TRUCKS

TRUCKS
Distance is the
principal factor in
selecting haul
units.
Highway end-dump
 Tractor with
bottom dump trailer
Bottom
dump
trailer
deposits
a wind
row of
material.
Articulated
Trucks
 Articulated Trucks
Can operate over bad ground.
Articulated Trucks
Retainer plate
to increase
load capacity.
Rigid Frame Mining Trucks
 TRUCK
PRODUCTION
 TRUCK
PRODUCTION
LOAD

RETURN HAUL

A
DUMP
 STEP 1 BUCKET LOADS
Number of bucket loads required
to fill the truck.
Truck capacity
Bucket loads =
Loader Bucket capacity

Bucket loads must be an integer

number.
MATCH THE LOADER TO THE TRUCK
 MATCH THE LOADER TO THE TRUCK

Match to 988F 990 992D

769C 3 pass
771 Quarry Tk 4 pass
773B 5 pass(HL) 3 pass
775B Quarry Tk 4 pass 3 pass
777C 4 pass
 TRUCK CAPACITY
Manufacturer's specification
sheets will list both struck and
heaped capacities.

STRUCK
- material measured straight
across the top of the body.
 TRUCK CAPACITY
2
1

HEAPED

- based on a 2:1 slope

above hauler bodies.
 BUCKET
CAPACITY
WEIGHT LIMIT
Check load weight against
gravimetric capacity of the haul
unit.
Max. gross weight 150,000 lb
Operating weight (empty) 68,900 lb
Therefore the max load is 81,100 lb
 WEIGHT LIMIT
Tires are about 35% of a truck’s
operating cost. Overload a truck
and you abuse the tires.

10-10-20 Rule
Several years ago, CAT was
the Terex Titan, was working on a
the world’s largest 340-ton truck.
truck at 350-ton
was designed
around the tires.
3550 hp Caterpillar 797B – 400t
GVW: 1,375,000 lb

25’4”

32’
World’s largest mining truck at 400-ton
(each tire cost $45,000) – Can cost up to
$280,000 USD in todays market
 WEIGHT LIMIT
Check load weight against
gravimetric capacity
Note the difference. Sideboards
WEIGHT LIMIT

Check load
weight against
gravimetric
capacity of the
haul unit.
 STEP 2 LOAD TIME

LOAD TIME =
Excavator cycle time
X No. of bucket loads
STEP 2
LOAD
TIME
STEP 3
HAUL TIME
HAUL TIME
HAUL DISTANCE (FT)
=
88 × HAUL SPEED
STEP 4 RETURN TIME

RETURN TIME
RETURN DISTANCE (FT)
=
88 × HAUL SPEED
 STEP 5 DUMP TIME
This will depend on the type
of hauling unit.
• Rear dumps
must be spotted
before dumping.
Total dump time
can exceed
2 minutes.
 STEP 5 DUMP TIME
• Bottom dump units dump while moving.
 STEP 5 DUMP TIME
PROJECT SPECIFIC FACTORS
• Is the dump area smooth
permitting safe maneuvering to
dump.
 STEP 5 DUMP TIME
Project Specific Factors
Is the dump
area smooth
permitting safe
maneuvering
to dump.
STEP 5 DUMP TIME
Project Specific Factors
Is the dump area crowded with
support equipment.
 STEP 5 DUMP TIME
PROJECT SPECIFIC FACTORS
• Is the dump area crowded with
support equipment.
 STEP 5 DUMP TIME
PROJECT SPECIFIC FACTORS
• Do loaded haul units have the
right-of-away.

Grader
Roller
Water truck
 STEP 5 DUMP TIME
Turn and Dump times (min.)
Conditions Bottom End
Dump Dump
Favorable 0.3 0.7
Average 0.6 1.0
Unfavorable 1.5 1.5
Dump
Procedures
Inefficient method
of dumping your
truck!!!
Why you should always spot trucks
in dumps!!!
STEP 6 TRUCK CYCLE
TIME
CYCLE TIME =
Load Time
+ Haul Time
+ Dump Time
+ Return Time
 STEP 7 NUMBER OF TRUCKS
REQUIRED

