Carguío y Transporte

Auxiliary equipment -Bulldozer

ASIEH HEKMAT
The unit operations of mining
Grinding

Secondary crushing

Primary crushing

Hauling

Mine
Loading

Blasting

Drilling
Truck- shovel productivity
Capacity

Consider a shovel with the capacity of 7 cubic meter,

Job Loading copper material with the density of 2.4 t/BCM.
Fill factor
efficiency Load factor is 85%, fill factor 90%, Job efficiency 0.8 and
cycle time is 40 se. Let`s say the mining cost is 1.2 $/hr.
Shovel –Truck How can we decrease the mining cost?
productivity
If this shovel is working with 70 ton trucks with travel
Rock and dump time of 20 min fill factor of 95% and job
Swell
density
efficiency of 0.8. How can we decrease the mining cost?
Cycle
time
Cycle time effect
 Auxiliary equipment_ Equipos de servicios

Grader - Motonivelador Excavator

Bulldozer

Water truck _ Camión aljibe

Wheel dozer Rodillo_ Road roler

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XagUtLDMLXw
Bulldozer
Bulldozer
A tractor equipped with a front-mounted
earthmoving blade is known as dozer or
bulldozer.

A dozer moves earth by lowering the blade

and cutting until a full blade load of material is
obtained.

It then pushed the material across the ground

surface to the required location.
Application
 Clear site of work

 Leveling of land

 Prepare roads on hilly areas as well as hard

grounds

 Excavate the material and haul in between 100

meter distance

 Spreading earth

 Maintaining haul road

 Types of bulldozer
Crawler tractor mounted bulldozer

Wheel tractor mounted bulldozer

Excavation methods of Bulldozer
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akRhx7dE-1o
Ripper
The ripper is the long claw-like device on the
back of the bulldozer.

Ripper rocks lets the ground surface rock be

broken into small rubber easy to handle and
transport , which can then be removed so
grading can take place.

Rippers can come as single shank or multiple

shank.
Type of rippers
Multiple shank ripper
Single shank ripper
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWqkiyIGfkQ
Dozer blades
The bulldozer blade is a heavy metal plate on the front of the tractor, used to push objects, pushing
sand, soil and debris.

 The blade is probably the most important and most commonly used bulldozer attachment.

Factors that determine the type of bulldozer blades are:

soil characteristics,

moisture level,

temperatures,

compaction and…..
 A straight blade (S-Blade)
It is short and has no lateral curve, no side wings and can be used for fine grading.
They are not well suited to handling granular materials since these materials spill off the ends during long
pushes.
 Semi universal blade (Semi-U blades)
Built much like a Straight Blade but with a deeper profile and closed ends to help keep granular materials in
front for long pushes. Semi-U Blades can be built with good abrasion resistance for materials like gravel,
and with puncture resistance for handling large angular pieces of rock.
 Universal blade (U-Blade)
These blades are designed to push large quantities of granular materials over long distances. They are best
suited for loose loads; coal, woodchips, and overburden.

They are not well suited to handling large angular objects such as blast rock.
Cushion dozer
Cushion Dozers are always part of a special dozer group which is made predominantly for pushing other
Dozers and Self Loading Scrapers when more tractive effort is required.
What type of blade is it?
Classification of bulldozer
Depending on nature of blade:

Front casting dozer

Blade is fixed perpendicular to the direction of travel

Angle dozer
The blade is fixed at an angle with the direction of travel
Front casting dozer
Angle dozer
Dozer blade adjustment
Tilting
Either end of the blade can be raised or lowered in the vertical plane. Tilting enables the construction of
dozer driving power on a limited portion of the length of the blade.
Pitching
The top of the blade can pitched forward or backward varying the angle of attack of the cutting edge.
Angling
Blade can be turned from the direction of travel angling causes the pushed material to roll off the
traveling rout. The process of rolling material off one end of the blade is known as side casting.
Tilt dozer
Pitching dozer
Angling dozer
Bulldozer Productivity
Selection of a suitable bulldozer can be accomplished by determining the blade size (Bb).
FT = MT + LT
FT is the fixed time in minutes; MT is the maneuver time in minutes and LT is the loading time in
minutes
𝑯𝑫 𝑯𝑫
𝑻𝑭 = 𝑻𝑬 =
(𝑺𝟏)(𝟖𝟖) (𝑺𝟐)(𝟖𝟖)

