om

.c
EE 2353 HIGH VOLTAGE

ul
ENGINEERING

pa
in
Faculty Name :A.JAIBUNISHA
ej
Faculty Code : EE 58
.R

Designation : LECTURER
w

Department : EEE
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 om
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UNIT - I

ul
pa
in
ej
OVER VOLTAGES IN ELECTRICAL
.R
POWER SYSTEMS
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 LIGHTING

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Causes of over voltage

ul


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 Lightning phenomenon

in
 Charge formation of Lightning
ej
Rate of Charging of thunder cloud
.R


Mechanism of lightning strokes

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
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 Characteristics of Lightning strokes

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3
 LIGHTING

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.c
Factors contributing to good line

ul

design

pa
 Protection afforded by ground wires.

in
Tower footing resistance

ej
Interaction between lightning and
.R


power system
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Mathematical model of Lightning

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
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4
Causes of Lightning

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.c
 Lightning phenomenon

ul
- peak discharge in which charge

pa
accumulated in the cloud into

in
neighbouring cloud or to the ground
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.R
 Electrode separation – cloud to cloud
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or cloud to ground is about 10 km or

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more
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CHARGE FORMATION OF CLOUD

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 Positive and negative charges

ul
become separated by heavy air

pa
current with ice crystals in the upper
part and rain in the lower region.

in
Charge separation depends on

ej
height of cloud (200 – 10,000m).
.R

 Charge centers at a distance about

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300 – 2km
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CHARGE FORMATION OF CLOUD

.c
 Charge inside the cloud – 1 to 100 C

ul
Cloud potential – 107 to 108 V

pa


 Gradient within a cloud – 100 V/cm

in
Gradient at initial discharge point –

ej
10kV/cm
.R

Energy at discharge – 250 kWhr

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
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CHARGE FORMATION OF CLOUD

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ul
pa
in
ej
.R
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MECHANISM OF LIGHTNING FLASH

.c
 Pilot streamer and Stepped leader

ul
pa
 Ground streamer and return stroke

in
ej
Subsequent strokes
.R

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PILOT STREAMER AND STEPPED

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LEADER

.c
ul
pa
in
ej
.R
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GROUND STREAMER AND RETURN

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STROKE

.c
ul
pa
in
ej
.R
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 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHTNING

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STROKES

.c
Current-time characteristics

ul


Time to peak or Rate of rise

pa


Probability distribution of current and

in

time ej
Wave shapes of lightning voltage and
.R

current
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12
 LIGHTNING CURRENT

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.c
Short front time - 10µs

ul


Tail time – several ms.

pa


in
ej
.R
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13
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RATE OF RISE

.c
50% lightning stroke current –

ul

greater than 7.5kA/µs.

pa
 10% lightning strokes current –

in
exceeds 25 kA/µs.
ej
 Stroke current above half value –
.R
more than 30µs.
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14
 SURGE VOLTAGE

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.c
Maximum surge voltage in

ul

transmission line – 5MV

pa
 Most of the surge voltage is less than

in
1000 kV on line.
ej
 Front time – 2 to 10 µs
.R

 Tail time – 20 to 100 µs

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Rate of rise of voltage – 1MV/ µs

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
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15
LIGHTNING STROKES

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.c
Direct stroke

ul


directly discharges on to

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transmission line or line wires

in
Induced stroke

ej
cloud generates negative charge at
.R

its base, the earth object develop

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induced positive charge

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16
 OVER VOLTAGE DUE TO SWITCHING

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SURGES

.c
INTRODUCTION

ul
 In switching, the over voltage thus

pa
generated last for longer durations and
therefore are severe and more dangerous
to the system
in
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 The switching over voltages depends on
.R
the normal voltage of the system and
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hence increase with increased system

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voltage
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17
 ORIGIN OF SWITCHING

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SURGES

.c
 Making and breaking of electric

ul
circuits with switchgear may results

pa
in abnormal over voltages in power
systems having large inductances
in
and capacitances.
ej
.R
 over voltages may go as high as 6
times the normal power frequency
w

voltage.
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18
 ORIGIN OF SWITCHING