TRUCKS REQUIRED =
TRUCK CYCLE TIME
LOADER CYCLE TIME
 STEP 7 NUMBER OF TRUCKS
REQUIRED

350
?
300
Production

250
200
150
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6

Trucks
 STEP 7 NUMBER OF TRUCKS
REQUIRED

450
400 Loader
Production

350 potential
300
250
200
150 Match point
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5
Trucks
STEP 7 NUMBER OF TRUCKS
REQUIRED

The match point

typically does not
coincide with an even
number of trucks.
 STEP 8 EFFICIENCY
Three critical factors to
consider:
• Bunching
• Operator
• Equipment availability
 STEP 8 EFFICIENCY
Bunching:
With a perfect loader - hauler
match the effect of bunching is a
10 to 20% loss.
If there are extra haulers the
effect is reduced as there is
always a line of trucks waiting to
be loaded.
 STEP 8 MISMATCH & BUNCHING
EFFICIENCY
350
300
Production

250
200
150
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5
Trucks
 STEP 8 EFFICIENCY
Operator:
Longer hauling distances usually
results in better operator
efficiency.
Operator efficiency increases as
haul distance increases to about
8,000 ft. after which it remains
constant.
 STEP 8 OPERATOR EFFICIENCY
350
Production

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5
Trucks
 STEP 8 EFFICIENCY

Equipment availability:
When the loading tool breaks
down, the production drops to
zero.
 STEP 9
PRODUCTION
The Loader will control production if
at least one extra truck is used.

PRODUCTION (LOADER) =

WORKING MIN / HR
× BUCKET VOL
LOADER CYC TIME(MIN)
 STEP 9
PRODUCTION
Trucks control production if fewer
trucks are used.

PRODUCTION (TRUCK) =

WORKING MIN / HR
× TRK VOL × NO. TRKS
TRK CYC TIME(MIN)
 TRUCK PRODUCTION
Change from
PRACTICAL EXERCISE
25 to 22

Ten 22 ton/18 cy rear dump

trucks with low pressure tires
are available to haul a rock
dirt/gravel mixture. The
wheel loader being used has a
4.25 cy bucket.
 PRACTICAL EXERCISE
The haul and return, over
poorly maintained earth, is 3
miles. It is a down hill grade of
1.25% going to the dump area.
Net truck weight is 36,860 lb.
Working hour efficiency is 55
minutes.
 STEP 1 BUCKET LOADS
NUMBER OF BUCKET LOADS REQUIRED TO FILL THE
TRUCK.
• Truck capacity = 18 cy
• Dirt/gravel mixture
Fill Factor wheel loader (Table 8-6) 100-120%, use
average 110% Table 8.6: Bucket fill factors for wheel and track loaders
Wheel Loader Track Loader
Material fill factor (%) fill factor (%)
Loader bucket capacity Loose material
Mixed moist aggregates 95 - 100 95 - 100
Uniform aggregates
= 4.25 X 1.1 = 4.675 cy up to 1/8 in.
1/8 - 3/8 in.
95 - 100
90 - 95
95 - 110
90 - 110
1/2 - 3/4 in. 85 - 90 91 - 110
1 in. and over 85 - 90 92 - 110
Blasted rock
well blasted 80 - 95 80 - 95
Avarege 75 - 90 75 - 90
Poor 60 - 75 60 - 75
Other
Rock-dirt mixtures 100 - 120 100 - 120
Moist loam 100 - 110 100 - 110
Soil 80 - 100 80 - 100
Cemented material 85 - 95 85 - 100
Reprinted courtesy of Caterpillar Inc.
 STEP 1 BUCKET LOADS
NUMBER OF BUCKET LOADS
REQUIRED TO FILL THE TRUCK.
18
Bucket loads = ⇒ 3.85
4.675
Bucket loads must be an integer No.
Therefore use either
3 or 4 bucket loads.
 STEP 1 BUCKET LOADS
If 3 bucket loads:
Truck volume = 3 X 4.675
= 14 LCY
If 4 bucket loads:
Truck volume = 18 LCY
and the excess spills off.
 STEP 1 BUCKET LOADS

