,13,14 6,8 5
9 9 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,13,14 9 3
10 10 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14 10 2
11 7,11 7,11 7,11 11
12 12,14 1,2,3,4,5,7,11,12,14 12,14 6
13 13 1,2,3,4,5,7,11,12,13,14 13 6
14 1,3,14 1,2,3,7,11,14 1,3,14 8
15 15 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,13,14,15 15 1

TABLE 6. Conical Matrix

Factor 15 10 9 6 8 13 12 14 4 1 3 5 2 7 11
15 1
10 1 1
9 1 1 1
6 1 1 1 1
8 0 1 1 1 1
13 1 1 1 1 1 1
12 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

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 MICMAC Analysis

MICMAC Analysis (Matrice d'Impacts croises-multiplication appliqúe an classment) aims to analyze driving
power and dependence power of driving factors. MICMAC Analysis is also a verification of the ISM model.
MICMAC Analysis can be seen in Figure 1. Based on MICMAC Analysis, the factors were classified into four
categories, namely:
a. Autonomous factors (Quadrant 1): Factors that have weak driving power and weak dependence power. The
barrier factor in this quadrant 1 does not have a significant effect on the system. There are no factors in this
category.
b. Dependent barrier (Quadrant II): Factors that have a weak driving power and strong dependence power,
i.e., the lack of cluster formation to facilitate the implementation of cleaner production (6), the absence of
conversion of synthetic dyes to natural dyes in Batik SMEs (8), unavailability of the main sewer system in
Kampung Batik Semarang (9), limited land for the management and disposal of batik production waste
(10), low responsibility of SMEs to the environmental impacts (12), low public awareness and SMEs in
maintaining and controlling the environment (13), and high cost waste management (15).
c. Linkage factors (Quadrant III): Factors that have strong driving power and strong dependency power, i.e.,
low knowledge factor of SMEs in regulating the composition of the use of chemicals on batik cloth (4).
d. Independent factors: Factors that have strong driving power and weak dependency power, i.e., low
awareness and community demand to support SMEs implement net production (1), lack of training in CP
from government to SMEs (2), lack of socialization programs of CP to SMEs Batik (3), lack of human
resources who can carry out CP in SMEs (5), low knowledge of SMEs against the risk of harmful and toxic
chemical substances (7), low awareness of SMEs on economic benefits and environmental benefits of the
CP application (11), lack of comparative studies to Batik SMEs who have successfully implemented
Cleaner production(14).

FIGURE 1. MICMAC Analysis.

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 The Delphi Method
Questionnaire of for the preparation of recommendation using Delphi Method was disseminated to three experts,
namely from the Office of Industry and Commerce Semarang City as Expert 1 (P1), Environment Agency (BLH)
Semarang City as Expert 2 (P1), and Department of SMEs and Cooperative of Semarang City as Expert 3 (P3).
The preparation of the recommendation using the Delphi Method consisted of two iterations. The first iteration
was the collection of proposed recommendations that would be proposed based on literature study and in-depth
interview. The second iteration was the summarization of the results of questionnaire at iteration 1 and the mean
calculations on each proposed recommendation [9].
The first step in the preparation of the recommendation using the Delphi Method was done compiling
questionnaires of the iteration recommendations 1, which was prepared based on the literature study. After the
completion of literature study, the questionnaire of recommendation was distributed to the respondents. In the
iteration questionnaire 1, respondents were required to:
a. Provide an opinion on the proposed recommendations,
b. Provide reasons for not selecting the recommended recommendations,
c. Add relevant recommendations to apply CP.
After all recommendations were collected on iteration 1, the iteration 2 would be distributed in which
questionnaire 2 was verified the recommendation from every expert. In iteration 2, the expert may agree the
proposed recommendation or substitute it with other proposal. The recapitulation of recommendations can be seen in
Table 7.
TABLE 7. Recommendation
Barriers Recommendation
Education and training program for SMEs regarding the implementation of Cleaner
The low knowledge of SMEs Production.
against the risks of using To socialize the importance of WWTP in batik industry.
hazardous and toxic
chemicals (P7) Development of communal IPAL in Kampung Batik area.
Do check the content of batik waste content in the local laboratory on a regular basis.
Promotion and campaign on the economic and environmental benefits of Cleaner
The low awareness of the Production implementation in Batik SMEs.
SMEs on the economic To socialize to Batik SMEs about the importance of application of Cleaner
benefits and environmental Production and potential economic and environmental benefits.
benefits of the application of
Cleaner Production (P11) Development of integrated production site in Kampung Batik Semarang.
Conducting training on waste utilization in Kampung Batik.

CONCLUSION
There are 15 factors that hinder the implementation of cleaner production in Kampung Batik Semarang. The
most influential barrier factors are the low knowledge of SMEs on the risk of harmful and toxic chemicals (7) and
the low awareness of SMEs on the economic benefits and environmental benefits of the application of cleaner
production (11).
Recommendations for barrier factor of “The low knowledge of SMEs on the risks of using hazardous and toxic
chemicals” is an education and training program for SMEs regarding the implementation of cleaner production,
disseminating the importance of WWTP, building communal WWTP, and checking the content of batik waste in
local laboratories periodically. Furthermore, the proposed recommendation for barrier factor of “The low awareness
of SMEs on the economic benefits and environmental benefits of the adoption of Cleaner Production” is promotion
and campaign on the economic and environmental benefits of Cleaner Production implementation, socialization of
the potential economic and environmental benefits, the development of integrated production sites, and the waste
utilization training.

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