Angle Bar Sectional iron or steel piece in the form of an L, factory made.

Documents Brace Framing member, which stiffens another malleable element (square or
Tower structure rectangular for example).
Facts & Figures

Large diagonal The two main beams used for cross bracing: in the form of a cross and
braces attached over the 4 angle trusses at the tower top for cohesion purposes.
They are 4.5 meters high.

Buckling A support (stanchion, truss, beam, etc.) that warps due to weight.

Chord The upper or lower part of a girder or bar. For example, for the 4.9 or 7-meter
girders, the chords are U-shaped drawing strength from the flanges to which
the lattice or lacing members are attached, thus constituting the main part of
the beam.

Clip A clip attaching system tightened with one or more bolts. The clipping
technique is used on the Tower instead of soldering for fixing steel pieces onto
the original iron pieces that drilling would structurally weaken. Indeed, modern
welding on the original Tower iron is technically impossible because it renders
the iron fragile as well as it distorts the purity of the skeleton framework.

Connector Steel piece solidifying the floor to the primary structure and thereby
transferring the stress to the sub-floor.

Crosspiece All the lightweight box beams visible on all sides of the facade, which join with
the trusses to form the primary structure of the Tower, bonding and
reinforcing it.

Flat bar An iron or steel flat bar, long and rectangular, and factory made.

Floors A floor actually represents a group of levels not the number attributed to the
order of floors. In fact, the 1st and 2nd floors contain many levels.
For example, the second floor is composed of 6 main floors without counting
the sub-levels and walkways .

4.9 meter Girders Primary structure girders bonding the 16 trusses together and supporting the
sub-floor of the second floor. Since the beams are measured in their inclined
position, they are actually wider than the said 4.9 meters. The longest span
between support points is about 12.5 meters.

7 meter Girders Primary structure girders bonding the 16 trusses together and supporting the
sub-floor of the first floor. They are also measured in their inclined position,
thus they are actually wider than the said 7 meters. The longest span
between support points is about 38 meters.

Lacing A sort of zigzag lattice member between two angle bars. Together they form a
resistant horizontal section yet let light pass through, all the while maintaining
an overall resistance comparable to that of sheet iron. It can be composed of
flat bars, angle sections or any other type of bars. The crosspieces have
lacing on all four sides.

Lattice They function the same way as the lacing, however they are placed as cross
bars in wider sections. Their components are attached to the chords and can
be attached together where they cross. The 4.9 and 7 meter girders have
lattice members between the upper and lower chords. They are arranged in 2
layers.

Mask Decorative shapes adorned with consoles, mouldings, sculptures, etc. Placed
on the facade of the Tour so as to mask the top of the 4.9 meter girders on
the 2nd floor and the 7-meter girders on the 1st floor.

Orientation The four cardinal points of the Tower and the pillars provide the orientation.
Orientation The four cardinal points of the Tower and the pillars provide the orientation.
The four sides in question are designated by the view presented before them :
- Chaillot (the hill),
- Paris (the historic center),
- Grenelle (the neighborhood),
- Champ de Mars (the garden).

Panel The structure of the Tower is divided into 29 numbered panels from the
ground up. They are visible on the facade and accented in the openwork
sections by the crosspieces forming diagonal crosses. This system of
numbering has been in place since the conception of the Tower and is still
used today as reference points for operations and maintenance of the
monument.

Pillar Designated as the "legs" of the Tower, extending from the ground up to the
second floor. There are four.

Pillar base Designated the "feet" of the Tower on which the main pillars are positioned.
Also houses the service and technical quarters. They are identified by their
cardinal points.

Puddle Iron A fibrous iron quality obtained by swirling during the liquid phase. This
technique prevents the carbon and the impurities in the metal from associating
in the crystallographical structure.

Rivet A fastening piece made of mild iron and one of the almost exclusive original
framework elements. The rivet is composed of a cylindrical bolt and a
semi-spherical head. After turning red in a mobile forging furnace, the bolt is
entered into the desired holes and bracketed, also bracketed with the rivet
head, which is applied with a special tool. Both are forced together forming a
double head. As the bolt cools, it shrinks and thus strongly holds the
assembled pieces together.

Sheet metal Sheets of iron or steel of different thickness in which the different forms and
dimensions are cut out for the frame. The trusses are composed of assembled
sheet metal as well as the chords of the large braces.

Spire The part of the structure (the tower) that extends from the second floor to the
very top.

Struts A compressed steel member relieving truss joint stress in the monument's
structure, thereby becoming more resistant to longitudinal compressive stress.

Tower top The central tower constructed above the semi-circular beams at the top where
the broadcast antennas are based. It is the highest level of the Tower.

Truss The most important primary structure. These large iron tubes assembled in
square sections form the framework that holds up the Tower from the ground
to the top. Their cross-sectional area (90 cm at the base) and their numbers
decrease progressively ascending the Tower. There are four per pillar, thus 4 x
4 = 16, the total from the ground up to the 2nd floor. Higher up the numbers
decrease progressively from 12 to 8.

Wings Overhanging projections at the extremities of the large diagonal braces on the
two levels of the tower top. There are a total of 8.

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