REPORT OF TECHNOLOGY MATERIALS

TESTING OF PORTLAND CEMENT

“MERAH PUTIH CEMENT”

NAME : AGENG MULANA W (04)

NIM : 1941320011
CLASS : 1 MRK 8

STATE POLYTECHNIC OF MALANG

2019 1
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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Cement is one of the most basic building materials, which almost all types of
building construction in this period use it, so that the relationship between cement and
Civil Engineering cannot be separated.
As with building materials in general, cement also has physical and chemical
properties, which by knowing can help us do construction work more safely and
efficiently. On the contrary, our ignorance of the nature of cement will make construction
work more risky and inefficient.

1.2 Testing Objective

The purpose of testing this cement baggage material is to understand more deeply
about cement and its properties by practical methods, which in this case are in the form of
tests. So that in the future it is expected that the parties involved, especially those who do
the testing, can better understand the characteristics of cement so that it will benefit their
lives, especially in the world of civil engineering work.

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 CHAPTER II
THE TESTING OF PORTLAND CEMENT

2.1 FINENESS TESTING OF CEMENT

2.1.1 Purposes
2.1.1.1 General Purpose
Knowing and understanding the physical, mechanical and technological
properties of Portland cement and its effect on concrete properly.
2.1.1.2 Special Purpose
a. Determine the fineness of portland cement using No. sieve 100 and
No. 200
b. Explain how to carry out the portland cement fineness test.
c. Use testing tools skillfully.

2.1.2 Basic Theory

The fineness of portland cement is an important factor that can affect the speed of
reaction between cement particles with water. With increasingly refined granules of
Portland cement. the cement hydration reaction will be faster. because hydration starts
from the surface of the grain.

2.1.3 Equipment/Tools
a. Filter No. 100 and No. 200 and PAN are according to ASTM standards
b. Analytical balance of maximum capacity of 2000 grams with accuracy of 0.1%

2.1.4 Test Object

Portland cement (Merah Putih cement) as much as 50 grams.

2.1.5 Procedure
a. Filter semen specimens as much as 50 grams using a No. 100 filter located above
the No.200 filter and installed a PAN under it.

b. Sift freely in 0-4 minutes at constant speed.

c. Sift freely in 5-10 minutes every 25 times. then the filter is rotated horizontally 60 °.

d. Weigh and count the remaining cement in each filter as a percentage of the weight
of the original test specimen.

2.1.6 Calculation
A
Fineness (F) = x 100%
B

Which is : F = The Fineness of Portland Cement

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 A = weight of the test object held above each filter
       No. 100 and No. 200
B = weight of original test object

2.1.7 Results
Portland Cement Fineness Testing Data Table
Restrained (gram) Fineness
Sieve No.
Individual Cumulative %
No. 100 0.10 0.10 0.20
No. 200 2.90 3.00 6.00
Pan 46.60 49.60 99.20
Total/Amount 49.60

2.1.8 Data Analysis

Fineness in sieve No. 100 is 0.20% so it does not meet the requirements where
fineness should not be more than 0.00 (zero)%, this is due to lumps in the edge of the
filter, which may occur due to the condition of the cement that has been opened for a
long time.
Fineness in sieve No. 200 is 3.00% so the requirements in sieve No. 200 met because
subtlety is not more than 22.0%
The total weight of cement at the end of the experiment was 49.60% this happened
due to lack of pain in the testers who did not conduct the experiment on white paper. So
that if there is cement that falls, it is not returned to the filter.

2.1.9 Conclusion
Based on the data above, it can be concluded that the cement does not meet or
almost meets the requirements due to the weight of the cement held in the No.100 sieve
is more than 0% (the cement retrain is as much as 0.20%). So that the hydration reaction
between cement particles and water will run slowly which has an effect on the
construction work which is slow and inefficient.

2.2 PORTLAND CEMENT SPECIFIC GRAVITY TESTING

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2.2.1 Purposes
2.2.1.1 General Purpose
Know and understand the physical, mechanical and technological
properties of Portland cement and their effects on concrete correctly..
2.2.1.2 Special Purpose
a. a. Determine the specific gravity value of Portland cement.
b. b. Use testing tools skillfully.

2.2.2 Basic Theory

The density of cement is the ratio between the dry weight of cement at room
temperature and the dry weight of distilled water at 4 oC, the contents of which are the
same as the contents of cement.

