Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors

Gas Law Constant R

Numerical value Units
1.9872 g cal/g mol.K
1.9872 btu/lb mol.oR
82.057 cm3.atm/g mol.K
8314.34 J/kg mol.K
82.057 x 10-3 m3.atm/kg mol.K
8314.34 kg.m2/s2.kg mol.K
10.731 ft3.lbf/in2.lb mol. oR
0.7302 ft3.atm/lb mol. oR
1545.3 ft.lbf/lb mol. oR
8314.34 m3.Pa/kg mol.K

Volume and Density

1 g mol ideal gas at 0oC, 760mmHg 22.414 liters 22414 cm3
1 lb mol ideal gas at 0oC, 760mmHg 359.05 ft3
1 kg mol ideal gas at 0oC, 760mmHg 22.414 m3
Density of dry air at 0oC, 760mmHg 1.2929 g/liter
0.080711 lbm/ft
3

Molecular weight of air 28.97 lbm/lb mol 28.97 g/g mol

Conversions

Density
62.43 lbm/ft
3
1 g/cm3 1000
1 g/cm 3
8.345 lbm/US gal
1 lbm/ft
3
16.0185 kg/m3

Length
1 in 2.54 cm
100 cm 1 m
1 micron 1E-06 m 1E-04
1 Angstrom 1E-10 m 1E-04
1 mile 5280 ft
1 m 3.2808 ft 39.37

Mass
1 lbm 453.59 g 0.45359
1 lbm 16 oz 7000
1 kg 1000 g 2.2046
1 st 2000 lbm
1 lt 2240 lbm
1 mt 1000 kg
Standard Acceleration of Gravity
g 9.80665 m/s2 980.665 cm/s2
gc 32.174 lbm.ft/lbf.s
2

980.665 gm.cm/gf.s
2

Volume
1 liter 1000 cm3
1 in3 16.387 cm3
1 ft3 28.317 liter
1 ft3 0.028317 m3
1 ft3 7.481 US gal
1 m3 264.17 US gal
1 m3 1000 liter
1 US gal 4 qt
1 US gal 3.7854 liter
1 US gal 3785.4 cm3
1 British gal 1.20094 US gal
1 m3 35.313 ft3

Force
1 g.cm/s2 1E-05 kg.m/s2 1E-05
7.233E-05 lbm.ft/s
2
1 g.cm/s 2

1 kg.m/s2 1 N
1 lbf 4.4482 N
1 g.cm/s 2
2.248E-06 lbf

Pressure
1 bar 1E+05 Pa 1E+05
1 lbf/in
2
1 psia
1 psia 2.036 in. Hg at 0oC
2.311 ft H2O at 0 C
o
1 psia
1 psia 51.715 mm Hg at 0oC
1 atm 14.696 psia
1 atm 760 mm Hg at 0oC
1 atm 29.921 in. Hg at 0oC
33.9 ft H2O at 4 C
o
1 atm
1 psia 6.895E+04 g/cm.s2
1 psia 6.895E+04 dyn/cm2
2.089E-03 lbf/ft
2
1 dyn/cm2
1 psia 6.895E+03 N/m2 6.895E+03
1 lbf/ft
2
4.788E+02 dyn/cm2 47.88
1 mm Hg at 0 C o
1.333E+02 N/m2

1 mm H20 at 4 deg C = 9.807 Pa

Power
1 hp 0.7457 kW
 1 hp 550 ft.lbf/s
1 hp 0.7068 btu/s
1 W 14.34 cal/min
1 btu/h 0.29307 W
1 J/s 1 W

Heat, Energy, Work

1 J 1 N.m 1
1 kg.m2/s2 1 J 1E+07
1 btu 1055.06 J 1.05506
1 btu 252.16 cal
1 kcal 1000 cal 4.184
1 cal 4.184 J
1 btu 251.996 cal
1 btu 778.17 ft.lbf
1 hp.h 0.7457 kW.h
1 hp.h 2544.5 btu
1 ft.lbf 1.35582 J
1 ft.lbf/lbm 2.989 J/kg