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SURGES
In circuit breaking operation switching

.c

surges with a high rate of rise of voltage

ul
may cause repeated restriking of the arc

pa
between the contacts of a circuit breaker,
thereby causing destruction of the circuit
breaker contacts.

in
Switching surges may include high natural

ej
frequencies of the system, a damped
.R
normal frequency voltage component, or
restriking and recovery voltage of the
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system with successive reflected waves

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from terminations.
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19
 CHARACTERISTICS OF

om
SWITCHING SURGES

.c
 De-energizing of transmission lines, cables,

ul
shunt capacitor, banks, etc.

pa
 Disconnection of unloaded transformers,
reactors, etc.


in
Energization or reclosing of lines and
ej
reactive loads.
.R
 Sudden switching off of loads.
Short circuit and fault clearances.
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Resonance phenomenon like ferro-

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
resonance, arcing grounds, etc.
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20
 CONTROL OF OVERVOLTAGES

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DUE TO SWITCHING

.c
 Energization of transmission lines in one or

ul
more steps by inserting resistances and
withdrawing them afterwards.

pa
 Phase controlled closing of circuit
breakers.

in
Drainage of trapped charges before

ej
reclosing
.R
 Use of shunt reactors.
Limiting switching surges by suitable surge
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
diverters.
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21
PROTECTION AGAINST

om
OVERVOLTAGS

.c
 Minimizing the lightning overvoltages

ul
are done by suitable line designs,

pa
 Providing guard and ground wires,

in
Using surge diverters.
ej
.R
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22
PROTECTION AGAINST

om
OVERVOLTAGS

.c
Shielding the overhead lines by using

ul

ground wires above the phase wires,

pa
 Using ground rods and counter-poise

in
wires,ej
 Including protective devices like
.R
explosion gaps, protector tubes on
the lines, and surge diverters at the
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line terminations and sudstations

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23
 om
.c
ul
UNIT - II

pa
in
ELECTRICAL BREAKDOWN IN
ej
GASES, SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS.
.R
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 GASEOUS BREAKDOWN IN

om
UNIFORM FIELDS

.c
In uniform fields, the Townsend's criterion for

ul
breakdown in electropositive gases is given by the

pa
following equation,

in

ej
where the coefficients α and γ are functions of
.R
E/p and are given as follows
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2
 GASEOUS BREAKDOWN IN

om
UNIFORM FIELDS

.c
where E0 is the applied electric field, and p the gas pressure. In

ul
a uniform field electrode system of gap distance d,

pa
in
Ub is the breakdown voltage and Eb the corresponding field
ej
intensity. Eb is equal to the electric strength of the dielectric
.R
under given conditions. When the applied field intensity E0 = Eb
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3
GASEOUS BREAKDOWN IN

om
UNIFORM FIELDS

.c
ul
pa
in
ej
.R
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4
 BREAKDOWN IN LIQUID

om
DIELECTRICS

.c
ul
• A very large number of external factors affect the

pa
breakdown strength of liquid dielectrics.
• For example, electrode configuration, their

in
,

material, size and surface finish, the type of

ej
voltage, its period of application and magnitude,
.R
the temperature, pressure, purification of the
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liquid and its ageing condition.

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5
 BREAKDOWN IN LIQUID

om
DIELECTRICS

.c
ul
• Dissolved water, gas or the presence of any

pa
other form of contamination and sludge also
affect the breakdown strength considerably.

in
,

• It is, therefore, not possible to describe the

ej
breakdown mechanism by a single theoretical
.R
analysis which may take into account all known
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observed factors affecting the breakdown.

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6
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CORONA DISCHARGE

.c
The field is non-uniform, an increase in

ul


voltage will first cause a discharge in the gas

pa
to appear at points with highest electric field
intensity, namely at sharp points or where the

in
electrodes are curved or on transmission lines.
ej
This form of discharge is called a corona
.R
discharge and can be observed as a bluish
luminescence.
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7
 om
CORONA DISCHARGE

.c
 This is accompanied by a hissing noise.

ul
 The air surrounding the corona region becomes

pa
converted into ozone.
It is responsible for considerable loss of power

in

from high voltage transmission lines,
ej
 It leads to the deterioration of insulation due to
.R
the combined action of the bombardment of
ions and of the chemical compounds formed
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during discharges.
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 It also gives rise to radio interference.

