DOZERS

Workhorses of the
construction industry!
 DOZERS
• Designed to provide tractive
power for drawbar work.
• Low center of gravity machines
• The crawler dozer exerts low
ground-bearing pressure adding
to its versatility.
Crawler (track laying) dozer:
• Direct drive
– Power transmitted straight through transmission as if a single shaft
– Good for constant load conditions
– Available in small to medium dozers (<300 hp)
– Rated and maximum drawbar pull
• Torque converters and power-shift transmissions
– Can be shifted while transmitting full engine power
– Small to medium dozers
– Larger dozers always power-shift
• Hydrostatic Powertrains
– Offers infinitely variable speed range with constant power to both
tracks
– Increases controllability and operational efficiency
– Available on some lower hp dozers
Wheel type dozer:
• Higher speeds possible (> 30 mph)
• Speed and mobility advantage over track type dozers
• Good for light loads and cleanup work
• Most equipped with torque converters and PS trans

• Lower coefficient of traction than crawler type dozer

• May slip wheels before attaining rated drawbar pull
Dozer Operations
• Stripping/Excavating
• Backfilling
• Spreading
• Slot Dozing
• Blade-to-blade dozing
• Ripping
• Pioneering pilot roads
• Scraper loading
• Clearing land of timber, stumps and root mat
• Cleanup in borrow and quarry pits
 DOZERS
Tractors equipped with a blade are
standard equipment for
excavating
DOZERS
Dozers,
KG Blade equipped
with
( special
clearing
blades are
used for
land
clearing.
 DOZERS
Dozers, equipped with push
blades are used for assisting
scrapers to load.
 DOZERS

A dozer, can have a rear

mounted ripper for
loosening and
breaking up
rock.

Shank
)
 Blades
• Functionality:
• Pitching
• Tilting
• Angle
• Blades types:
• Straight blade “S”:
• heavy duty can be tilted,
• can be equipped to pitch
• used for backfilling, grading and spreading
• Angle blade “A”:
• 1-2 ft wider than “S” blade
• angled up to 25°
• tilt
• cannot be pitched
• effective for side-casting or sidehill cuts
Blades
• Universal Blades “U”:
• wider than “S” blade
• outside edges canted forward 25°
• efficient for moving large loads over long distances
• Semi – U “SU”:
• combines “S” and “U” blade designs
• Cushion blades:
• Used on large tractors mainly for push-loading scrapers
BLADE MOUNT

Blade
Mount
Frame
C- frame
outside
the tracks
BLADE MOUNT

Blade
Mount
Frame
C- frame
inside the
tracks
BLADE ADJUSTMENTS

Pitch
 BLADE
ADJUSTMENTS
Tilting
 BLADE
ADJUSTMENTS
Angle
 BLADE
ADJUSTMENTS
Angle
• Blade Performance
• (hp/ft) provides an indication of the ability of the blade to
penetrate and obtain a load (high ratio, more aggressive)
• (hp/lcy) measures the ability to push a load (high ratio, the bulldozer can
push a load at a greater speed)

• Bulldozer Production Estimating:

• Blade type
• Type and condition of material
• Cycle time
Tractors & Related
Equipment Clay
Bulldozer Production Estimating:
• Blade load
1. Manufacturer’s blade rating

• Blade load (LCY) = 0.0139 x H (ft) x W (ft) x L (ft)

• Vs = 0.8 WH2 (Capacity of straight or angle blade)
• Vu = Vs + ZH(W-Z) tan xo (Capacity of universal blade)
W, blade width (yds) exclusive of corner bits
Z, wing length (parallel to blade)
H, effective blade ht (yds)
X, wing angle Sandy
2. Field measurements
3. Previous experience
 Tractors & Related Equipment Efficiency
• Dozers
Minute/hour
• Dozer Production Estimating = Capacity x
dozing cycle time

• Dozing Cycle Time:

Cycle time = Fixed time + Variable Time

Fixed Time

Ts = maneuver + Change gear + start loading + dumping + travel + return

Variable Time
Example (4-6):
A power-shift crawler tractor has a rated blade capacity of 10 LCY (7.65 LCM). The dozer is
excavating loose common earth and pushing it a distance of 200 ft (61 m). Maximum reverse speed in
third range is 5 mph (8 km/h). Estimate the production of the dozer if job efficiency is 50 min/h.