2.2.3 Equipment/tools
a. Le Chatelier Tube
b. Water-free kerosene or naptha with a specific gravity of 62 API (American
Petrolium Institute)
c. Thermometers 2 pieces
d. Balance
e. Cup
f. Water
g. Filter No. 100 and PAN
h. Plastic spoon
i. Funnel
j. Stopwatch

2.2.4 Test Object

Portland cement (Merah Putih cement) as much as 64 gram.

2.2.5 Procedure
a. Filter the cement using a filter of No. 100 as much as 64 grams.

b. Pour kerosene in Le Chatelier tube until the kerosene surface is on a 0.1 scale.

c. Fill the cup with water with a height of ± 1/3of the cup volume.

d. Insert the Le Chatelier tube into the water-filled saucer and insert the thermometer into
the Le Chatelier tube and the cup.

e. Wait until the temperature on the tube Le Chatelier (kerosene) and the cup (water) is
the same.

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 f. After the water temperature and kerosene same, read the scale on the tube Lee
Chatelier (V1).

g. Insert the test material (sifted cement) little by little into the tube using rolled paper so
that the cement does not stick to the wall of the tube.

h. Once all the test objects are inserted, rotate the tubes in a sloped position slowly to
ensure the air does not appear again on the liquid surface.

i. Insert the Le Chatelier tube into the water-filled saucer and insert the thermometer into
the Le Chatelier tube and the cup.

j. After the temperature of water and oil is the same, read the scale on the Le Chatelier
tube (V2).

k. Experiment 2 times. At the second testing, just repeat the first try and look for the
difference from the two experiments..

2.2.6 Calculation
CementWeig h t
Cement Specific Gravity =
( V 2−V 1 )
xd

Information : V1 = First reading on the tube scale

V2 = Second reading on the tube scale
(V2 - V1) = Fill fluid that is moved by cement with a certain weight.
d = Water density on 4° C (1 gr/cm3)

2.2.7 Results
Portland Cement Specific Gravity Testing Data Table
Test objects
Examination
I II
Weight Cement Portland Gram 64.00 64.00
First reading on a bottle scale V1 0.1 0.1
Second reading on a bottle scale V2 22.1 20.5
Transferred fluid contents V2 – V1 22 20.5
weig h tofcement
Specific gravity of cement = ×d
( V 2−V 1 ) 2.9 3.13
3
(gr/cm )
Average of specific gravity 3.015

Note:

- -First reading temperature in test items I 27 ° C

-Second reading temperature in test items I 28 ° C

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 -First reading temperature in test objects II 27 ° C
-Second reading temperature in test items II 28 ° C
-Weight of contents at 4 ° C = 1 gr/cm3

2.2.8 Data Analysis

In the first test results obtained in the form of cement specific gravity amounted to 2,909 while
in the second test results obtained 3,137 so that the difference between the first test and the
second test was 0.114. then the cement tested by our group did not meet the requirements
because the density of Portland cement was 3.023 which should be 3.15 and the difference
between the first test and the second test exceeded the allowable difference of 0.001.
In the first test V2 is 22.1 this is due to the presence of cement wasted or not included in the le
chatalier

2.2.9 Conclusion
The density of portland cement that meets the standard is 3-3.2. From the portland cement tested, the
specific gravity obtained from the experimental results was 3.023 gr / cm3. Then the specific gravity of
Portland cement meets the specified standards. So that if the cement is judged from just the specific
gravity, it will produce a good proportion of concrete mix.

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 2.3 PORTLAND CEMEN NORMAL CONSISTENCY TESTING

2.3.1 Purposes
2.3.1.1 General Purpose

To know and understand the physical, mechanical and technological properties of

Portland cement and its effect on concrete properly.

2.3.1.2 Special Purpose

a.. Determine the normal consistency of Portland cement with the Vicat tool.

b. Using test equipment skillfully.

2.3.2 Basic Theory

The normal consistency of Portland cement is a standard condition that demonstrates the
basting of pasta. Consistency is expressed with the amount of water needed by a cement paste in
a plastic condition.

2.3.2 Equipment/tools
a. Balance sheet, with an accuracy of 0.1% of the weight of the sample being weighed
b. 1 (one) set of vicat tools, consisting of vicat tools, conic rings and 1 cm diameter needles
c. 200 ml measuring cup, with accuracy of 1 ml
d. Stopwatch
e. Spooner (spatula)
f. Rubber gloves
g. Mixer (mixer)
h. Distilled water as much as ± 300 cm3
i. Glass plate
j. Filter No. 100 and PAN

2.3.3 Test Object

Portland cement (Merah Putih cement) sas musch as 300 gram.

