Special beginner

Personal pronouns
They refer to three persons.
First person= I we second person=you third person=they, he, she, it
First person singular= I first person plural= we
Second person singular= you second person plural= you
Third person singular=he, she, it third person plural= they

Subject pronouns
Go before the verb as subjects of the sentence.
I We You They He She It
Note: I = always with a capital letter. You = for singular.
He = for boy and man. She = for girl and woman.
They = for people, things, and animals. It = for thing.

Object pronouns
Go after the verb as object of the sentence.
Me you him her it us them

To be verbs is/am/are
To be verb is used to
1. Express general action (situations), fact. Kabul is the capital of Afghanistan
2. Express feelings and qualities. I am happy.
3. Talk about age. I am ten years old.
4. Talk about nationalities, states etc. I am hakim Sajed. I am from Kabul.

Note:
In English the following items are capitalized.
The subject ‘I’ is always capitalized. I am teacher at MELI.
Proper nouns are capitalized. Karrimi is the director of MELI.
Names of countries are capitalized. Afghanistan is our country.
Days of the week are capitalized. Friday is my favorite day of the week.

Have/has got

This/that/these/those
We use “this” for the singular person and thing near us.
e.g. this is a car. this is Ajmal.
We use “these” for the plural people and things near us.
e.g. these are cars. These are boys.
We use “that” for the singular person and thing far away from us.
e.g. that is a car. that is a doctor.
We use “those” for the plural people and things far away from us.
e.g. those are cars. Those are doctors.

Cardinal numbers
Are used to shoe exact number.
Zero (0) one (1) two (2) three (3)

Ordinal numbers
Are used to show exact position.
First second third fourth fifth sixth

Noun
noun Is the name of a person place and thing.
How to change singular noun to plural? RULS
 Add an S at end of some nouns to change them to plural.
e.g. one car two cars book books
  Add ES at the end of the nouns ending in s, ss, ch, sh, o, x and z.
Bus buses watch watches tomato tomatoes
 Nouns ending consonant + y change y to I and add es.
Lady ladies
 Nouns ending consonant + vowel+ y add only s.
Toy toys
 Nouns ending vowel + f/fe change f/fe to v and add es.
Wife wives knife knives

Some
We use some in affirmative sentences before plural countable nouns.
e.g. we have some books. She has some markers.

Any
We use any in negative and interrogative sentences before plural countable nouns.
e.g. are there any books in the bag? There are not any free seats.

Prepositions of place
They are used to say where someone or something is.
In in behind in front of near next to under
e.g. where is the teacher? He is in front of the class.

A lot of / lots of
A lot of and lots of are used in informal English. They show indefinite number of
countable nouns and indefinite quantity of uncountable noun.
Note: lots of sounds a bit more informal than a lot of.
Both forms are used in singular and plural sentences.
e.g. a lot of water is wasted. Lots of water is wasted.
e.g. a lot of chairs are needed at school. Lots of chair are needed at school.

Simple present tense

It expresses what actually one dose every day.
Note: the simple present tense is formed by using a personal subject pronoun.
Time expressions with this tense are (every day, week, month, year, in the morning,
evening, afternoon, on Monday and etc)
e.g. I go to school every day.
Spelling rules (3rd person singular)
 Add an (s) with most verbs in the third person singular (he, she it).
e.g. he takes tea. She drinks water.
 Add (es) with verbs ending in ch, sh, ss, o, x and z.
e.g. she watches TV. He washes the car. It crosses the river.
 Verbs ending in consonant + y=drop y and add ies.
She flies to the USA. He studies hard.
 Verbs ending in vowel+ y=add s.
e.g. she pays her bills on time. He stays at a hotel.

Conjunction
It is a word that joins two words and sentences. (and, but)
And: is used to add something to another thing.
e.g. Ahmad and Ali are brothers.
But: shows contrast.
e.g. she can sing but she cannot dance.

