A

PRESENTATION ON

Avinash Ghidora
Different Generation
Ø 1G (First generation)

Ø 2G (Second generation)

Ø 3G (Third generation)

Ø 4G (Fourth generation)
 1G, or First Generation

Ø 1G was an analog system, and

was developed in the seventies,

Cont…………
1G analog system for mobile communications saw
two key improvements during the 1970s: -

• the invention of the microprocessor and

• the digitization of the control link

between the mobile phone and the cell site.

Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was first

launched by the US and is a 1G mobile system.

Based on FDMA, it allows users to make voice calls

in one country
 2G, or Second Generation
2G phones using global system for mobile communications
(GSM) were first used in the early 1990’s in Europe.

• GSM provides voice and limited data services, and

• uses digital modulation for improved audio quality.

Cont…………
Multiple digital systems.
The development of 2G cellular systems was driven by the
need to improve
• transmission quality,

• system capacity, and

• coverage Speech transmission still dominates the airways,

but the demand for

• fax,
• short message, and
• data transmission
is growing rapidly.

2G cellular systems include GSM, digital AMPS (D-AMPS), code-division

multiple access (CDMA), and personal digital communication (PDC).
 3G, or Third Generation
Ø The 3G technology adds multimedia facilities to 2G phones by
allowing video, audio, and graphics applications.

Ø Over 3G phones, you can watch streaming video or have video

telephony.

Ø The idea behind 3G is to have a single network standard instead

of the different types adopted in the US, Europe, and Asia.

Cont…………
Telecommunications System (UMTS) or IMT-2000, will
sustain higher data rates and open the door to many Internet
style applications.

The main characteristics of IMT-2000 3G systems are:

1. A single family of compatible standards that can be used

worldwide for all mobile applications.

2. Support for both packet-switched and circuit-switched data

transmission.

3. Data rates up to 2 Mbps (depending on mobility).

4. High spectrum efficiency

Cont…………
3G promises increased bandwidth, up to 384 kbps when
the device holder is walking, 128 kbps in a car, and 2
Mbps in fixed applications.

A new air interface called enhanced data GSM

environment (EDGE) has been developed specifically to
meet the bandwidth needs of 3G. EDGE is a faster
version of GSM wireless service.

FOMA Launched in October 2001, DoCoMo’s Freedom

of Multimedia Access (FOMA) service provides fast,
high-quality voice and image transmission through
packetbased networks.
 DRAWBACKS BY GENERATION

1G
Poor voice quality,
Poor battery life,
Large phone size,
No security,
Frequent call drops,
Limited capacity and
Poor handoff reliability.
 DRAWBACKS BY GENERATION

2G
The GSM is a circuit switched,
connection oriented technology, where the end
systems are dedicated for the entire call session.

This causes inefficiency in usage of bandwidth and

resources.

The GSM-enabled systems do not support high data

rates.

They are unable to handle complex data such as

video.
 DRAWBACKS BY GENERATION

3G
1. High bandwidth requirement.

2. High spectrum licensing fees.

3. Huge capital.
 4G, or Forth Generation

For 1 and 2G standards, bandwidth maximum is 9.6 kbit/sec,

This is approximately 6 times slower than an ISDN (Integrated
services digital network).

Third generation mobile, data rates are 384 kbps (download)

maximum, typically around 200kbps, and 64kbps upload.

4G mobile data transmission rates are planned to be up to 100

megabits per second on the move and 1000gigbits per second
stationary, this is a phenomenal amount of bandwidth, only
comparable to the bandwidth workstations get connected directly
to a LAN.
What is fourth generation
(4G) mobile systems?
Fourth generation mobile communications
systems that are characterised by high-speed
data rates at 20 to 100 Mbps, suitable for
high-resolution movies and television, virtual .
Initial deployments are anticipated in 2006-
2010.
Now we need to discuss the different access technologies, these are
FDMA, TDMA and CDMA.

FDMA-Frequency Division Multiple Access. It is a method

where the spectrum is cut up into different frequencies and
then this chunk given to the users. At one time only one user
is assigned to a frequency. Because of this the frequency is
closed, until the call is ended, or it is passed on to another
frequency

TDMA-Time Division Multiple Access makes use of the whole

available spectrum, unlike FDMA. Instead of splitting the slots
by frequency, it splits them by time, over all of the frequency.
Each subscriber is given a time slot, as opposed to a
frequency. Therefore many uses can sit on one frequency,
and have different time slots, because the time slots are
switched so rapidly, it seems like the channel is permanently
connected. TDMA is used for 2G networks.
CDMA-Code Division Multiple Access uses the spread
spectrum method, the way it works means its highly
encrypted, so its no surprise it was developed and used by
the military. Unlike FDMA, CDMA allows the user to sit on all
of the available frequencies at the same time, and hop
between then. Each call is identified by its unique code, hence
the term Code Division.
 OFDM
The design is that 4G will be based on OFDM (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing), which is the key enabler of
4G technology. Other technological aspects of 4G are
adaptive processing and smart antennas, both of which will be
used in 3G networks and enhance rates when used in with
OFDM.

Orthogonal FDM's spread spectrum technique spreads the

data over a lot of carriers that are spaced apart at precise
frequencies. This spacing provides the "orthogonality" in this
method which prevents the receivers/demodulators from
seeing frequencies other than their own specific one. The
main benefit of OFDM is high spectral efficiency, but with
OFDM you also get; high resiliency to RF interference, and
the multi-path distortion is lower.
avinash, MBA - SSITM
4G : Anytime, Anywhere Connection
Also known as ‘Mobile Broadband everywhere’
MAGIC

Mobile Multimedia Communication

Anywhere, Anytime with Anyone
Global Mobility Support
Integrated Wireless Solution
Customized Personal Service

According to 4G Mobile Forum, by 2008 over $400

billion would be invested in 4G mobile projects.
 4G: Data rate Facts
Transmission at 20 Mbps
2000 times faster than mobile data rates
10 times faster than top transmission rates planned
in final build out of 3G broadband mobile
10-20 times faster than standard ADSL services.

Companies developing 4G technology

ü Phone Companies: Alcatel, Nortel, Motorola

ü IT Companies: Hughes, HP, LG Electronics

 WHY 4G?
Higher bandwidth enables a range of new applications!!

For the consumer

M Video streaming, TV broadcast
M Video calls, video clips – news, music, sports
M Enhanced gaming, chat, location services…

For business
P High speed teleworking / VPN access
P Sales force automation
P Video conferencing
P Real-time financial information
4G SERVICES IN ASIA

CDMA (1xEV-DO)
Korea: SKT, KTF
Japan: AU (KDDI)

WCDMA / UMTS
Japan: NTT DoCoMo, Vodafone KK
Australia: 3 Hutchinson
Hong Kong: 3 Hutchinson
 4G Realities

A recent study by Herschel Shosteck Associates noted that operators

that pay large amounts for spectrum will have to charge end users so
much that adoption of 3G will be slow.

Another study by Strategy Analytics agreed, predicting that, while

wireless data revenues will soar, 3G networks will account for less than
a quarter of that revenue by 2010. So-called 3G killer apps such as
multimedia won't succeed, the second study said.

Pent-up demand: Now there's the rub. Even NTT DoCoMo doesn't
think there's much pent-up demand among consumers for 3G
multimedia services, so it will target its initial 3G offering at business --
and price it accordingly.
THANK YOU