TF is the travel time, loaded, in minutes; TE is the travel time, empty, in minutes; HD is the haul
distance in feet; S1 is the loaded speed in miles per hour and S2 is the empty speed in miles per
hour
VT = TF + TE CT= VT + FT
VT is the variable time in minutes; CT is the cycle time in minutes;
 Dozer productivity
Dozer production per hours (PPH) = (NCPH) × BC
Number of cycles per hour (NCPH) = 60/Cycle time
Cycle time (min) = Fixed time + Variable time

Fixed cycle time represents time for

manoeuvring, changing gears, start loading and
dump.
Variable cycle time is the time required to doze
and return.
Actual production per hour = PPH × Ff ×Fs ×Je
Typical dozer fixed cycle times
Typical
dozer
operating
speeds
Example
A power-shift crawler tractor has a rated blade capacity of 10 LCY (7.65 LCM ) and works 50 min per hour.
The dozer is excavating loose common earth and pushing it a distance of 200 ft (61 m). Maximum dozing
speed is 2.5 mi/hr and maximum reverse speed in third range is 5 mi/h (8 km/hr)(1 mile = 5280 foot).
Dozer productivity
A bulldozer has not set volumetric capacity
There is no hopper or bowl to load
The amount of material that the dozer moves
depends on the quality of material which will
remain in front of the blade during the push.

The factors that control dozer production rate:

Blade type
Type and condition of material
Cycle time
Type of material & dozer productivity
Type of material & dozer productivity
Type of material & dozer productivity
Dozer capacity

The load that a blade will carry can be

estimated by several methods:

1. Manufacturer's blade rating

2. Previous experience (similar material,
equipment, and work conditions)
3. Field measurements
Manufacture's production information
Caterpillar contains excellent production curves for estimating dozing production in units of loose cubic
yards (LCY) of materials per hour (LCY/h).
This information is based on numerous field studies made on the varying job conditions.
The production curves provide the maximum uncorrected production based on following conditions:

◦ 100% efficiency (60 min hour – level cycle);

◦ Power shift machines with 0.05 min fixed time;
◦ Machine cuts for 50 ft (15 m), then drift blade load to dump over a high wall (Dump time 0 se);
◦ Soil density of 2300 Ib/LCY (1370 kg/LCM);
◦ Coefficient of traction: track machine: 0.5 or better & wheel machine: 0.4 or better;
◦ Hydraulic controlled blades are used.
Production curve
Dozing production estimating curves
for Caterpillar (Caterpillar Inc.)
 Job condition Track Wheel
Correction table correction factor
Job efficiency
type type

Job condition Track Wheel 50 min/hr 0.84 0.84

correction factor type type 40 min/hr 0.67 0.67
Operator Grade
Excellent 1 1 Favorable
Average 0.75 0.6 30% 1.6 1.6
Poor 0.6 0.5 20% 1.4 1.4
Material 10% 1.2 1.2
Loose stockpile 1.2 1.2 Unfavorable
Hart to cut 0.6-0.8 0.75 10% 0.8 0.8
Hard to drift 0.8 0.8 20% 0.55 0.55
Rock, ripped or blasted 0.6-0.8 - 30% 0.3 0.3
Example
Estimate the production rate of a Caterpillar D8 track dozer with SU-blade in the following
condition:
Dry sang gravel with the density of 2900 Ib/LCY
150 ft downhill with the grade of 10%
Average operator
50 min/hr efficiency
Solution
Dozing production curve: max production: 600 LCY/h
Correction factors:
Weight: 2300/2900 = 0.79
Dry material, hard drift: 0.8
Favorable grade: 1.2
Average operator: 0.75
Job efficiency: 0.84

Corrected production = 600×0.79 ×0.8 ×1.2 ×0.75 ×0.84 = 286.7 LCY/hr

Blade capacity
A suggested method for calculating blade volume by measuring blade load is as follows:

◦ Doze a full blade load, then lift the blade while moving forward on a level surface
until an even pile is formed.
◦ Measure the width of the pile (W) perpendicular to the blade and in line with the
inside of each track or wheel. Average the two measurements.
Blade capacity
◦ Measure the height (H) of the pile in a similar manner.
◦ Measure the length of the pile parallel to the blade.
◦ Calculate blade volume using these Equations:

Blade load (LCY) = 0.0139 × H (ft) × W(ft) × L (ft)

Blade load (LCM) = 0.375 × H (m) × W (m) × L (m)
Example
Estimate the production of the dozer that has the following information:
◦ A power-shift crawler tractor has a blade width of 4 m and height of 1.5 m.
◦ The dozer is excavating loose common earth and pushing it a distance of 61 m.
◦ Dozing speed is 4 km/h and maximum reverse speed in third range is 8 km/h.
◦ job efficiency is 50 min/h.

Fixed time =0.05 min

Dozing speed =4.0 km/h
Dozing time = 61/(4 ×16.7) = 0.91 min
Note: 1 km/h =16.7 m/min.
Return time =61/(8 × 16.7) = 0.45 min
Cycle time = 0.05+ 0.91+ 0.45= 1.41 min
W= 1.5 ×1.5 = 2.25
Blade capacity = 0.375 × 2.25×1.5 ×4= 5 LCM
Production= 5 × 50/1.41= 179.5 LCM/h
Job Management
Some techniques used to increase dozer production include:
◦ downhill dozing,
◦ slot dozing, and
◦ blade-to-blade dozing.

By taking advantage of the

force of gravity, downhill
dozing enables blade load to
be increased or cycle time
to be reduced compared to
dozing on the level.
 Job Management
Slot dozing utilizes a shallow trench (or
slot) cut between the loading and
dumping areas to increase the blade
capacity that can be carried on each
cycle.

Under favorable conditions,

slot dozing may increase dozer
production as much as 50%.
Job Management
Blade-to-blade dozing (side by side dozing) involves two dozers operating together with their
blades almost touching.
◦ This technique results in a combined blade capacity considerably greater than that of two
single blades.
◦ However, the technique is not efficient for use over short dozing distances because of the
extra maneuvering time required.
Mechanically coupled side by-side
(S × S) dozers equipped with a
single large blade are available and
are more productive than are
blade-to-blade dozers.
Ripper
Ripper
The effectiveness of a ripper depends on

1. Down pressure at the ripper tip.

2. The tractor's usable power to advance the tip: function of power available, tractor weight, and
coefficient of traction.
3. Properties of the material being ripped: laminated, faulted, weathered, and so on.
Rippability of rock
Before selecting the method of excavation, it is important to determine if the rock can be
ripped or it will be necessary to drill and blast.
This involves the study of the rock type and the determination of the rock’s density.
Rippability of rock
Rippability of rock

Kadir Karaman, Bayram Ercikdi and Ayhan

Kesimal: The assessment of slope stability
and rock excavatability in a limestone
quarry; Earth Sci. Res. SJ. Vol. 17, No. 2
(2013): 169 - 181
Rippability of rock
Igneous rocks (Rocas ígneas)
lack stratification and cleavage, and hence, they are hard and sometimes impossible to rip.

Rippability depends on the speed at which sound waves

travel through rock.
Rippability depende de la velocidad a la cual las ondas de
sonido viajan a través de la roca.
Rippability of rock
Seismographic methods are used to determine with reasonable accuracy whether the a rock can be ripped.
Rocks that propagate sound waves at low velocities are rippable.
Rocks that propagate sound waves at high velocities are not rippable
Rippability of rock
Rippability data on various rocks and soils are available from the equipment manufacturers.
Rippability data are usually based on velocity ranges for different types of soil and rocks.
Ripper productivity
Ripper performance charts allow the estimator to
make an initial determination of equipment which
may be able to perform based on the general rock-
type classifications.

After the initial determination of applicable

machines is made, production rates for those
particular machines are calculated using the
production charts.

Ripping production charts are based on the physical

material properties. The production rates obtained
from the charts must be adjusted to reflect the
actual field conditions of the project.
Homework
Define the type of caterpillar ripper to have the most productivity of ripping the
sedimentary rock of sand stone with the seismic velocity of 7000 fps.
How much will be the maximum productivity considering a job efficiency of 45 min/hr?
Operator wages are $9.50 per hour. What is the estimated ripping cost in dollars per bcy?
The largest dozer in the world