2.3.4 Procedure

a. Filter cement using filter No. 100 as much as 300 grams.

b. Weigh as much as 28% of the weight of the test object using a measuring cup.

c. Insert the water and test materials into the mixer.

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d. Run the mixer at a speed of 1 (140 rpm) for 30 seconds.

e. then run the mixer at 2 (280 rpm) Speed for 60 sec.

f. Take and form the paste into a ball by hand, then throw it as many as 6 (six) times from one
hand to another with a distance of ± 30 cm.

f. Place the paste ball in a conic ring that has been lined with a glass plate using one hand.

h. Flatten the excess paste on the conic rings using a spatula bit by bit until the paste surface is
equal to the conic ring height.

i. Place a conic ring that has been filled with pasta on the Vicat tool under the needle with a
diameter of 1 cm with a distance of 1mm from the pasta surface.

j. Drop the needle for 30 seconds and record the result of decreasing the finger.

k. To test as much as x times with different moisture content to find the standard result is the
decrease in needle approximately 9-11 mm from the surface of the paste.

2.3.5 Calculation

weig h tofwater
Consistency = × 100 %
weig h tofcement

2.3.6 Results

Portland cement Normal consitency Test Data table

Examination Test object

I
Water Weight (A) gram 84.00
Cement Weight (B) gram 300.00
A % 28.00
Consistency = x 100
B
Penetration Mm 9

Note: the test only has one data / test object because during the first experiment
we immediately got the required decrease of 9-11mm at a normal
consistency of 28%.

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 2.3.7 Data Analysis
There is a test of water content taken as much as 28.0% of the weight of cement, which
causes a decrease of 9mm where this data is in accordance with the required needle reduction
(reaching a susceptible decrease of 9-11 mm).

2.3.8 Conclusion
Although we get normal consistency with decreases that meet the standards, but this data
is still inaccurate due to the lack of recommended test materials (3 test materials). Because of
this, we cannot create a normal consistency graph which can therefore find normal consistency
at a 10mm reduction. if our data is correct and accurate and if it is assumed that to get a 10mm
reduction there must be an increase of X% water, then it can be concluded that the type of Red
and White cement requires normal or greater water content to obtain plastic and good conditions.

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2.4 TESTING OF PORTLAND CEMENT BINDING TIME

2.4.1 Objectives

2.4.1.1 General Purpose

To know and understand the physical, mechanical and technological properties of

Portland cement and its effect on concrete properly.

2.4.1.2 Special Purpose

a. Determine the time of binding of Portland cement with the Vicat tool.

b. Using skilled test equipment.

2.4.2 Basic theory

Cement if mixed with water will form a slurry/paste that will gradually become less
plastic., and finally become set and hard. In this process, the first stage is achieved when the
cement paste is stiff enough to withstand a pressure.

Time to reach this stage is referred to as binding time, the time is calculated since the
water is mixed cement. The time of mixing cement and water is called the initial binder time,
and the time until it reaches the paste becomes a hard time called the final fastener time. The
definition of initial fastener time is important concrete work, the initial fastener time is long
enough for concrete works, i.e. transportation time, pouring, compacting and leveling surfaces.

2.4.3 Equipment

a. Balance sheet, with accuracy of 0.1% from the weight of the sample weighed
b. 1 (one) set of Vicat tools, consisting of the tools, conic rings and needles with diameter 1 cm
c. Measuring cup 200 ml, with precision 1 ml
d. Stopwatch
e. Spoon grader (spatula)
f. Rubber Gloves
g. Mixer (Mixing apparatus)
h. Water distilled as much as 27% of the test material (as per normal cement conchobtained from
normal consistency testing of Portland cement)
i. Glass Plate
j. Sieve No. 100 and PAN

2.4.4 Test Objects

Portland cement (Merah Putih cement) is 300 grams.

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 .

2.4.5 Procedure

a. Filter cement using a filter No. 100 of 300 grams.

b. Weigh water according to the results of the normal consistency of Portland
cement using a measuring cup (28%).
c. Put water and test material into the mixer.
d. Run the mixer with speed 1 of 140 rpm for 30 seconds.
e. Run the mixer again at speed 2 of 280 rpm for 60 seconds.
f. Take and form a paste into a ball by hand, then throw it 6 (six) times from one
hand to the other hand with a distance of ± 30 cm.
g. Hold a pasta ball using 1 (one) hand and place it into a conic ring that has been
covered with glass.
h. Flatten the excess paste on the conic ring using a spatula little by little until the
paste surface is equal to the height of the conic ring.
i. Placing the paste filled conic ring on the vicat tool under a 1mm diameter needle
1mm from the paste surface.
j. Drop the needle on the vicat tool every 15 minutes until it reaches a decrease
below 25 mm, noting any reduction that lasts for 30 seconds. The distance
between the points at each drop of the needle is ½ cm and the distance of the
point from the edge of the conic ring must not be less than 1 cm.

