122 ELIXIR

By .2008, Bala will have been running the school for ten

years. I see you next, you will have been working at S. M.

When
Pharma for ten months.
In the sentences above, the verb appears i~ the_ future ~rfect
· tense 'will+have+been+participle.
progressive .d This
d fr fonn 1s ·used
when the action indicated by the verb is cons1 ere om a _point of
time in the future, and it is seen as having begun at some earlier point
and as continuing up to the future_time referred to.
Exercises

18. Fill in the blanks in the sentences below using. the future
perfect progressive form of the verb in brackets.
a. At this time tomorrow, the man . . . . . . . . . . . . (sleep) for twelve
hours.
b. When you reach college in the afternoon, the other students
. . . . . . . . . . . . (attend) classes continuously since morning.
c. They ... ......... (clean) the house since morning when you reach
there.
d. Asif . . . . . . . . . . . . (teach) for six years at the computer institute by
the time his father retires in 2009.
e. When you see me on stage tomorrow, I ............ (dance)
. continuously for four hours.

KNW11 •1
Transformation of Sentences
DECLARATIVE, INTERROGATIVE, IMPERATIVE AND EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
Sentences are classified as declarative, interrogative, imperative and
exclamatory depending on the function they perfonn. ·
Declarative, or assertive, sentences are used to make statements
in order to ~ve information, report events, express an opinion or
make a promise.
Examples are They have the word order subject+ verb+ object.
Manoj went to Aligarh.
Palm fronds scratched my skin.
 D l . GRAMMAR 123
ec arative sentences that mak ..
the examples above ar ffinn . e a pos1t1ve statement, such as
, e a attve Th th ak
statement are negative · ose at m e a negative
K l sentences, for example·
una was not looking at us. . . .
The cows have not returned to the shed. .

theNote that negative

auxiliary b ( sent ences are formed by inserting
. 'not' between
main verb I ver was and have . th 1 b
m e examp es a ove) and the
'do' is used~ ( s~~tences that have only a main verb, the auxiliary verb
in I s appropriate tense form and in agreement with the
phersbon a1;d numfbehr of th~ subject), and this is followed by 'not' and
t e ase rorm o t e· mam · verb · Examples are the sentence pairs
~e plan~ took off/did not take off from this runway.
VtJaya drives/ does not drive well.
I~. spoken English, the contracted form of 'not' is linked to the
auxiliary verb or the subject noun/pronoun in front of it. Examples-
are
They aren't (are not) working.
We're (we are) not amused.
Interrogative sentences, which end with a question mark, are used
to ask questions, or make inquiries. They are of two types: Yes-No
questions and Wh-questions.
Yes-No questions can be answered with a 'Yes' or a 'No'. These
questions always begin with an auxiliary verb (have/has, may, is/are/
was/were and do) if the corresponding declarative sentence does not
have an auxiliary verb. If the main verb in the sentence is one of the
forms of the verbs 'be' (i.e., is, are, was or were) or 'have' (i.e·., have
or has, when used to mean 'own' or 'possess'), then it is moved to·the
beginning of the sentence. The ·s ubject of the sentence is always in
second position in this kind of interrogative sentence, for example:
Hasina speaks Marathi. ·
Does Hasina speak Marathi?
Wh-questions call for SOme information. They with ·the
Wh-words who; whom, whose, when, where, why, which, what and
how. Examples are
Who is coming to see us today?
What is your telephone number?
How is your sister?
 124 EUXIR

