1.

ELONGACIONES (Cm)

Aprox= 0.000333*2.54cm= 0.00084582cm

δ1= 0.7*0.00084582cm= 0.000592074cm

δ2= 1.5*0.00084582cm= 0.001268730cm
δ3= 2.6*0.00084582cm= 0.002199132cm
δ4= 3.65*0.00084582cm=0.003087243cm
δ5= 4.4*0.00084582cm= 0.003721608cm
δ6= 5.9*0.00084582cm= 0.004990338cm
δ7= 6.5*0.00084582cm= 0.005497830cm
δ8= 22*0.00084582cm= 0.018608040cm
δ10= 12%/(5.08cm/100) = 0.609600000cm
δ11= 20%/(5.08cm/100) = 1.016000000cm
δ12= 24%/(5.08cm/100) = 1.219200000cm
δ13= 28%/(5.08cm/100) = 1.422400000cm
δ14= 34%/(5.08cm/100) = 1.727200000cm
δ15= 40%/(5.08cm/100) = 2.032000000cm
2. Deformaciones Unitarias (Cm)

Longitud Base = 5.08cm

ε=δ/long. Base ε(%)= δ(%)/long. Base

Ɛ1=0.000592074/5.08cm = 0.00011655cm

Ɛ2=0.00126873/5.08cm = 0.00024975cm

Ɛ3=0.002199132/5.08 = 0.0004329cm

Ɛ4=0.003087243/5.08 = 0.000607725cm

Ɛ5=0.003721608/5.08 = 0.0007326cm

Ɛ6=0.004990338/5.08 = 0.00098235cm

Ɛ7=0.00549783/5.08 = 0.00108225cm

Ɛ8=0.01860804/5.08 = 0.003663cm

Ɛ9=0.2029968/5.08 = 0.03996cm

Ɛ10=0.6096/5.08 = 0.12cm

Ɛ11=1.016/5.08 = 0.2cm

Ɛ12=1.2192/5.08 = 0.24cm

Ɛ13=1.4224/5.08 = 0.28cm

Ɛ14=1.7272/5.08 = 0.34cm

Ɛ15=2.032/5.08 = 0.4cm
3. Esfuerzo Nominal (Kg/Cm^2)

σn= P/An D= 1.27Cm An= (1/4) πD^2

An= (1/4) π (1.27) ^2 = 1.266768698

σ1= 500/1.266768698 = 394.7050482 Kg/Cm^2

σ2= 1000/1.266768698 = 789.4100964 Kg/Cm^2
σ3= 1500/1.266768698 = 1184.115145 Kg/Cm^2
σ4= 2000/1.266768698 = 1578.820193 Kg/Cm^2
σ5= 2500/1.266768698 = 1973.525241 Kg/Cm^2
σ6= 3000/1.266768698 = 2368.230289 Kg/Cm^2
σ7= 3500/1.266768698 = 2762.935337 Kg/Cm^2
σ8= 3620/1.266768698 = 2857.664549 Kg/Cm^2
σ9= 4000/1.266768698 = 3157.640386 Kg/Cm^2
σ10= 5000/1.266768698 = 3947.050482 Kg/Cm^2
σ11= 6000/1.266768698 = 4736.460578 Kg/Cm^2
σ12= 6300/1.266768698 = 4973.283607 Kg/Cm^2
σ13= 6000/1.266768698 = 4736.460578 Kg/Cm^2
σ14= 5000/1.266768698 = 3947.050482 Kg/Cm^2
σ15= 3900/1.266768698 = 3078.699376 Kg/Cm^2
4. Esfuerzo Real (Kg/Cm^2)

σr= P/A instantánea Área Instantánea = (π *(ro)^2 *ho) / (ho+ δ)