2.4.6 Results
Portland Cement binding time testing Data table

PENETRARION TIME TEST OBJECT PENETRATION

(MINUTES) I
0 40
15 40
30 40
45 35
60 30
75 25
90 10

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 Portland Cement binding time testing Data table

50

45

40

35

30

25
Series 3
20

15

10

0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90

2.4.7 Data Analysis

From the 0 minute to the 30 minute the decline is constant which is 40 mm. It was
only in the 45 minutes to begin a 5 mm decrease of 35 mm and continued to decline
to 75 as deep as 25 mm.

2.4.8 Conclusion
It takes 75 minutes to achieve a reduced depth of 25 mm. So that cement is not
suitable for work that requires preparation time long enough, namely in
transportation, pouring, compacting, and leveling the surface

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2.5 CONSERVATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT TESTING

2.5.1 Purposes

2.5.1.1 General Purpose

To know and understand the physical, mechanical and technological properties of

Portland cement and its effect on concrete properly.

2.5.1.2 Special Purpose

a. Determine the eternity of Portland cement with a boiled cake.

b. Using test equipment skillfully.

2.5.2 Basic theory

Eternity pasta or also called as smooth cement paste is a measure of the development
capability of its mixed materials and the ability to maintain volume after binding.

The lack of a cement paste is caused by the sheer amount of free lime which is not
perfect, as well as the Magnesia found in the mixture. Free lime will bind water and then cause
expansion styles that eventually arise cracks on the surface of the cement paste.

2.5.3 Equipment

a. Balance sheet, with accuracy of 0.1% from the weight of the sample weighed

b. Measuring cup 200 ml, with the accuracy of 1 ml

c. Spoon grader (spatula)

d. Mixer (mixing apparatus)

e. Water distilled as much as 27% of the test material (as per normal cement conchobtained from
normal consistency testing of Portland cement)

f. 4 Pieces Glass Plate

g. Sieve No. 100 and PAN

h. Vials

i Calipers

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 2.5.4 Test Objects

Portland cement (Merah Putih cement ) as much as 650 gram

2.5.5 Implementation Procedures

a. Filter cement using a filter of No. 100 as many as 650 gram.

b. Weigh the water according to the normal consistency result of Portland cement using
measuring cup. (28%)
c. Insert the water and test objects into the mixer.
d. Run the mixer at a speed of 1 140 rpm for 30 seconds.
e. Stop the mixing machine for 15 seconds.
f. Re-run the mixer at a speed of 2 280 rpm for 60 seconds.
g. Take a sekepal paste and put on the glass plate.
h. Forming a cake such as pastry using an iron ring with a diameter of 10 cm and a height in the
middle of 1.30 mm by shrinking the thickness of the edges.
i. Silence the cake for 24 hours on a damp room.
j. Put the cake in the water and boiled for 150 minutes.
k. After the cake is boiled, observe on the physical part and note if there are changes in the form
e.g. cracks, rupture or indicate other forms change.

2.5.6 Results

Test Object
Examination
Cake 1 Cake 2 Cake 3 Cake 4
First
cm 9.99 10.06 10.06 10.08
Diameter
Final
Diameter
cm 9.923 9.983 10.008 10.013
(after
braised)

deviation cm 0.067 0.077 0.052 0.067

Shrinkage % 0.67 0.765 0.517 0.664

Mean % 0.654

Portland Cement Eternity testing Data table with boiled cakes

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 • On the surface of the lower part of the cake found fine grain white.
• And on the top surface of the cake if it is wiped by hand. there is a gray white
speculation that are used in the hand.
 There is a smooth crack motif appears on the surface of the boiled cake
 pores appear at the bottom of the boiled cake

2.5.7 Data Analysis

Shrinkage occurred in all boiled cakes, with an average of 0.654 %. we can find
the white grain and pores at the bottom of boiled cake. And after boiled. there is a
cracks on the top of boiled cake

2.5.7 Conclusion
In this boiled cake test, all four cakes cracked which indicated the lack of sand
and the amount of lime. this is also strengthened by the discovery of white fine grain
granules under the surface of the cake.
the shrinkage of cement must be less than 20% of the initial diameter, because the
shrinkage in our experiment is 0.65% then the quality of the conservation of cement is
good

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2.6 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF MORTAR TESTING

2.6.1 Purposes
2.6.1.1 General Purpose
To know and understand the physical, mechanical and technological properties of
Portland cement and its effect on concrete properly.