How often
It asks how many times an action happens or how many times a person does
something.
e.g. how often do you go to school? I always go to school.
e.g. how often do you miss classes? I never miss my classes.

Adverb of frequency
Adverb of frequency tell us how often something happens.
100% always 90% usually 75% frequently 60% often
50% sometimes 20% rarely, seldom 0% never
Note: adverb of frequency usually go in the middle of the sentence before the main
verb.
e.g. we always walk to school. They are seldom wrong.
e.g. she sometimes plays chess. We never study at the library.

WH question
In English there are seven (wh) question.
 What is used for a thing.
e.g. what is it? It is a chair.
 Why is used for a reason.
e.g. why were you late?
 Which is used for a choice.
e.g. Which do you prefer, tea or coffee?
 Who is used for a person.
e.g. who are you talking to?
 When is used for a time or date.
e.g. when do you start working here?
 Where is used for a place.
e.g. where do you live?
 How is used for an amount or the way.
e.g. how much does is it?
 Whose is used to ask about possession or ownership.
e.g. whose car is this?

How many
We use how many to ask about the amount of countable nouns.
e.g. how many brothers do you have?

How much
We use how much to ask about the quantity of uncountable nouns.
e.g. how much sugar do you want?
Present continuous tense
We use present continuous tense to talk about action happening now.
Structure
Positive: sub+ is am are+ Iv+ ing+ com
Negative: sub+ is am are+ not+ Iv+ ing+ com
Question: is am are+ sub+ Iv+ ing+ com+?
e.g. I am looking. I am not looking. Am I looking?
e.g. they are eating. They are not eating. Are they eating?
Spelling rules:
 Most verbs take ing after the base form.
e.g. eat eating read reading speak speaking
 Most verbs ending in e drop e and add ing.
e.g. write writing race racing take taking
 Verbs ending vowel + consonant, double the consonant and add ing.
e.g. sit sitting stop stopping

prepositions of time
prepositions of time are used when we want to talk about when something happens.
 We use “at” with
o The time e.g. he comes at 9:00 am.
o Holiday e.g. at the weekend, at Eid, etc.
o Time expressesions e.g. at noon, at midday, at night.
 We use “in” with
o Parts of the day e.g. in the morning, in the afternoon.
o Months e.g. in June, in March.
o Seasons e.g. in the summer, in winter, in spring.
o Years e.g. in 2004, in 2020, in 1400.
 We use “on” with
o Days e.g. on Monday, on Friday.
o Dates e.g. on 4 June
o When one thing is touching the surface of another thing.
Simple past tense
We use past simple tense for actions that happened at a specific time in the past.
I, he, she, it + was we, you, they + were
Spelling rules:
 We add “d” to verbs ending in e.
e.g. like liked
 For verbs ending in consonant + y. we drop y and add ied.
e.g. try tried
 For verbs ending in vowel + y. we add ed.
e.g. play played stay stayed
Note: time expressions used with simple past tense.
Yesterday, last week, month, year, two days ago, ten years ago, in 2000.

Comparative degree of adjective

Comparative degree of adjective is used to compare two persons and objects.
Rules:
 Add “r” at the end of adjective ending in e.
nice nicer white whiter brave braver
e.g. I am nicer than that teacher. This wall is whiter than that wall.
 Add “er” at the end of some adjectives.
Small smaller tall taller short shorter
e.g. this class is smaller than that. She is taller than her mother.
 Add “ier” at the end of adjective consonant + y change y to I and add er.
Happy happier healthy healthier
e.g. she is happier than her mother.
 Add more or less to adjectives having more than one syllable.
Beautiful more beautiful boring more boring
e.g. she is more beautiful than her sister.
Note: the conjunction ‘than’ must be used with comparative adjectives.

Ago
It is used to show how long before the present something happened.
e.g. I came to Kabul ten years ago. He died five years ago.
Note: that ago is used at the end of simple past tense in positive, negative and
interrogative sentences.