Área Instantánea = π *((0.635) ^2) *5.08) / (5.08+0.000592074)) = 1.266621073

σ1 = 500/1.266621073= 394.7510512 Kg/Cm^2

Área Instantánea = π *((0.635) ^2) *5.08) / (5.08+0.001268730)) = 1.266452401

σ2 = 1000/1.266452401= 789.6072517 Kg/Cm^2

Área Instantánea = π *((0.635) ^2) *5.08) / (5.08+0.002199132)) = 1.266220551

σ3 = 1500/1.2666220551= 1184.6277483 Kg/Cm^2

Área Instantánea = π *((0.635) ^2) *5.08) / (5.08+0.003087243)) = 1.265999318

σ4 = 2000/1.265999318= 1579.7796816 Kg/Cm^2

Área Instantánea = π *((0.635) ^2) *5.08) / (5.08+0.003721608)) = 1.265841342

σ5 = 2500/1.265841342= 1974.9710460 Kg/Cm^2

Área Instantánea = π *((0.635) ^2) *5.08) / (5.08+0.018608040)) = 1.262145459

σ6 = 3000/1.262145459 = 2868.1321748 Kg/Cm^2

Área Instantánea = π *((0.635) ^2) *5.08) / (5.08+0.202996800)) = 1.218093675

σ7 = 3500/1.218093675 = 3283.8196961 Kg/Cm^2

Área Instantánea = π *((0.635) ^2) *5.08) / (5.08+0.018608040)) = 1.262145459

σ8 = 3620/1.262145459 = 2868.1321748 Kg/Cm^2

Área Instantánea = π *((0.635) ^2) *5.08) / (5.08+0.202996800)) = 1.218093675

σ9 = 4000/1.218093675 = 3283.8196961 Kg/Cm^2

Área Instantánea = π *((0.635) ^2) *5.08) / (5.08+0.609600000)) = 1.13104348

σ10 = 5000/1.13104348 = 4420.6965407 Kg/Cm^2

Área Instantánea = π *((0.635) ^2) *5.08) / (5.08+1.016000000)) = 1.055640581

σ11= 6000/1.055640581 = 5683.7526952 Kg/Cm^2

Área Instantánea = π *((0.635) ^2) *5.08) / (5.08+1.219200000)) = 1.021587659

σ12 = 6300/1.021587659 = 6166.8716743 Kg/Cm^2

Área Instantánea = π *((0.635) ^2) *5.08) / (5.08+1.422400000)) = 0.989663045

σ13 = 6000/0.989663045 = 6062.6695416 Kg/Cm^2

Área Instantánea = π *((0.635) ^2) *5.08) / (5.08+1.727200000)) = 0.945349774

σ14 = 5000/0.945349774 = 5289.0476469 Kg/Cm^2

Área Instantánea = π *((0.635) ^2) *5.08) / (5.08+2.032000000)) = 0.904834784

σ15 = 3900/0.904834784 = 4310.1791272 Kg/Cm^2

4. Gráfica Esfuerzo Nominal-Deformación de Datos Tabulados
5. Gráfica Esfuerzo Real – Deformación de Datos Tabulados
6. Límite Elástico Proporcional

NOMINAL

σn7= 2762.935337 Kg/Cm^2 σn8= 2857.664549 Kg/Cm^2

Ɛ7= 0.00108225cm Ɛ8= 0.003663cm

Kg
2762.935337 2
+ 2857.664549 Kg/Cm2
σlep= Cm 2810.299943 Kg/Cm^2
=¿
2

0.00108225 cm+ 0.003663 cm

Ɛlep= =¿ 0.002372625
2

REAL

σr7=3283.8196961 Kg/Cm^2 σr8=2868.1321748 Kg/Cm^2

Ɛ7= 0.00108225cm Ɛ8= 0.003663cm

Kg
3283.8196961 2
+2868.1321748 Kg/Cm2
σlep= Cm 3075.97593545 Kg/Cm^2
=¿
2

0.00108225 cm+ 0.003663 cm

Ɛlep= =¿ 0.002372625
2

LEP LEP
NOMINAL REAL
 σlep= 2810.299943 σlep= 3075.97593545

Ɛlep= 0.002372625 Ɛlep= 0.002372625

7. El módulo de Young
E = σ/ Ɛ

NOMINAL
2810.299943
E= =¿1184468.65518 Kg/Cm^2
0.002372625
REAL
3075.97593545
E= =¿ 1296444.2065 Kg/Cm^2
0.002372625

NOMINAL REAL
1184468.65518 Kg/Cm^2 1296444.2065 Kg/Cm^2

8. Límite de Fluencia

LIMITE DE FLUENCIA (Se determino mediante la Gráfica)

Punto Numero #8

NOMINAL

σn8= 2857.664549 Kg/Cm^2

REAL

σr8=2868.1321748 Kg/Cm^2

Ɛ8= 0.003663cm
9. El Esfuerzo de Cedencia Convencional

NOMINAL
σncedencia = 2857.664549 Kg/Cm^2+0.2% = 2863.3798781 Kg/Cm^2
REAL
σrcedencia = 2868.1321748 Kg/Cm^2+0.2% = 2873.86843915 Kg/Cm^2

10. El módulo de Young (E) para la deformación del 0.2%.

NOMINAL
2863.3798781
=781703.488425 Kg/Cm2
0.003663 cm
REAL
2873.86843915
=784566.868455 Kg/Cm2
0.003663 cm