Solution
Fixed time = 0.05 min (Table 4-4)
Dozing speed = 2.5 mi/h (Table 4-5)
200
Dozing time = (2.5 x 88) = 0.91min

Note: 1 mi/h = 88 ft/min; 1 km/h = 16.7 m/min.

200
Return time = = 0.45 min
(5 x 88)
Cycle time = 0.05 + 0.91 + 0.45 = 1.41 min
50
Production = 10 x ( ) = 355 LCY/h
1.41
Measuring Blade Loads
Bulldozer Production Estimating:
Field Estimate of Blade Load
Blade load (LCY) = 0.0139 x H (ft) x W (ft) x L (ft)

Example
Find the blade load?
H1 = 4.9 ft 4.9 + 5.2
H= 2 = 5.05
H2 = 5.2 ft
6.9 + 7.0
W1 = 6.9 ft W= = 6.95
2
W2 = 7.0 ft

L = 12.6 ft

Blade Load = 0.0138 x 5.05 x 6.95 x 12.6 = 6.15 LCY

 DOZER PRODUCTION
ESTIMATES
Step 1. Ideal production
Manufacture's charts
DOZER PRODUCTION Ideal
production
Ideal production values
(LCY/hr) are based on the
following conditions:
‹ 100% efficiency
‹ Power-shift machines
 DOZER PRODUCTION Ideal
production
‹ Dozer cuts 50 ft, then drifts the
blade load to dump over a high wall
 DOZER PRODUCTION Ideal
production
YES NO
Based on:
‹ Hydraulic
controlled
blades
 DOZER PRODUCTION Ideal
production
Ideal production values
(LCY/hr) are based on the
following conditions:
‹ Coefficient of traction
• > 0.5 crawler machines
• > 0.4 wheel machines
 DOZER PRODUCTION
ESTIMATES
• Step 2. Grade correction
 DOZER PRODUCTION
ESTIMATES
• Step 3. Material-weight correction

Ideal production values are based on

a soil density of 2,300 lb/LCY.
Material-weight correct =
2,300lb / LCY (standard)
Actual material unit weight
 DOZER PRODUCTION
ESTIMATES
Step 4. Operator skill,
GPS and computer
graphics
 DOZER PRODUCTION
ESTIMATES
Step 5. Material-type correction

Clay Sand
 DOZER PRODUCTION
ESTIMATES
Step 6. Operating technique

For Example:
-Slot Dozing
-Side by Side
Dozing
 DOZER PRODUCTION
ESTIMATES
Step 7. Visibility
 DOZER PRODUCTION
ESTIMATES

Step 8. Efficiency factor

Ideal production is based on a 60-minute

working hour.
Efficiency factor =
Actual working minutes per hr
60 - min working hr
 DOZER PRODUCTION
ESTIMATES

Step 9. Calculate production

Production (LCY) =
Ideal Production X
product of factors
 DOZER PRODUCTION
ESTIMATES
Step 10. Material conversion if
required

Step 11. Determine total

operating hours
required
DOZER PRODUCTION
ESTIMATES

BIG LOAD SLOW!

DOZER PRODUCTION Practical
Exercise 1
How long will it take a crawler
D7G dozer w/ straight blade to
move 6,700 BCY’s 150 feet?
• Grade -2%
• Dry clay, 1,950 lb/LCY
• Operator of average skill
• 50-min hour
 PE No. 1.
Step 1. Ideal production, D7G dozer w/ straight blade @ 150 ft.
• Find the dozing distance on the bottom horizontal scale.
• Read up vertically and intersect the production curve for the D7G.
• Read production on the left vertical scale.

320
LCY/hr
 PE No. 1.
Step 2. Grade Correction, for -2%
(-) downgrade or (+) upgrade
• Find the % grade on the bottom horizontal scale.
• Read up vertically and intersect the curve.
• Read the correction on the left vertical scale. 1.07
 PE No. 1.
Step 3. Material-weight correction,
for 1,950 lb/LCY
Ideal production values are based on a
soil density of 2,300 lb/LCY.
Material-weight correct =
2,300 lb / LCY
⇒ 1.18
1,950 lb / LCY
This information is
also available in
tables
 PE No. 1.
Step 4. Operator skill,
Average, track-type tractor

Operator skill = 0.75

 PE No. 1.

