Nama : Puspa Nuraini Putri

Absen : 19
Kelas : XI IPS 2
Rangkuman Materi Bahasa Inggris LM
I. Asking & Giving Opinion
Opinion includes  the words of opinion and argument/ reasons. Opinion
dialogue is a dialog consists of two persons or more who have opinion each
others. It can use the expressions, such as in my opinion, in my view, I think
etc. Argument dialogue is a dialog that states the arguments or reasons. It
can use the words such as first, second etc for arranging arguments.

Example:
 Asking Opinion
Have you got any comments on …..
Do you have any idea?
What do you think of…….?
 Giving Opinion
I think I like it.
I don’t think I care for it.
I think it’s good/nice/terrific……..

II. Present Perfect, Past Perfect, and Future Perfect

Let’s start by talking about present perfect verbs. The present perfect
tense expresses an action that began in the past and is now completed in the
present. Take a look at this equation:

Present tense of “have” + past participle = present perfect tense

We can put those elements into practice in the following sentence.

I have finished my homework already.

We know this sentence is written in the perfect tense for two reasons. First,
we see that it is talking about a completed action: “I have finished my
homework.” There’s our -ed past participle, and it’s telling us that the job is
completed. The second hint we have that it’s the perfect tense is the word
“have.” Remember, the perfect form is a verb tense that uses a form of
“have” or “had” plus a past participle.

In this sentence, “have finished” tells us that the finishing action began in
the past but is now completed in the present. We can see that the sentence
used “have” instead of “had,” so we know it’s present perfect tense, not past
perfect.

The past perfect tense expresses an action that began in the past and was
completed in the past before something else occured. The past perfect
equation looks like this:

Past tense of “had” + past participle = past perfect tense

Here’s a sentence with past perfect tense. Paul tried to hide the vase
because he had broken it.

Right away, our eyes should be drawn to the past perfect phrase “had
broken.” There’s our past tense “had” and our past participle. (You may
notice that “broken” is not an -ed verb, but it’s still a past participle, it just
conjugates differently than the -ed verbs we’ve looked at so far. This also
happens with words like “ate” and “shaken.”) This sentence is describing
something that began in the past and was completed before something else
occured. Paul broke the vase. The action is complete, therefore the tense is
perfect, and it happened in the past, therefore the word “had” appears in our
equation.

The future perfect tense expresses an action that will be completed by

some specified point in the future. This equation is a little more exciting.

“Will” or “shall”+ have + past participle = future perfect tense

Here’s a sentence with future perfect tense.

Do you think the lunchroom will have cooked enough rice?

First, we notice the two elements we’ve learned to expect from the perfect
tense: a version of “have or had,” and a past participle, in this case the -ed
verb “cooked.” You might be tempted to think this was present perfect tense
based on our earlier equation, but be careful to look first in front of the word
 “have” to make sure it’s not future perfect. Sure enough, the entirety of the
phrase reads “will have cooked.” This tells us that we’re talking about an
action that’s not done yet, but will be done in the future at a specific time.
Take, for example, the following phrases:

By the end of the night, Mary will have danced for three hours. And,
In two years, I will have saved $2000.

In both these examples, the reader is standing in the present without

evidence of a completed action, but we can be sure that both of those things
will be done in the future, thus the past participles “danced” and “saved.”

III. Singular & Plural Nouns

Singular means only one. Plural means more than one.

In order to make a noun plural, it is usually only necessary to add s.
However, there are many irregular nouns that add es. The rules for spelling
plural nouns are based on the letters at the end of the word. The chart below
breaks up the rules into categories so that they are easier to remember.
IV. Conditional
Rule Sentences Examples

Add s to form the plural. cat ⇒ cats

Most nouns truck ⇒ trucks
bug ⇒ bugs

Nouns that end bus ⇒ buses

Add es to form the plural.
in s, sh, x, ch, or z brush ⇒ brushes
For words that end in z,
add an extra z before fox ⇒ foxes
the es. beach ⇒ beaches
Hint: quiz ⇒ quizzes
It is too hard to
pronounce the words
without the e. Try it
– buss, brushs,
foxs... You sound
like a snake!

Nouns ending in f or fe roof ⇒ roofs

Some nouns ending
safe ⇒ safes
in f or fe just add s.
Sometimes it is necessary shelf ⇒ shelves
to change the f to a v. In wife ⇒ wives
that case, always end the
word with es.
Hint:
Check a dictionary if
you are unsure
which rule a noun
follows.

There are four types of conditional sentences.

It’s important to use the correct structure for each of these different
conditional sentences because they express varying meanings. Pay attention
 to verb tense when using different conditional modes. Use a comma after the
if-clause when the if-clause precedes the main clause.

Conditional sentences are statements discussing known factors or

hypothetical situations and their consequences. Complete conditional
sentences contain a conditional clause (often referred to as the if-clause) and
the consequence. Consider the following sentences:

 If a certain condition is true, then a particular result happens.

 I would travel around the world if I won the lottery.
 When water reaches 100 degrees, it boils.