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8
 BREAKDOWN IN NON-

om
UNIFORM FIELDS

.c
 The breakdown voltages were also observed to

ul
depend on humidity in air.

pa
 In rod gaps the fields are non-uniform.
In the case of sphere gaps the field is uniform

in


 In sphere gaps, the breakdo0wn voltage do not

ej
depend on humidity and are also independent of
.R
the voltage waveform
The formative time lag is quite small (~0.5µs)
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
even with 5% over-voltage.
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9
 om
VACUUM BREAKDOWN

.c
It can be broadly divided into following

ul
categories

pa
 Particle exchange mechanism.

in
 Field emission mechanism.
ej
 Clump theory
.R
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10
CONDUCTION & BREAKDOWN IN

om
COMMERCIAL LIQUIDS

.c
Suspended particle mechanism

ul


Cavitation and bubble mechanism

pa


 Stressed oil volume mechanism

in
Thermal mechanism of breakdown

ej
.R
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11
BREAKDOWN IN SOLID

om
DIELECTRICS

.c
Chemical & electrochemical

ul

deterioration & breakdown

pa
 Breakdown due to treeing and tracking

in
Breakdown due to internal discharges
ej
.R
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12
 BREAKDOWN IN COMPOSITE

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DIELECTRICS

.c
Mechanism of breakdown in

ul

composite dielectric

pa
1. Short-term breakdown

in
2. Long-term breakdown
ej
.R
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13
 CONDUCTION & BREAKDOWN IN

om
PURE LIQUIDS

.c
Low electric fields less than 1 kV/cm are

ul

applied, conductivities of 10-18–10-20

pa
mho/cm are obtained.

in
 These are due to impurities remaining
ej
after purification
.R
 When the fields are high the currents
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not only increase rapidly.

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14
 om
.c
EE 2353 HIGH VOLTAGE

ul
ENGINEERING

pa
in
Faculty Name :A.JAIBUNISHA
ej
Faculty Code : EE 58
.R

Designation : LECTURER
w

Department : EEE
w
w
 om
.c
ul
UNIT III

pa
in
GENERATION OF HIGH VOLTAGES AND
ej
HIGH CURRENTS
.R
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 GENERATION OF HIGH D.C VOLTAGE

om
.c
DIFFERENT METHODS TO GENERATE HIGH D,C VOLTAGE:

ul
1. Half and full wave rectifier circuits

pa
2. Voltage doubler circuits
3. Voltage multiplier circuits
4. Van de Graaff generator

in
HALF AND FULL WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUITS

ej
This method can be used to produce DC voltage up to 20 kV
 For high voltages several units can be connected in series
.R
 For the first half cycle of the given AC input voltage, capacitor is
charged to Vmax and for the next half cycle the capacitor is
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dischar5ged to the load

 The capacitor C is chosen such that the time constant CRl is 10 times
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that of AC supply
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3
VOLTAGE DOUBLER CIRCUIT

om
.c
 In this method, during –ve half cycle, the Capacitor C1is charged

ul
through rectifier R to a voltage +Vmax. During next cycle. C1rises to

pa
+2Vmax .
 C2.is charged to 2Vmax.

in
 Cascaded voltage doublers can be used for producing larger output
voltageej
.R
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4
CASCADED VOLTAGE

om
DOUBLERS

.c
 Cascaded voltage doublers can be used for producing larger

ul
output voltage

pa
in
ej
.R
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VOLTAGE MULTIPLIER CIRCUITS

.c
ul
 Here n no. of capacitors and

pa
diodes are used.
Voltage is cascaded to

in

ej produce output of 2nVmax .
Voltage multiplier circuit
.R


using Cockcroft-Walton
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principle can be used.