11. El módulo de Resilencia

σ∗Ɛ
Ur=
2
NOMINAL
2810.299943∗0.002372625
σlep= =3.33389395113 Kg/Cm2
2

REAL
3075.97593545∗0.002372625
σlep= =3.64906870192 Kg /Cm 2
2
NOMINAL REAL
3.33389395113 Kg/Cm2 3.64906870192 Kg/Cm 2

13. El Esfuerzo Máximo

Carga Máxima = 6300
NOMINAL REAL

4973.283607 Kg/Cm^2 6166.8716743 Kg/Cm^2

Ɛ12 = 0.24cm Ɛ12 = 0.24cm

14. El Esfuerzo de Ruptura

Carga Ultima = 3900
NOMINAL REAL

3078.699376 Kg/Cm^2 4310.1791272 Kg/Cm^2

Ɛ15 = 0.4cm Ɛ15 = 0.4cm

15. Módulo de Tenacidad Nominal

Ai=[(σn+1+σn) (εn+1 – εn)]/2

( 2857.664549+ 2762.935337 ) (0.003663−0.00108225)

A7 = =¿7.252682
2
( 3157.640386+2857.664549 ) (0.03996−0.003663)
A8 = =¿109.168462
2
( 3947.050482+3157.640386 )( 0.12−0.03996)
A9 = =¿284.329729
2
 ( 4736.460578+3947.050482 ) (0.20−0.12)
A10 = =¿347.340442
2
( 4973.283607+ 4736.460578 ) (0.24−0.20)
A11= =¿194.194884
2
( 4736.460578+4973.283607 ) (0.28−0.24)
A12 = =¿194.194884
2
( 3947.050482+ 4736.460578 ) (0.34−0.28)
A13 = =¿260.505332
2
( 3078.699376+3947.050482 )( 0.40−0.34 )
A14 = =¿210.772496
2

15. Módulo de Tenacidad Real

( 2868.1321748+ 3283.8196961) (0.003663−0.00108225)

A7 = =¿7.9383249
2
( 3293.8196961+2868.1321748 ) ( 0.03996−0.003663)
A8 = =¿111.830184
2
( 4420.6965407+3293.8196961 ) (0.12−0.03996)
A9 = =¿308.73494
2
( 5683.7526952+ 4420.6965407 ) (0.20−0.12)
A10 = =¿404.177969
2
( 6166.8716743+ 5683.7526952) ( 0.24−0.20)
A11= =¿237.012487
2
( 6062.6695416+6166.8716743 ) (0.28−0.24)
A12 = =¿244.590824
2
( 5289.0476469+ 6062.6695416 ) (0.34−0.28)
A13 = =¿340.551516
2
( 4310.1791272+5289.0476469 ) (0.40−0.34)
A14 = =¿287.976803
2

16. Módulo de Poisson

γ= - εt/εL
εL = Ɛ/ Long Base

εL = 0.00108225cm/5.08cm = 0.00021304

1
Af = π (0.8)2=0.502654824574
4
1
Ao= π (1.27)2=¿1.266768698
4
Af − Ao 0.502654824574−1.266768698
εt = = =−0.60319920647897
Ao 1.266768698

−0.60319920647897
γ= =2831.38944085 Kg/Cm2
0.00021304

17. El Módulo de Rigidez

G=(E)/[2(1+γ)]

1296444.2065 Kg/Cm2
G= =228.860513989 Kg/Cm 2
2(1+ 2831.38944085)

Ensayo Demostrativo
1. % Reducido de Área

%reduccion= [(af-ao)/ao] * 100

Af − Ao 0.502654824574−1.266768698
= =0.60319920647897∗100=60.32 %
Ao 1.266768698