V. Narrative Text
A. The definition of narrative text
Narrative text is a story with complication or problematic events and it tries
to find the resolutions to solve the problems. An important part of narrative
text is the narrative mode, the set of methods used to communicate the
narrative through a process narration.

B. The purpose of narrative text

The Purpose of Narrative Text is to amuse or to entertain the reader with a

story.

C. Generic Structures of Narrative Text

1) Orientation
Sets the scene: where and when the story happened and introduces the
participants of the story: who and what is involved in the story.

2) Complication
Tells the beginning of the problems which leads to the crisis (climax) of the
main participants.

3) Resolution
 The problem (the crisis) is resolved, either in a happy ending or in a sad
(tragic) ending

4) Re-orientation/Coda
This is a closing remark to the story and it is optional. It consists  of  a 
moral  lesson,  advice  or  teaching  from  the writer

VI. Simple Present and Simple Past Tense, Imperative Positive and
Negative, Interogrative Sentence

 Simple Present Tense

Definition : The simple present is a verb tense with two main uses. We use
the simple present tense when an action is happening right now, or when it
happens regularly. Depending on the person, the simple present tense is
formed by using the root form or by adding -s or -es to the end. The simple
present tense can be combined with several expressions to indicate the
time when an action occurs periodically, such as “every Tuesday”,
“always”, “usually”, “twice a month”, etc…

The simple present is just the base form of the verb. Questions are made
with do and negative forms are made with do not.

 Statement: You speak English.
 Question: Do you speak English?
 Negative: You do not speak English.

In the third person singular, -s or -es is added. Questions are made

with does and negative forms are made with does not.

 Statement: He speaks English.
 Question: Does he speak English?
 Negative: He does not speak English.

 Simple Past Tense

 The simple past is a verb tense that is used to talk about things that
happened or existed before now. Imagine someone asks what your
brother Wolfgang did while he was in town last weekend.

 Wolfgang entered a hula hoop contest.

 He won the silver medal.

The simple past tense shows that you are talking about something that has
already happened. Unlike the past continuous tense, which is used to talk
about past events that happened over a period of time, the simple past
tense emphasizes that the action is finished.
 Wolfgang admired the way the light glinted off his silver
medal.
You can also use the simple past to talk about a past state of being, such
as the way someone felt about something. This is often expressed with
the simple past tense of the verb to be and an adjective, noun, or
prepositional phrase.

 Wolfgang was proud of his hula hoop victory.

 The contest was the highlight of his week.
 Imperative Sentence

Imperative Positive
a sentence that gives a command or gives a request to do something: “Sit
down” and “Hand me that bowl” are imperative sentences.
Formula
• Verb + Object/Compliment
Example :
• Close the window!
• Come here!
• Open the door!
• Clean your room!
• Bring me a glass of water

Imperative Negative
 Negative Imperative Sentences are verbs (verbs) that are used to give
orders, warnings or instructions with the added word Don't.
Formula:
Don’t + Verb + Object/Compliment
Example :
• Don’t go there (Jangan kesana)
• Don’t look at me (Jangan lihat aku)
• Don’t forget your promise (Jangan lupa janjimu)
• Don’t read the book! (Jangan baca buku itu!)
• Do not eat your vegetables! (Jangan makan sayuran kamu!)

VII. Present Continuous and Past Continuous, Present Perfect

Continuous and Past Perfect Continuous

The continuous tense shows an action that is, was, or will be in progress at a
certain time. The continuous tense is formed with the verb ‘be’ + -ing form
of the verb.
 The Present continuous
can be used to show an action which is happening at the time of
speaking.

 Past continuous 
 can be used to show an action which was happening in the past. It is
important to remember that the Past continuous is usually used to show
an action which was happening when another action, which is usually
shorter, happened at the same time, stopped the continuous action or
started after the continuous action.

 Present Perfect Continuous

The present perfect continuous (also called present perfect progressive) is

a verb tense which is used to show that an action started in the past and
has continued up to the present moment. The present perfect continuous
usually emphasizes duration, or the amount of time that an action has
been taking place. Read on for detailed descriptions, examples, and
present perfect continuous exercises.

Present Perfect Continuous Forms

The present perfect continuous is formed using 

has/have + been + present participle

Questions are indicated by inverting the subject and has/have. Negatives

are made with not.

 Statement: You have been waiting here for two hours.

 Question: Have you been waiting here for two hours?
 Negative: You have not been waiting here for two hours.
 Past Perfect Continuous

The past perfect continuous (also called past perfect progressive) is

a verb tense which is used to show that an action started in the past and
continued up to another point in the past. Read on for detailed
descriptions, examples, and present perfect continuous exercises.

Past Perfect Continuous Forms

The past perfect continuous is formed using 

had + been + present participle

Questions are indicated by inverting the subject and had. Negatives are

made with not

 Statement: You had been waiting there for more than two hours

when she finally arrived.
 Question: Had you been waiting there for more than two hours
when she finally arrived?
 Negative: You had not been waiting there for more than two
hours when she finally arrived.