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6
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VAN DE GRAFF GENERATOR

.c
 In electrostatic machines charged bodies are

ul
moved in an electrostatic field
If an insulated belt with a charge density δ moves

pa


in an electric field between two electrodes with

separation ‘s’

in
 If the belt moves with a velocity v then
ej mechanical power require to move the belt is
P=F.v=V.I
.R
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Electrostatic generator

.c
 It consists of a stator with interleaved rotor vanes forming a

ul
variable capacitor and operates in vacuum

pa
 The power input into the circuit P=VI=CVdV/dt+V2dC/dt
 The rotor is insulated from the ground,maintained at a potential
of +V.

in
 The rotor to stator capacitance varies from C0 to Cm
ej
 Stator is connected to a common point between two rectifiers
.R
across –E volts.
 As the rotor rotates, the capacitance decreases and the voltage
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across C increases.
Output voltage of 1MV can be generated.
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
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8
GENERATION OF HIGH

om
ALTERNETING VOLTAGES

.c
 When test voltage requirements are less than about 300

ul
kV,a single transformer can be used.

pa
 Each transformer unit consists of low,high and meter
winding.

in
 Series connection of the several units of transformers used
ej
to produce very high voltage.
.R
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CASCADE TRANSFORMERS

.c
 First transformer is at ground potential along with its tank.The 2nd

ul
transformer is kept on insulators and maintained at a potential of V2.

pa
 The high voltage winding of the 1st unit is connected to the tank of the
2nd unit,the low voltage winging of this unit is supplied from the
excitation winding of the 1st transformer,which is in series with the

in
high voltage winding of the 1st transformer at its high voltage end.

ej
The rating of the excitation winding is same as that of low voltage
winding.3rd transformer is kept on insulator above the ground at a
.R
potential of 2V2.output of 3 stage is 3V2.
The rating of the low voltage winding of 230 or 400 Vcan be used to
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produce 3.3 kV,6.6 kV or 11 kV.\

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10
 GENERATION OF HIGH AC

om
VOLTAGE

.c
CASCADE TRANSFORMER

ul
pa
in
ej
.R
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11
 GENERATION OF HIGH AC

om
VOLTAGE

.c
Cascade transformer with isolating transformer

ul
for excitation

pa
in
ej
.R
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GENERATION OF HIGH FREQUENCY

om
A.C HIGH VOLTAGES

.c
 High frequency high voltage damped oscillations are

ul
needed which need high voltage high frequency

pa
transformer which is a Tesla coil.
 Tesla coil is a doubly tuned resonant circuit,primary

in
voltage rating is 10 kV and secondary voltage rated from
ej
500 to 1000 kV.
.R
 The primary is fed from DC or AC supply through C1.A
spark gap G connected across the primary is triggered at
w

V1 which induces a high self excitation in the

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secondary.The windings are tuned to a frequency of 10 to

100 kHz.
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GENERATION OF IMPULSE VOLTAGES

.c
STANDARD IMPULSE WAVESHAPE

ul
 It is specified by rise or front time,fall or tail time to 50%

pa
peak value and peak value.
 1.2/50 μ s,1000 kV.

in
ej
.R
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MARX CIRCUIT

.c
 Charging resistance Rs is liming the charging current from 50

ul
to 100 mA. CRs is about 10s to 1 min.

pa
 The gap spacing G is grater than the charging voltage V.All the
capacitance s are charged to the voltage V in 1 min.

in
 The spark gap G is made spark over, then all the capacitor C get
ej
connected in series and discharge into the load load
 In modified Marx circuit,R1is divided into n parts equal to R1/n
.R
and put in series with the gap G, R2is divided into n parts equal
to R2/n and connected across each capacitor unit after the gap
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G.
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 The nominal output is the number of stages multiplied by the

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charging voltage.
15
 MULTISTAGE IMPULSE GENERATOR

om
MARX CIRCUIT

.c
 A single capacitor C1 is to be charged first and then

ul
discharged into wave shaping circuits and it is

pa
limited to 200 kV
 For producing very high voltages a bank of

in
capacitors are charged in parallel and then
discharged in series.
ej
.R
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MULTI STAGE IMPULSE

om
GENERATORS

.c
Modified Marx Circuit

ul
pa
in
ej
.R
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COMPONENTS OF A MULTISTAGE

om
IMPULSE GENERATOR

.c
 DC Charging set

ul
 Charging resistors

pa
 Generator capacitors and spark gaps
Wave shaping resistors and capacitors

in


 Triggering system
ej
 Voltage dividers
.R
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 om
GENERATION OF SWITCHING SURGES