Check load weight against gravimetric capacity

of truck.
• Dirt/gravel mixture Table 4-3 2,600 lb/LCY
Table 4.3: Representsative Properties of earth and rock
Bank weight Loose weight Persent Swell
3 3
Matrial lb/cy kg/m lb/cy kg/m swell factor*
Clay, dray 2,700 1,600 2,000 1,185 35 0.74
Clay, wet 3,000 1,780 2,200 1,305 35 0.74
Earth, dry 2,800 1,660 2,240 1,325 25 0.80
Earth, wet 3,200 1,895 2,580 1,528 25 0.80
earth and gravel 3,200 1,895 2,600 1,575 20 0.83
Gravel, dry 2,800 1,660 2,490 1,475 12 0.89
Gravil, wet 3,400 2,020 2,980 1,765 14 0.88
Limestone 4,400 2,610 2,750 1,630 60 0.63
Rock, wel plasted 4,200 2,490 2,640 1,565 60 0.63
Sand, dry 2,600 1,542 2,260 1,340 15 0.87
Sand, wet 2,700 1,600 2,360 1,400 15 0.87
Shale 3,500 2,075 2,480 1,470 40 0.71
*The swell factor is equal to the loose weight divided by the the bank weight per unit volume
 CHECK LOAD WEIGHT

2,600
14 lcy× = 18.2 tn 〈 22 tn ok
2,000

2,600
18 lcy× = 23.4 tn 〉 22 tn
2,000
This is a slight overload situation.
 STEP 2 LOAD TIME
LOAD TIME =
Bucket cycle time X
No. of bucket loads
• 4.25 cy bucket Table 9.10, 30-33 sec
Bucket cycle time 30 - 33 sec
use average 31.5 sec (0.524 min)
Table 8-9: Fixed cycle time for loaders

Loader size Wheel Truck

heaped Loader Loader
bucket cycle time* cycle time*
capacity (cy) (sec) (sec)
1.00 - 3.75 27 - 30 15 - 21
4.00 - 5.50 30 - 33
6.00 - 7.00 33 - 36
14.00 - 23.00 36 - 42
*Includes load, manuver with four revesals of
direction (minimum travel), and dump
 STEP 2 LOAD TIME

3 bucket load:
3 X 0.525 = 1.58 min.

4 bucket load:
4 X 0.525 = 2.10 min.
 STEP 3 HAUL TIME
3 miles × 5,280 ft / mile
HAUL TIME =
88 × HAUL SPEED

1.25% GRADE

DUMP

• Poorly maintained earth

 STEP 3 HAUL TIME
• Poorly Maintained Earth Haul Road
Rolling resistance (Table 5-1) (Table 6.1) 70 - 100
lb/ton, use 85 lb/ton or 4.25%
Represesentaive rolling resistance for various types of wheels and surfaces*
Steel tires, Crawler Rubber tires,
Plain bearings Track and wheel Antifriction bearings
Types of high pressure Low pressure
surface lb/ton kg/m ton lb/ton kg/m ton lb/ton kg/m ton lb/ton kg/m ton
Smooth concrete 40 20 55 27 35 18 45 23

Good Asphalt 50-70 25-35 60-70 30-35 40-65 20-33 50-60 25-30

Earth,
Compacted and 60-100 30-50 60-80 30-40 40-70 20-35 50-70 25-35
maintained
Earth, poorly
100-150 50-75 80-110 40-55 100-140 50-70 70-100 35-50
maintained
Earth, rutted
muddy, no 200-250 100-125 140-180 70-90 180-220 90-110 150-200 75-100
maintenance
loose sand and
280-320 140-160 160-200 80-100 260-290 130-145 220-260 110-130
gravel
Earth, very
muddy, rulled, 350-400 175-200 200-240 100-120 300-400 150-200 280-340 140-170
soft
*In pounds per ton of kilograms per metric ton of gross vehicle weight
 STEP 3 HAUL TIME
• Poorly Maintained Earth Haul Road
Rolling resistance (Table 5-1) 70 - 100 lb/ton, use
85 lb/ton or 4.25%

Grade resistance load to dump: -1.25%

Total Resistance = 4.25 + (-1.25%)
= 3.0% or 60 lb/ton
 STEP 3 HAUL TIME
Net truck weight 36,860 lb or 18.43 tons

3 bucket load 18.20 tons

Gross wt. =
18.43 + 18.20 =
36.63 tons
 STEP 3 HAUL TIME
Net truck weight 36,860 lb or 18.43 tons