Have to
Have to expresses impersonal obligation. (objective obligation)
Note: I, we, you, they + have to he, she, it + has to
Subject + auxiliary verb + have + verb.
e.g. she has to work. She does not have to work. Does she have to work?
e.g. I have to see the doctor. I do not have to see the doctor.
Do I have to see the doctor?

Must
Expresses personal obligation. Must expresses what the speaker thinks is necessary.
Must is subjective obligation.
e.g. I must stop smoking. You must visit us soon. he must work harder.
Must is modal auxiliary verb. It is followed by a main verb.
Subject + must + main verb
e.g. we must stop now. Must we go there? Must I do the work?

Imperatives
We can use the imperative to give a direct order.
e.g. stand up straight. Give me the details.
We can use the imperative to give instructions.
e.g. open your book. Take two tablets every evening.

Enough + noun
This structure shows the sufficient number of count nouns and quantity of non-count
nouns.
  Enough + countable plural nouns.
e.g. I have enough books. I do not need to buy more.
e.g. he has enough books. He does not need to buy more books.
 Enough + uncountable noun.
e.g. she has enough sugar. She does not need to buy more.
e.g. he has enough power. He does not need to go to the gym.

Simple future tense

It expresses an action that will happen in the future.
Structure
Positive: sub + auxiliary verb + main verb + com.
Negative: sub + auxiliary verb + not + main verb + com.
Question: auxiliary verb + sub + main verb + com +?
e.g. you will finish before me. You will not finish before me.
Will you finish before me.

Superlative degree of adjective

Superlative degree of adjective compare more than two things and people of the
same kind.
Rules:
 Add st at the end of the adjective ending in e.
e.g. nice nicest brave bravest white whitest
 Add est at the end of most adjectives.
e.g. long longest short shortest bright brightest
 Add iest at the end of adjectives ending in consonant + y change y to I and add
est.
e.g. happy happiest funny funniest rainy rainiest
note: superlative degree of adjective typically accompanied by the word the.
e.g. Ahmad is the oldest man in town.
e.g. Farid is the tallest boy in the neighborhood.
Present perfect tense
It describes an action which happened at a nonspecific time in the past.
Structure
Positive: Subject + auxiliary verb + third form of verb + com.
Negative: subject + auxiliary verb + not + third form of verb + com.
Question: auxiliary verb + subject + third form of verb + com +?
e.g. we have played football. We have not played football.
Have we played football?
Note: we often use for and since with the present perfect tense.
 We use for to talk about a period of time – 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 8 years.
 We use since for talk about a point in past time – 9 o’clock, 1st January,
Monday.
e.g. I have been here for 34 minutes. I have been here since 9 o’clock.
e.g. Ali hasn’t called for 4 months. Ahmad hasn’t called since February.

Used to
It describes a past habit that does not have in the present.
Structure
Positive: Subject + used to + main verb + com.
Negative: Subject + did not + used to + main verb + com.
Question: did + subject + used to + main verb + com +?
e.g. I used to eat a lot. I did not used to eat a lot. Did I used to eat a lot?

Conditional clause
 Present real conditional sentence.
 It shows something that will happen if a certain condition is fulfilled.
Conditions something will happen
e.g. if I have a million dollars, I will buy a palace.
e.g. if you smoke a lot, you will get sick.
e.g. if Ali comes on time, he will learn a lot.

Be going to
It is used to talk about prior plans.
Structure
Positive: subject + be + going to + main verb + com.
Negative: subject + be + not+ going to + main verb + com.
Question: be + subject + going to + main verb + com +?
e.g. she is going to buy a car. She is not going to buy a car.
Is she going to buy a car?

Reflexive pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object of the sentence is one
person.
Reflexive pronouns they are
Myself yourself/yourselves ourselves themseluves himself
herself itself
Compare:
She is looking at him. (different people)
She is looking at herself. (the same person)
e.g. she only thinks about herself. Please, introduce yourself, Ahmad.