.c
 A switching surge is a short duration transient voltage produced in the

ul
system due to a sudden opening or closing of a switch or c.b or due to
an arcing at a fault in the system.

pa
 Impulse generator circuit is modified to give longer duration wave
shape,100/1000 μs,R1 is increased to very high value and it is parallel

in
to R2 in the discharge circuit.
 Power transformer excited by DC voltages giving oscillatory waves
ej
which produces unidirectional damped oscillations.Frequency of 1to
.R
10 kHz
 Switching surges of very high peaks and long duration can be
obtained by one circuit,In this circuit C1 charged to a low voltage
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d.c(20 to 25 kV) is discharged into the low voltage winding of a

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power transformer.The high voltage winding is connected inparallel to

a load capacitance C2,potential divider R2,gap S and test object.
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19
 om
GENERATION OF IMPULSE CURRENTS

.c
For producing impulse currents of large value,a bank of

ul


capacitors connected in parallel are charged to a specified

pa
value and are discharged through a series R-Lcircuit.
 Im=V(exp(-αt))sin(ωt)/ωL

in
ej
.R
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20
 GENERATION OF HIGH IMPULSE

om
CURRENTS

.c
 For producing large values of impulse,a no.of capacitors

ul
are charged in parallel and discharged in parallel into the
circuit.

pa
 The essential parts of an impulse current generator are:

in
 (i) a.d.c. charging unit

ej
(ii) capacitors of high value (0.5 to 5 μF)
.R
 (iii) an additional air cored inductor
 (iv) proper shunts and oscillograph for measurement
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purposes, and
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 (v) a triggering unit and spark gap for the initiation of the
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current generator.
21
 TRIPPING AND CONTROL OF IMPULSE

om
GENERATORS

.c
 In large impulse generators, the spark gaps are

ul
generally sphere gaps or gaps formed by

pa
hemispherical electrodes.
 The gaps are arranged such that sparking of one

in
gap results in automatic sparking of other gaps as
ej
overvoltage is impressed on the other.
.R
 A simple method of controlled tripping consists of
making the first gap a three electrode gap and
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firing it from a controlled source.

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22
 TRIPPING AND CONTROL OF IMPULSE

om
GENERATORS

.c
 The first stage of the impulse generator is fitted with a three

ul
electrode gap, and the central electrode is maintained at a

pa
potential in between that of the top and the bottom
electrodes with the resistors R1 and RL.

in
 The tripping is initiated by applying a pulse to the thyration
G by closing the switch S.
ej
 C produces an exponentially decaying pulse of positive
.R
polarity.
 The Thyraton conducts on receiving the pulse from the
w

switch S and produces a negative pulse through the

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capacitance C1 at central electrode.

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 Voltage between central electrode and the top electrode

those above sparking potential and gap contacts. 23
 om
TRIPPING CIRCUIT USING A TRIGATRON

.c
 This requires much smaller voltage for operation

ul
compared to the three electrode gap.
A trigatron gap consists of a high voltage spherical

pa


electrode, an earthed main electrode of spherical

shape, and a trigger electrode through the main
electrode.
in
ej
 Tripping of the impulse generator is effected by a trip
.R
pulse which produces a spark between the trigger
electrode and the earthed sphere.
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 Due to space charge effects and distortion of the field

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in the main gap, spark over of the main gap occurs

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and it is polarity sensitive.