% Reducido de Área = 60.32 %

2. % de Alargamiento Final
%de alargamiento=[(Lf-Lo)/Lo]*100

Lf −Lo 5.334−5.08
= ∗100=5 %
Lo 5.08

% de Alargamiento Final = 5%

3. Esfuerzo de Cendencia
Carga = 6200Kg

6200
σcedencia= =4894.34259766 Kg/Cm2
1.266768698

4. Esfuerzo Máximo
Carga Máxima = 8000Kg

8000
σmax = =6315.28077117 Kg/Cm 2
1.266768698

5. Esfuerzo de Ruptura

Carga de Ruptura = 6700Kg

6700
σrupt= =5289.04764586 Kg /Cm 2
1.266768698

Cálculos del Material Frágil

 1. Dimensiones del Área de Ruptura

A= 2.54*2.54 = 6.4516 Cm^2

2. Esfuerzo Último

285.763
σultimo= =44.2933535867 Kg/Cm 2
6.4516

Área= 6.4516 Cm^2

σultimo=44.2933535867 Kg/ Cm2

RESUMEN TABLA

Deformacione Esfuerzo Esfuerzo

Elongaciones s Unitarias Nominal Área Real
No Carga en Kg Ec (Cm) (Cm) (Kg/Cm2) Instantánea (Kg/Cm2
1 500 0.7 0.000592074 0.00011655 394.7050482 1.266621073 394.7510512
2 1000 1.5 0.001268730 0.00024975 789.4100964 1.266452401 789.6072517
1184.627748
3 1500 2.6 0.002199132 0.0004329 1184.115145 1.266220551 3
1579.779681
4 2000 3.65 0.003087243 0.000607725 1578.820193 1.265999318 6
1974.971046
5 2500 4.4 0.003721608 0.0007326 1973.525241 1.265841342 0
2370.556720
6 3000 5.9 0.004990338 0.00098235 2368.230289 1.265525509 7
2765.925524
7 3500 6.5 0.005497830 0.00108225 2762.935337 1.265399219 7
2868.132174
8 3620 22 0.018608040 0.003663 2857.664549 1.262145459 8
3283.819696
9 4000 240 0.202996800 0.03996 3157.640386 1.218093675 1
 4420.696540
10 5000 12% 0.609600000 0.12 3947.050482 1.13104348 7
5683.752695
11 6000 20% 1.016000000 0.2 4736.460578 1.055640581 2
6166.871674
12 6300 24% 1.219200000 0.24 4973.283607 1.021587659 3
6062.669541
13 6000 28% 1.422400000
Diámetro Inicial 0.28 4736.460578
1.27cm 0.989663045 6
5289.047646
14 5000 34% Diámetro Final
1.727200000 0.34 0.800cm
3947.050482 0.945349774 9
4310.179127
15 3900 40% 2.032000000 0.4 3078.699376 0.904834784 2

TABLAS

Material Dúctil

Longitud Inicial 5.08cm

Longitud Final 5.334cm
 Carga de Cedencia 6200Kg
Carga Máxima 8000Kg
Carga de Ruptura 6700Kg

Material Frágil

Longitud del Centro 2.54cm

Carga Máxima 285.763Kg

LIMITE ELASTICO PROPORCIONAL

NOMINAL REAL
σlep= 2810.299943 Kg/cm2 σlep= 3075.97593545 Kg/cm2

Ɛlep= 0.002372625 Ɛlep= 0.002372625

MODULO DE YOUNG (E)

NOMINAL REAL
1184468.65518 Kg/Cm^2 1296444.2065 Kg/Cm^2
LIMITE DE FLUENCIA
Esfuerzo (Kg/cm2) Deformación
1 σn8= 2857.664549 Kg/Cm^2 Ɛ8= 0.003663cm

2 σr8=2868.1321748 Kg/Cm^2 Ɛ8= 0.003663cm

MODULO DE YOUNG 2%
 Esfuerzo (Kg/cm2)
1 781703.488425 Kg/Cm 2

2 784566.868455 Kg/Cm 2

MODULO DE RESILIENCIA
NOMINAL REAL
3.33389395113 Kg/Cm2 3.64906870192 Kg/Cm 2

ESFUERZOS
Máximo
NOMINAL REAL

4973.283607 Kg/Cm^2 6166.8716743 Kg/Cm^2

Ɛ12 = 0.24cm Ɛ12 = 0.24cm

Ruptura
NOMINAL REAL

3078.699376 Kg/Cm^2 4310.1791272 Kg/Cm^2

Ɛ15 = 0.4cm Ɛ15 = 0.4cm

MODULO DE TENACIDAD
Nominal 1,672.491987 Kg/cm2
Real 2,032.671209 Kg/Cm2

MODULOS

Poisson 2831.38944085
 Rigidez 228.860513989 Kg/Cm 2

MATERIAL DUCTIL

% Reducido de Área 60.32%

% Alargamiento Final 5%
Esfuerzo de Cedencia 4894.34259766 Kg/Cm2

Esfuerzo Máximo 6315.28077117 Kg/Cm2

Esfuerzo de Ruptura 5289.04764586 Kg/Cm2

MATERIAL FRAGIL
Área de Ruptura 6.4516 Cm2
Esfuerzo Ultimo 44.2933535867 Kg/Cm2