4 bucket load 23.40 tons

Gross wt. =
18.43 + 23.40 =
41.83 tons
 STEP 3 HAUL TIME
3 bucket load Gross wt. 36.63 ton
Rimpull = 60 lb/ton X 36.63 ton
= 2,200 lb
4 bucket load Gross wt. 41.83 ton
Rimpull = 60 lb/ton X 41.83 ton
= 2,510 lb
Page 294 text Fig. 10.8, Page 307

2510
2200
 STEP 3 HAUL TIME
3 bucket load 35 mph
4 bucket load 22 mph
3 miles × 5,280 ft / mile
HAUL TIME =
88 × HAUL SPEED
3 bucket, 5.143 min
4 bucket, 8.183 min
 STEP 4 RETURN TIME

RETURN DISTANCE (FT)

RETURN TIME =
88 × HAUL SPEED

Net truck weight 36,860 lb

or 18.43 tons
 STEP 4 RETURN TIME
• Poorly Maintained Earth Haul Road
Rolling resistance, 4.25%
• Grade resistance load to dump 1.25%
Total Resistance = 4.25 + 1.25%
= 5.5% or 110 lb/ton
Rimpull = 110 lb/ton X 18.43 ton
= 2,030 lb
Page 294 text

2030
 STEP 3 RETURN TIME
Return speed 35 mph
3 miles × 5,280 ft / mile
RETURN TIME =
88 × 35

= 5.143 min
 STEP 5 DUMP TIME
Rear Dump Trucks must be
spotted before dumping,
• Total dump time averages
about 2 minutes.

Use 2.0 minutes

STEP 6 TRUCK CYCLE TIME
3 bucket loads

Load time 1.580 min

+ Haul time 5.143 min
+ Dump time 2.000 min
+ Return time 5.143 min
CYCLE TIME = 13.866 min
STEP 6 TRUCK CYCLE
TIME
4 bucket loads
Load time 2.100 min
+ Haul time 8.183 min
+ Dump time 2.000 min
+ Return time 5.143 min
CYCLE TIME = 17.426 min
 STEP 7 TRUCKS REQUIRED
3 bucket loads

13.866
Trucks required =
1.58

Trucks required = 8.8

Must be an integer number
therefore 9 trucks
 STEP 7 TRUCKS REQUIRED
4 bucket loads

17.426
Trucks required =
2.10

Trucks required = 8.3

Must be an integer number
therefore 9 trucks
STEP 8 EFFICIENCY

• Working hour
efficiency
is 55 minutes.
 STEP 9 PRODUCTION
3 bucket loads
The loader will control production
if at least one extra truck is used.

PRODUCTION (LOADER) =
55 min / hr
× 14.025 LCY = 488 LCY / hr
1.58 min
STEP 9 PRODUCTION
4 bucket loads
The loader will control production
if at least one extra truck is used.

PRODUCTION (LOADER) =

55 min / hr
× 18 LCY = 471 LCY / hr
2.10 min
STEP 9 PRODUCTION
3 bucket loads 10 trucks
488 LCY/hr
4 bucket loads 10 trucks
471 LCY/hr
 STEP 9 PRODUCTION
3 bucket loads
If only 8 trucks are AVAILABLE the
trucks control production.

PRODUCTION (TRUCK) =
55 min / hr
× 14.025 LCY × 8 = 445 LCY / hr
13.866 min
 STEP 9 PRODUCTION
4 bucket loads
If only 8 trucks are AVAILABLE the
trucks control production.

PRODUCTION (TRUCK) =
55 min / hr
× 18 LCY × 8 = 454 LCY / hr
17.426 min
 STEP 9 PRODUCTION
3 4
Buckets Buckets
10 Trks 488 LCY 471 LCY

9 Trks 488 LCY 471 LCY

8 Trks 445 LCY 454 LCY

STEP 9 PRODUCTION
While matching the fleet
to the required production
is important, doing it at a
minimum $/unit of
material moved is usually
the goal.
 STEP 9 PRODUCTION COST

0.6
Cost/ ton $

0.5

0.4

0.3 As you add trucks

0.2

0.1

0
40 80 120 160 200 240 260
Tons/ hour
 STEP 9 PRODUCTION COST

0.6
Cost/ ton $

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2 Different size trucks

0.1

0
40 80 120 160 200 240 260
Tons/ hour
HAPPY HAULING