24
 om
.c
EE 2353 HIGH VOLTAGE

ul
ENGINEERING

pa
in
Faculty Name : A.JAIBUNISHA
ej
Faculty Code : EE 58
.R

Designation : LECTURER
w

Department : EEE
w
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 om
.c
ul
UNIT IV

pa
in
MEASUREMENT OF HIGH
ej
VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS
.R
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MEASUREMENT OF HIGH DC

om
VOLTAGE

.c
Series resistance micrometer

ul


Resistance potential divider

pa


 Generating voltmeter

in
Sphere and other sphere gaps

ej
.R
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3
SERIES RESISTANCE

om
MICROMETER

.c
A very high resistance in series

ul

with a micrometer.

pa
 V = IR

in
The resistance is constructed
ej
from a large no. of wire wound
.R
resistors in series.
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4
 om
RESISTANCE POTENTIAL DIVIDER

.c
ul
pa
in
ej
.R
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5
MEASUREMENT OF HIGH AC

om
VOLTAGE

.c
Series impedance voltmeter

ul


Potential dividers

pa


(resistance or capacitance type)

in
Potential transformers

ej
(Electromagnetic or CVT)
.R

Electrostatic voltmeter
w


w

 Sphere gaps
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 om
SERIES IMPEDANCE VOLTMETER

.c
Extended

ul
series

pa
impedance

in
ej with
inductance
.R
neglected
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7
 om
ELECTROSTATIC VOLTMETER

.c
ul
pa
in
ej
.R
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8
SERIES CAPACITOR PEAK

om
VOLTMETER

.c
C – capacitor

ul
D1,D2 – Diodes

pa
OP – Protective devices

in
ej I – indicating meter
V(t) – voltage waveform
.R
Ic(t) – capacitor current
waveform
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T – period
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9
 om
PEAK READING AC VOLTMETER

.c
ul
pa
in
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PEAK READING AC VOLTMETER

.c
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pa
in
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SPHERE GAPS MEASUREMENT

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pa
Ub = kd Ub0

in
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SPHERE GAPS

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Potential divider for impulse

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voltage measurement

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pa
in
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MEASUREMENT OF HIGH DIRECT CURRENTS

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HALL GENERATORS FOR D.C CURRENT MEASUREMENTS

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 Hall effect principle is used.If an electric current flows through a

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metal plate located in a magnetic field perpendicular to it,Lorenz
forces will deflect the electrons in the metal structure in a
direction normal to the direction of both the current and

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magnetic field.

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The charge displacement generates an emf in the normal
direction (Hall voltage).
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 VH=RBi/d
H=I/δ
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
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MEASUREMENT OF HIGH POWER FREQUENCY

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ALTERNATING CURRENTS

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 Current transformer is used.it uses electro optical technique.

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 A voltage signal proportional to the measuring current is

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generated and it is transmitted to the ground side through
electro optical device.
Light pulses proportional to the voltage signal are transmitted

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

by a glass optical fibre bundle to a photo detector and

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converted back into an analog voltage signal.
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EE 2353 HIGH VOLTAGE

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ENGINEERING

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Faculty Name : A.JAIBUNISHA
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Faculty Code : EE 58
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Designation : LECTURER
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Department : EEE
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UNIT V

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HIGH VOLTAGE TESTING OF
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ELECTRICAL APPARATUS
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TESTS OF INSULATORS

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 type test to check the design features

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 routine test to check the quality of the individual test

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piece.
 High voltage tests include

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(i) Power frequency tests
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(ii) impulse tests
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TESTS OF INSULATORS

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POWER FREQUENCY TESTS

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(a) Dry and wet flashover tests:

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 a.c voltage of power frequency is applied across the insulator
and increased at a uniform rate of 2% per second of 75%of

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ther estimated test voltage.

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If the test is conducted under normal conditions without any
rain –dry flashover test.
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 If the test is conducted under normal conditions of rain –wet
flashover test
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(b) Dry and wet withstand tests(one minute)

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The test piece should withstand the specified voltage which

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is applied under dry or wet conditions.