2.6.1.2 Special Purpose

a. Determine the strength of the Portland cement mortar press.
b. Using skilled test equipment.

2.6.2 Basic theory

The strength of the mortar is the burden of each unit of surface area causing the
mortar to shattered. This mortar strength is obtained from cube-shaped test objects
with a size of 5x5x5 cm. Made using a sample of smen and mixing it with uniform
silica sand and water in certain comparisons.

2.6.3 Tools
a. Balance sheet, 0.1% accuracy of weighed weight.
b. Measuring cup SI 500 ml or 1000 ml, with the accuracy of 1 ml.
c. Stopwatch
d. Spoon grader (spatula).
e. Stirring tools.
f. Rubber gloves.
g. Water distilled ± 500cm³
h. Vials.
i. 5 x 5 x 5 cm cube mold and groin/reeds tool
j. Sand Silica/Ottawa
k. Flow Tabble

2.6.4 Test Materials

Portland cement as much as 500 gr

2.6.5 Process of Implementation

a. Enter the sand silica/Ottawa as much as 1375 GR and 500 gr of cement into the
mixing bowl.

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 b. Stir the sand and cement with a speed of 145 rpm until evenly.
c. Add water as much as 30% the weight of cement and turn on the mixing machine
at 145 rpm for 30 seconds.
d. After stopping. Return the mortar to the container.
e. Turn on the mixing machine with 285 rpm speed for 1 minute.
f. Do the melting test by filling the mortar into the ring located on the melting table.
The ring is filled in 2 layers where each layer is compacted by mashing 20 times.
Flatten the mortar surface with a spoon and lift the ring and then vibrate the melting
table 25 times for 15 seconds.
g. Measure the melting diameter at least a lack of 4 places and take the average price.
The melting diameter should be between 100%-115% of the original diameter. If the
melt diameter required has not been obtained repeat the above step (from item A to f)
by changing the moisture content.
h. Print the mortar with a 5 x 5 x 5 cm cube mold. Mold in the fill in 2 layers in
which each layer is compacted with a round 32 times in 4 rounds. The whole time
used to print the mortar should not be more than 2 minutes.
h. Flatten the mortar surface with spoon. Then store it in Moist cabinet for 24 hours.
i. Open the mold and get a mortar in clean water. Then check the strength of the
mortar with press machine according to the desired age, usually at the age of 3, 7 and
28 days.

2.6.6 Calculation
P
Force Press mortar = ( kg/cm2 )
A
Where:
P = maximum load (kg)
A = The surface area of the test objects (cm ²)

2.6.7 Data
Diameters Melting Data

Benda Uji Diameter 1 Diameter 2 Diameter 3 Diameter 4

1 10 cm 10 cm 10 cm 10 cm

Compressive Strength Data

Soaked/ Curing of tested object for 6 days
Mortar compressive strength

No Date Age Weight Load Compressive

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 (days) (gram) (kg) strength
(kg /cm2
Making Soaking Lifting Test
1 17 18 23 26 6 267.0 2800 112
September September September September
2019 2019 2019 2019
2 17 18 23 26 6 262.0 2500 100
September September September September
2019 2019 2019 2019
3 17 18 23 26 6 256.0 2700 108
September September September September
2019 2019 2019 2019

2.6.8 Data Analysis

When the melting test the object widens as far as 10 cm (average) where no more than
11.5 cm which is the requirement limit (115% initial diameter). The test specimen did not
even melt (100% in diameter)
While the mortar compressive test still has a low strength that is below k-40.

2.6.9 Conclusion
There are several factors that influence Mortar Compressive Strength, including the
amount of water, time of mortar treatment, water content in the mortar, mortar surface
area, and others.
In this experiment the compressive strength of mortar is still relatively low, this can
occur due to the age of mortar treatment that is not long enough, and the condition of the
mortar is still wet + - 16.67% of the whole.

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 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion

From a series of tests that have been, can be contributed to the many properties of
the nature of cement both physical and chemical that if not considered one of them
carefully then will result in the results of the cement that is not satisfactory.

3.2 Suggestions

It is advisable to pay attention to every step properly and properly and record
everything that needs to be noted for research.

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