Step 5. Material-type correction,

Dry clay

Material-type
correction = 1.00
 PE No. 1.
Step 6. Operating technique,
Not specified
Operating technique = 1.00
 PE No. 1.
Step 7. Visibility,
Not specified, assume satisfactory
Visibility = 1.00
 PE No. 1.

Step 8. Efficiency factor,

50-min hour

Efficiency factor =
50 - min hr
⇒ 0.83
60 - min working hr
 PE No. 1.
Step 9. Calculate Production
Product of factors

1.07 × 1.18 × 0.75 × 1.00 × 1.00 × 1.00 × 0.83

⇒ 0.786
 PE No. 1.
Step 9. Calculate Production

Production (LCY) =
320 LCY/hr X 0.786

⇒ 252 ⇒ 250 LCY/hr

 PE No. 1.
Step 10. Material conversion,
Dry clay, LCY to BCY
Swell factor 0.74
Production (BCY) = 250 LCY/hr X 0.74
⇒ 185 BCY/hr
Table 4.3: Representative Properties of Earth and Rock
Bank weight Loose weight Percent Swell
3 3
Material lb/cy kg/m lb/cy kg/m swell factor*
Clay, dry 2,700 1,600 2,000 1,185 35 0.74
Clay, wet 3,000 1,780 2,200 1,305 35 0.74
Earth, dry 2,800 1,660 2,240 1,325 25 0.80
Earth, wet 3,200 1,895 2,580 1,528 25 0.80
Earth and gravel 3,200 1,895 2,600 1,575 20 0.83
Gravel, dry 2,800 1,660 2,490 1,475 12 0.89
Gravel, wet 3,400 2,020 2,980 1,765 14 0.88
Limestone 4,400 2,610 2,750 1,630 60 0.63
Rock, well blasted 4,200 2,490 2,640 1,565 60 0.63
Sand, dry 2,600 1,542 2,260 1,340 15 0.87
Sand, wet 2,700 1,600 2,360 1,400 15 0.87
Shale 3,500 2,075 2,480 1,470 40 0.71
*The swell factor is equal to the loose weight divided by the the bank weight per unit volume
 PE No. 1.
Step 11. Operating Hours,
to move 6,700 BCY’s

6,700 BCY
= 36.2 hours
185 BCY / hr
 RIPPING
Many contractors, when
investigating a project, ask
the question
“Do I have to blast?”
That is the wrong question.
What we should investigate
is “Can I rip?”
Better yet: bid to blast and rip if you can…make more money!
 RIPPING
Physical characteristics which
favor ripping are:
• Fractures, faults and planes
of weakness
• Weathering
• Brittleness and crystalline
structure
 RIPPING

Physical characteristics which

favor ripping are:
• High degree of stratification
or lamination
• Large grain size, coarse
grained rocks
 RIPPING PRODUCTION
Production depends on:
• Tractor speed
• Shank depth
• Number of shanks

2 shanks
 Ripping

The availability of powerful tractors make ripping feasible

option for some type of rock

Advantage of Ripping over Blasting:

• Less Cost (as much as 50%)
• Fewer safety hazards
• Reduce insurance cost
Ripping Equipment

1) Adjustable parallelogram Ripper:

The upper cylinder allows variation of tip angle for optimum results.
The tip angle that produces the best surface penetration is usually
different from the tip angle that produces optimum rock breakage
after penetration.
Optimum tip angle for penetration ≠ Optimum angle for breakage
Ripping Equipment

2) Impact Ripper:
They apply hammering action to a single shank ripper.
Impact rippers are able to effectively rip tougher rock then can
conventional rippers, and usually produce a significant increase in
ripper production.
Some typical values for the increased performance:
• 5 to 15% increase in the maximum seismic velocity for rippabilty
• 10 to 45 % increase in the hourly ripper production
 Ripping Production
To produce the ripper production we can use the following equation:
2.22 * D * W * L * E
Production (BCY/hr) =
T
60 * D * W * L * E
Production (BCM/hr) =
T
Where:
D = Average Penetration (ft or m)
W = Average width loosened (ft or m)
L = Length of pass (ft or m)
E = Job efficiency factor
T = Time for one ripper pass including turn (min)
 Considerations in Ripping:
Depends on:
• Ripping speed and depth
• Rock type
• Spacing of ripper passes
• Soundness
• Number of shanks to be used
• Tractor power
for max. ripper production
• Rip downhill when possible (gravity)
• Rip in low gear at low speed (1 to 1.5 mph)
• When ripping to load scrapers rip in the loading direction
• In stratified material try to match ripping depth to layer thickness
• Leave a cushion when removing ripped mat’l.
• For hard rock light blasting will increase production