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IMPULSE TESTS ON INSULATORS

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• Impulse withstand voltage test

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If the test object has withstood the subsequent
applications of standard impulse voltage then it is passed

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the test

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• Impulse flashover test
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The average value between 40% and 60% failure
is taken,then the insulator surface should not be
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damaged.
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• Pollution Testing
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Pollution causes corrosion ,deterioration of

the material,partial discharges and radio interference.Salt
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fog test is done. 5

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TESTING OF BUSHINGS

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Power frequency tests

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(a ) Power Factor-Voltage Test

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Voltage is applied up to the line value in increasing steps and then
reduced.The capacitance and power factor are recorded in each step.
(b) Internal or Partial discharge Test

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This id done by using internal or partial discharge arrangement.
(c ) Momentary Withstand Test at Power frequency
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The bushing has to withstand the applied test voltage without
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flashover or puncture for 30 sec.
(d) One Minute withstand Test at Power Frequency
The bushing has to withstand the applied test voltage without
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flashover or puncture for 1min.

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(d) Visible Discharge Test at Power Frequency

No discharge should be visible when standard voltage is applied.
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IMPULSE VOLTAGE TESTS ON

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BUSHING

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 Full wave Withstand Test

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The bushing is tested for either polarity voltages,5

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consecutive full wave is applied, If the test object has
withstood the subsequent applications of standard
impulse voltage then it is passed the test.

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•
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Chopped Wave Withstand and Switching Surge Tests
It is same as full wave withstand test but it is
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done for high voltage bushings(220 kV and 400 kV)
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IMPULSE VOLTAGE TESTS ON

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BUSHING

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THERMAL TESTS ON BUSHING

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Temperature Rise and Thermal Stability Tests

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 Temperature rise test is done at temperature below
400C at a rated power frequency.The syteady

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temperature rise should not exceed 450C .
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 Thermal st6ability tets is done for bushing rated for
132 kV above.
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 TESTING OF ISOLATORS AND CIRCUIT

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BREAKERS

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Dielectric tests

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Overvoltage withstand test of power frequency,lightning and
switching impulse voltages.

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The impulse test
impulse test and switching surge tests with switching over
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voltage are done.
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Temperature and mechanical tests
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tube tests s are done.

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 TESTING OF ISOLATORS AND CIRCUIT

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BREAKERS

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Short circuit tests

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(a) Direct tests

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(b) using a short circuit generator as the source
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(c) using the power utility system as the source.
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 SYNTHETIC TESTS

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ON CIRCUIT BREAKER AND ISOLATOR

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(a) Direct testing in the Networks or in the Fields

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This is done during period of limited energy

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consumption or when the electrical energy is

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diverted to other sections of the network which
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are not connected to the circuit under the test.
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( b) Direct Testing in short Circuit Test Laboratories
A make switch initiates the short circuit and
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the master c.b isolates the test device from the

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source at the end of predetermine time setnon a

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test controller. 11
 SYNTHETIC TESTS

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ON CIRCUIT BREAKER AND ISOLATOR

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(c ) Synthetic Testing of Circuit Breakers

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In the initial period of the short circuit test,a.c current
source supplies the heavy current at a low voltage,and

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r5ecoveryvoltage is simulated by a source of high
voltage of small current capadcity.

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(d) Composite Testing
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The C.B is tested first for its rated breaking capacity at
a reduced voltageand afterwards for rated voltage at a
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low current.
( e ) Unit Testing
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When large C.B of very high voltage rating (220 kV and

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above) are to be tested and where more than one break is

provided per pole,the breaker is tested for one break at
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its rated current and the estimated voltage.

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 SYNTHETIC TESTS

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ON CIRCUIT BREAKER AND ISOLATOR

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( f ) Testing Procedure

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The C.B are tested for their breaking capacity B and making capacity
Mand it is tested for following duty cycle

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(1) B-3-B-3-B at 10%of the rated symmetrical breaking capacity
(2) B-3-B-3-B at 30%of the rated symmetrical breaking capacity

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(3) B-3-B-3-B at 60%of the rated symmetrical breaking capacity
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(4) B-3-MB-3MB-MB0 at 10%of breaking capacity with the recovery
voltage not less 95% of the rated service voltage
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(g ) Asymmetrical Tests
One test cycle is repeated for the asymmetrical breaking capacity
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in which the d.c component at the instant of contact separation is not

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less than 50% of the a.c component