Imperative sentences are used to give orders or instructions, to

make a request and to give advice. Although they begin with a verb,
the subject 'you' is implied. Sentences that begin with 'let' are also
imperative sentences, where the order or suggestion is indirectly
expressed. Examples are
Open the door.
Do not put away the crockery.
Exclamatory sentences are used to express surprise, pain, joy,
sorrow, admiration, pity and other feelings. They end with an
exclamation mark. Examples are
How happy I'm to be here1
What a wonderful performance1
Ouch, that hurts1
For an example of how declarative, interrogative, imperative and
exclamatory sentences can be changed from one to the other, look at
the following set of sentences.
You work fast.
You do not work fast.
Do you work fast?
Work fast.
How fast you work1
Exercise
Rewrite the following sentences as directed in brackets.
a. Is the water cold? (Change into a declarative sentence.)
b. The moon can be seen through the clouds. {Change into a
negative sentence.)
c. The house looks beautiful. (Change into an exclamatory sentence
beginning with 'how'.)
d. Could you water the plants, please? (Change into an imperative
sentence.)
e. I cannot help you. (Change into an affirmative sentence.)
f. Hamid cycles to college every day. (Change into an interrogative
sentence.)
g. What an exciting trip we had! (Change into a declarative
sentence.)
h. It is too hot to go out. (Change into a negative sentence.)
i. Will Sanjay lend us his dictionary? (Change into a declarative
sentence.)
 GRAMMAR 125
j. We have not had enough rain this year. (Change into an
interrogative sentence.)

SIMPLE, COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES

One of the ways of classifying sentences is by identifying them as
simple, compound or complex on the basis of the number and types
of clauses in them. (Clauses are groups of words with a subject and
a fini~e verb appearing as a part of a sentence. For example, each of
the underlined parts of the sentence I read the article that you wrote
is a clause.)
A simple sentence consists of a subject and a predicate that has
only one finite verb, that is, it has a single clause. For example, in the
sentences
The boy ran.
The girl writes poetry.
the underlined words are finite verb forms. Simple sentences can also
be expanded using phrases with present participles, past participles,
perfect participles and infinitives, all of which are non-finite forms
of verbs. Examples are
Seeing the butterflies, the children clapped their hands.
Having rested, we continued our journey.
He gave me an ironed shirt.
He sat down to work.
A compound sentence has two or more main clauses (which
can stand alone as independent sentences) linked by coordinating
conjunctions. For example, in the sentences below, the main clauses
are joined by the coordinating conjunctions 'or', 'but' and 'yet'.
Examples are
You can send the packet by courier or Raj can take it with
him.
Sheila asked Anil to stay for lunch, but he left.
Some other coordinating conjunctions used to form compound
sentences are '.e ither ... or', 'neither ... nor', 'still', 'for', 'so',
'therefore', 'not only ... but also', and 'nevertheless'.
A sentence with ·a ma'iii·· clause and one or more subordinate
clauses is a complex sentence.
Subordinate clauses do not make sense except with a main clause
in a sentence. They do the work of an adjective, an adverb or a noun
in cornplex sentences. For example, in the complex sentence
126 ELIXIR

The man who lives next door is my friend's brother-in-law.

'who lives next door' is an adjectival or relative clause. Examples
of adverbial and noun clauses in complex sentences are
When Saif proposed to go, Bhudevi firmly said, 'No'.
She told us that it was not safe to leave the doors open.
You can form complex sentences (and recognise them too) by
using subordinating conjunctions such as 'who', 'whose', 'which',
'that', 'when', 'while', 'where', 'before', 'after', 'since',
•
'till' 'until' I
'as soon as '/' no sooner t han ' , 'as '/'because '/' smce
. ' , 'so t hat ', 'if
'/'unless', 'although'/'though', 'as though'/'as if', 'what', 'how' and
'whether' . · ·
It is possible to make a statement in any one of the following
ways. Note that the meanings of the three sentences are the same.
My email to Rita bounced back. (simple sentence)
I sent Rita an email, but it bounced back. (compound
sentence) '.
The email that I sent Rita bounced back. (complex sentence)

Exercise
Rewrite the following sentences as directed in bra'ckets~
a. Farid found the house locked, so he waited outside for his friend.
(Change into a simple sentence.)
b. Even though we missed the bus, we got to the office on time.
(Change into a compound sentence.)
c. The squirrels hid the nuts at their usual place. (Change into a
complex sentence.)
d. Although the curry was too salty, Amit did not complain. (Change
into a simple sentence.) ·
e. The nurses decorated the ward with flowers and balloons to make
it look bright and cheerful. (Change into a complex sentence.)
f. If you do not like the pink sari; you can take the white one,
(Change into a compound sentence.) .
3
g. It was not dark even at seven in the evening. (Change into
complex sentence.) . 3
h. Afka ran all the way, but she was late for college. (Change into
simple sentence.)