Every
We use every with singular count noun.
Use a singular verb after every.
e.g. every student must come to class on time.
e.g. every country is poor in Asia.
All
We use all with plural count noun and non- count noun.
Use a plural verb after all when it is used with plural count nouns.
e.g. all students are in the class. All sugar is in my glass.

Had to
It shows past impersonal obligation.
Structure
Positive: subject + had to + main verb + com. (simple past)
Negative: subject + did not + have to + main verb + com. (simple past)
Question: did + subject + have to + main verb + com+? (simple past)
e.g. she had to get up early. She did not have to get up early.
Did she have to get up early?

Might
It is used to talk about less than 50% present possibility in the present and future.
e.g. I might have a test next week. We might not go to Pakistan next month.
Might we go to Pakistan next month?

Both
It is used to combine two positive sentences which are equal according to grammar
and meaning.
Note: the verb with both should be positive and plural.
e.g. Ali is a teacher. Ahmad is a teacher.
both Ahmad and Ali are teachers.

Using a few/a little

The quantifiers (a little and a few) mean some or enough.
e.g. I have got a little money. I am going to the cinema.
e.g. I have got a few friends. We meet every day.
Note: a little and a few are generally used in affirmative statements, not negative or
questions.
A little is used with uncountable nouns. (money, bread, water…)
A few is used with countable nouns. (friends, tables, teachers…)

Regular verbs
The verbs which accept d, ed, ied at the end of verb are called regular verbs.
Rules
 Some regular verbs accept d at the end.
Like liked love loved face faced live lived
 Some regular verbs accept ed at end.
Accept accepted work worked check checked
 If a regular verb ends in consonant + y, change y into I and add ed.
Study studied try tried cry cried say saied

Irregular verbs
The verbs which accept d, ed, ied at the end are called irregular verbs.
Rules
 Some irregular verbs can have same spelling and same pronunciation.
Cut cut cut put put put
 Some irregular verbs can have same spelling and different pronunciation.
Read read read
 Some irregular verbs have different spelling and different pronunciation.
Go went gone see saw seen do did done

Like to be verb
We use the verb like to talk about people and things we like or things we like to do.
e.g. I like Ahmad. He likes to learn English. He likes Kabul city.
I do not like Ahmad. He does not like to learn English.
Do l like Ahmad? Does he like to learn English? Does he like Kabul city?
Until
It is a conjunction and a preposition and it is used to show that an action will
continue up to a certain moment.
Note: when until combines two sentences, it is called a conjunction.
Note: when it is followed by time expression, it is called preposition.
e.g. she will be here until 4:00 pm.

By and with
Both by and with can be used to say how somebody does something.
 We use by when we say what we do to get a result.
Note: the use of the –ing form after by.
e.g. the boy killed the spider by hitting it.
e.g. we got them to listen by shouting.
 We use with when we say what we use to get a result.
e.g. the boy killed the spider with a shoe.

Each/every
Each and every have similar use but not always the same meanings.
Each = every one separately every = each, all
 Sometimes, each and every have the same meaning.
e.g. prices go up each year. Prices go up every year.
 But often they are not exactly the same
o Each expresses the idea of ‘one by one’. It emphasizes individuality.
o Every is half-way between each and all. It sees things or people as
singular, but in a group or in general.
e.g. every artist is sensitive. Each artist sees things differently.
e.g. every soldier saluted as the president arrived.
The president gave each soldier a medal.
Really + adjective
This structure is used to show emphasis.
e.g. it is really hot day. She is a really nice teacher.
e.g. it was a really good car. He is a really intelligent teacher.

Let’s + verb
This structure is used to make suggestions.
e.g. let’s go to the zoo,

by + means of transportation
here the word by is used for means of transportation.
e.g. he comes by bus. She goes to school by foot.