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TESTING OF CABLES

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Different tests on cables are

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(i) mechanical tests like bending test,dripping and drainage test,

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and fire resistance and corrosion tests
(ii) Thermal duty tests

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(iii) Dielectric power factor tests
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(iv) Power frequency withstand voltage tests
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(v) impulse withstand voltage tests
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(vi) Partial discharge test

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(vii) Life expectancy tests

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TETSING OF TRANSFORMERS

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Induced Over voltage Test

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(a)

It is tested for overvoltages by

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exciting the secondary from a high

in
frequency a.c source(100 to 400 Hz) to
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about twice the rated voltage.
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(b) Partial Discharge Tests
It is done to assess the discharge
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magnitudes and radio interference levels.

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TETSING OF TRANSFORMERS

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IMPULSE TESTING OF TRANSFORMERS

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(a ) Procedure for Impulse Testing

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(i) applying impulse voltage of magnitude

in
75%of the BIL
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(ii) one full wave voltage of 100% BIL
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(iii) two chopped waves of 100% BIL
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(iv) one full wave voltage of 100% BIL

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(v) one full wave of 75% BIL

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TETSING OF TRANSFORMERS

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(b) Detection and Location of fault during impulse testing

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The fault in a transformer insulation is located in impulse

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tests by any one of the following methods.
(i) General observations

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(ii) Voltage oscillogram method
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(iii) Neutral current method
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(iv) Transferred surge current method
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TESTING OF SURGE DIVERTERS

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(i ) Power frequency spark over test

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It is a routine test. The test is conducted using a series

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resistance to limit the current in case a spark over occurs.It
has to withstand 1.5 times the rated value of the voltage for

in
5 successive applications.
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(ii ) 100% standard impulse spark over test
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This test is conducted to ensure that the diverter operates
positively when over voltage of impulse nature occur.The
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test is done with both positive and negative polarity

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waveforms.The magnitude of the voltage at which 100%

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flashover occurs is the required spark over voltage.

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TESTING OF SURGE DIVERTERS

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(iii) Residual volatge test

ul
This test is conducted on pro rated diverters of

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ratings in the range 3 to 12 kV only.standard
impulse currents of the rated magnitudes are

in
applied,voltage across it is recorded.
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V1=rating of the complete unit
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V2=rating of the prorated unit tested
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VR1=residual voltage of the complete unit

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VR2=residual voltage of the complete unit

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V1/V2= VR1/ VR2

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 HIGH CURRENT IMPULSE TEST ON

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SURGE DIVERTERS

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The unit is said to pass the test if

ul
(i ) the power frequency sparkover voltage before and after the

pa
test does not differ by more than 10%
(ii) The voltage and current waveforms of the diverter do not

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differ in the 2 applications
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(iii) the non linear resistance elements do not show any puncture
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or flashover
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HIGH CURRENT IMPULSE TEST ON

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SURGE DIVERTERS

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Long Duration Impulse Current Test

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(a)

(b) Operating Duty Cycle Test

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(c) Other tests are

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(1) mechanical tests like porosity test,temperature
ej cycle tests
(2) pressure relief test
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(3) the voltage withstand test on the insulator
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housing of the insulator

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(4) the switching surge flashover test

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(5) the pollution test

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 INSULATION CO-ORDINATION

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.c
 A gradation of system insulation and protective device

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operation is to be followed.
Substations contain transformers and switchgear with non-

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
self restoring insulation should be protected against
flashover

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 For other apparatus which contain self restoring insulation
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may be allowed to flashover.
 Lightning impulse withstand level known as Basic
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Insulation Level(BIL).Various equipment and their
component parts should have their BIL above the system
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protective level by a margin which is determined with

respect to air insulation.
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INSULATION CO-ORDINATION

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 For higher system voltages,switching surges are of higher

ul
magnitude compared to the lightning over voltages.

pa
 The flashover voltage of a protective device is chosen such
that it will not operate for switching overvoltage and other

in
power frequency and its harmonic overvoltages.BIL has to
higher.
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 For EHV systems,Switching Impulse Level(SIL) should be
assigned to each protective device.
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