2 shanks
 RIPPING PRODUCTION

Tractor speed
The tractor develops its greatest
drawbar pull in first gear.
Generally speed should be
between 1 and 1½ mph.
 RIPPING PRODUCTION
Shank depth
Rip at the maximum depth that
penetration and traction allow.
Rip to a uniform depth if possible.
This is very important when
scrapers are being used to haul
the material.
 RIPPING PRODUCTION
Number of shanks
The correct solution lies in trial and
error.
• Start with one in the center pocket.
If the material breaks satisfactorily
• Try two, one in each outside pocket
• Three may act as a rake and hold
slabs under the ripper.
 RIPPING PRODUCTION
ESTIMATES
Seismic-Velocity Method, most
ripping-production charts are
based on the relationship
between rippability and the
seismic wave velocity response
of a material.
• Seismic test
• Setup a sound source & a number of geophones (receivers)
• Measure travel time of sound wave to each geophone
• Plot time Vs. Distance

Observed wave travel time, msec (x10)

8
Critical Distance
L2

6
Critical Distance
L1
V3

4
V2

2
V1

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance to impact station, ft
 Rock Excavation
• Seismic Refraction test use:
• Identifying soil type:
Velocity in loose soil = 1000 ft/sec (305 m/sec)
Velocity in Sound Rock = 20,000 ft/sec (6100 m/sec)
• Determining whether to rip or blast the rock
< 7,000 ft/s Rippable > 10,000 ft/s Not Rippable
• Estimate layer thickness
1/2

H1 =
D1
2
[ V2 - V1
V2 + V1
]
H1 = Thickness of upper layer (ft or m)
D1 = Distance from sound source to first intersection of lines on time- distance graph (ft or m)
V1 = velocity in upper layer (ft/s or m/s)
V2 = velocity in second layer (ft/s or m/s)
 Rock Excavation
Distance from Sound Time (ms)
Seismic Refraction test Source to Geophone (ft)
Example (8-1): 10 5
20 10
40
30 15
30 40 20
50 22
20
60 24

10 70 26
80 28
0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

40 - 0
V1 = 0.020 - 0 = 2000 ft/s 1/2
H1 =
40
2 ( 5000 - 2000
5000 + 2000 ) = 13.1 ft
80 - 40
V2 = 0.028 – 0.02 = 5000 ft/s
Observed wave travel time, msec (x10)

8
Critical Distance
L2

6
Critical Distance
L1
V3

4
V2

2
V1

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance to impact station, ft
Observed wave travel time, msec (x10)

8
Critical Distance
L2

6
Critical Distance
L1
V3

4
V2

2
V1

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance to impact station, ft

horizontal Dis tan ce, Li

Velocity , V 1 =
time to travel dis tan ce Li

L1 V 2 − V 1 L2 V 3 − V 2 ⎡ V 2 V 2 −V 2 −V 3 V 2 −V 2 ⎤
D1 = D2 =
2 V3 +V 2
+ D1⎢1 − 3 1 2 1
⎥
2 V 2 +V1 ⎢⎣ V 1 V32 − V22 ⎥⎦
 RIPPING
Practical Exercise 2
How many D9R dozers are needed
to rip 8,000 BCY of trap rock
having a seismic velocity of 6,200
ft per second in 8 hours. The
conditions should be considered
average. Efficiency will be a 45-
minute working hour.
 PE No. 2.
Step 1. Ideal Production D9R
Trap rock having a seismic velocity of
6,200 ft per second

Conditions should be considered

average.
500 BCY/hour
PE No. 2.
 PE No. 2.
Step 2. Adjust for Igneous Rock with high
seismic velocity
Trap rock having a seismic velocity of 6,200
ft per second
Reduce production by 25%
 PE No. 2.
Step 3. Calculate Production
Production =
45 − min hr
500 BCY / hr × 0.75 ×
60 − min hr

⇒ 280 BCY/hr
 PE No. 2.
Step 4. Number of dozers
Number D9R’s =
8,000 BCY
280 BCY / hr × 8 hr

⇒ 3.6 ⇒ 4
Must be an integer number
 RIPPING
Heavy ripping will
increase machine
maintenance
requirements by
30 to 40%.
 THE
FUTURE?