Thermal Conductivity
1 btu/h.ft.oF 4.137E-03 cal/s.cm.oC
1 btu/h.ft.oF 1.73073 W/m.K

Heat Transfer Coefficient

1 btu/h.ft2 oF 1.357E-04 cal/s.cm2 oC
1 btu/h.ft F
2o
5.678E-04 W/cm2 oC
1 btu/h.ft2 oF 5.6783 W/m2 K
1 kcal/h.m F 2o
0.2048 btu/h.ft2 oF

Viscosity
1 cp 1E-02 g/cm.s
1 cp 2.4191 lbm/ft.h
1 cp 6.720E-04 lbm/ft.s
1 cp 1E-03 Pa.s 1E-03
2.089E-05 lbf.s/ft
2
1 cp
1 Pa.s 1 N.s/m2 1

Diffusivity
1 cm2/s 3.875 ft2/hr
1 cm2/s 1E-04 m2/s
1 m2/hr 10.764 ft2/hr
1 m2/s 3.875E+04 ft2/hr
1 centistoke 1E-02 cm2/s

Mass Flux and Molar Flux

7.373E+03 lbm/h.ft
2
1 g/s.cm2
 1 g mol/s.cm2 7.373E+03 lb mol/h.ft2
1 g mol/s.cm2 10 kg mol/s.m2 1E+04
1 lb mol/h.ft2 1.356E-03 kg mol/s.m2

Heat Flux and Heat Flow

1 btu/h.ft2 3.1546 W/m2
1 btu/h 0.29307 W
1 cal/h 1.162E-03 W

Heat Capacity and Enthalpy

1 btu/lbm. F
o
4.1868 kJ/kg.K
1 btu/lb m
. o
F 1 cal/g.oC
1 btu/lbm 2326 J/kg
1 ft.lbf/lbm 2.989 J/kg
1 cal/g.oC 4.1868 kJ/kg.K
1 kcal/g mol 4.184E+03 kJ/kg mol

Mass Transfer Coefficient

1 kc cm/s 1E-02 m/s
1 kc ft/hr 8.467E-05 m/s
1 kx g mol/s.cm . mol frac
2
10 kg mol/s.m2. mol frac
1 kx g mol/s.cm . mol frac
2
1E+04 g mol/s.m2. mol frac
1 kx lb mol/h.ft . mol frac
2
1.356E-03 kg mol/s.m2. mol frac
1 kxa lb mol/h.ft . mol frac
3
4.449E-03 kg mol/s.m3. mol frac
1 kG kg mol/s.m . atm
2
9.869E-06 kg mol/s.m2. Pa
1 kGa kg mol/s.m . atm
3
9.869E-06 kg mol/s.m2. Pa
kg/m3

cm 1E-03 mm 1 mm
mm

in

kg
grains
lbm
 32.174 ft/s2

N/m2

1.013E+05 N/m2 1.01325 bar

1.013E+05 Pa

Pa
N/m2
0.133322 kPa
kg.m2/s2
g.cm2/s2
kJ

kJ

kg/m.s 1E-03 N.s/m2

kg/m.s 1000 cp 0.67197 lbm/ft.s

 g mol/scm2

kg mol/s.m2. mol frac

g mol/s.m2. mol frac
kg mol/s.m2. mol frac
kg mol/s.m3. mol frac
kg mol/s.m2. Pa
kg mol/s.m2. Pa
Calorific Value

Vegetable Oil 40 GJ/mt

Meal 17 GJ/mt
Dry Biomass 16 - 18 GJ/mt
Fibers 2500 kcal/kg
Shells 3500 kcal/kg
Empty bunches kcal/kg

LHV = 6 - 10% HHV

1 mt steam @ 12 bar = 2.8 GJ

Stack loss 20% x LHV

Electrical Eff'y 30% x LHV