Flow Control Valves - Handouts

Flow Control Valves Flow Control Valves vs DCV
 Flow-control valves include simple orifices to sophisticated closed-loop

electro hydraulic valves that automatically adjust to variations in pressure
and temperature.
 Flow rate also determines rate of energy transfer at any given pressure.
 DCV, does not deal primarily with energy control, but rather with
directing the energy transfer system to the proper place in the system at
the proper time.
 DCVs are fluid switches that make the desired "contacts."
 That is, they direct the high-energy input stream to the
Dr. M. Puviyarasan actuator inlet and provide a return path for the lower-energy
Associate Professor in Mechanical Engineering ,
Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai-600 123.
oil.
13 April 2021 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 3
Flow Control Valve Flow Control Valves

 Flow Control Valves are used to regulate the speed of the actuators  Controlling flow of a fluid-power system does not necessarily mean
(cylinders and motors) by controlling the flow rate. regulating volume per unit of time from a valve.
 Flow rate can be specified three different ways,
 Volumetric flow rate, Qv, expressed in units of m3/sec used to calculate the
linear speeds of piston rods or rotational speeds of motor shafts.
 Weight flow rate, Qw, expressed in units of N/sec, is used to calculate power.
 Mass flow rate, Qg, expressed in units of kg/sec is used to calculate inertia
forces during periods of acceleration and deceleration.
13 April 2021 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 2 13 April 2021 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 4
Flow Control Valves I – Needle Valve
 Because they control the quantity of fluid that flows through the valve per
unit of time, the same control valves are used for all three types of flow rates.
Adjustable
Orifice
Functions of Flow-Control Valves Needle Valve with integral Check Valve

 Regulate the speed of linear and rotary actuators
 Regulate the power available to the sub-circuits by controlling the

flow to them
 Proportionally divide or regulate the pump flow to various branches

of the circuit
Symbol for Flow Control Valve with bypass What is the use of the Check Valve ?
Recap Counter Balance Circuit using Check Valve
Pressure-compensated Flow Control Valve Pressure-compensated Flow Control Valve
 FCV – Blocks Flow – Pressure Drop Across the valve
 Cv = Flow Co-efficient P1 – Upstream Pressure
P2 – Downstream Pressure
 S.G = Specific Gravity A – Exposed Area of compensator
Ts – Spring Thrust
(P2*A)+ Ts = P1*A
(P1-P2)A = Ts
 If the pressure drop across the valve increases, that is, the upstream pressure increases relative
to the downstream pressure, the compensator spool moves to the right against the force of the
spring.
 This reduces the flow that in turn reduces the pressure drop and tries to attain an equilibrium
position as far as the flow is concerned.
13 April 2021 Slide 13 13 April 2021 Slide 15
Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.
Pressure-compensated Flow Control Valve Symbol

 FCV – Blocks Flow – Pressure Drop Across the valve
P1
Ts – Spring Thrust
Pressure - Compensated flow-

control valve
P2
A – Exposed Area of compensator

Pressure- and temperature-
Throttle Valve compensated flow-control valve
13 April 2021 Slide 14 13 April 2021 Slide 16
METER – IN (during extension Stroke) METER – IN (during both Strokes)
13 April 2021 (A) Extension of Cylinder (B) Retraction of Cylinder Slide 17 13 April 2021 (A) Extension of Cylinder (B) Retraction of Cylinder Slide 19
Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.
Check This !!! METER – IN or METER-Out ?? Location of Meter-In FCV

 Used When the load characteristics are constant and positive.
 Used where a force is needed to move a load.
 Used for Resistive Load: Load that oppose the direction of motion.
 Pump must deliver more fluid.
 Example: Hydraulic table feed on a surface grinder.
 The pump output is higher than needed by any individual actuator.
 There is a waste of energy and unnecessary production of heat in the
fluid.
13 April 2021 Slide 18 13 April 2021 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 20
METER – OUT (during extension Stroke) Tractive Load (Meter-Out)
13 April 2021 (A) Extension of Cylinder (B) Retraction of Cylinder Slide 21 13 April 2021 Slide 23
METER – OUT (during both Strokes) Location of Meter-Out FCV

 Used for Tractive Load : Load that act in the same direction of
movement.
 Controls the speed of the work cylinder by monitoring the discharge
flow.
 Used where the load can run away from the actuator.
 This again gives a controlled extension speed, and full retraction
speed.
 Example: Machine tools that require precise control of fluid on
discharge/at exit. (Mills & Drills).
 The pump delivers fluid at a pressure set by the relief valve, leading
to heat generation.
13 April 2021 (A) Extension of Cylinder (B) Retraction of Cylinder Slide 22 13 April 2021 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 24
Bleed-off Configuration Bleed-off Circuit (for Both directions)
 To slow down the actuator, some of the flow is bleed-off through the
flow-control valve into the tank before it reaches the actuator.
 This reduces the flow into the actuator, thereby reducing the speed.
13 April 2021 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 25 13 April 2021 Slide 27
Bleed-off Circuit (for Extension) Bleed-off Configuration

 Less commonly used.
 In bleed-off circuit, opening the flow-control valve decreases the
speed of the actuator.
 Where as in a meter-in/meter-out circuit opening the flow-control
valve increases the speed of the actuator.
Variable-volume pump FLOW DIVIDER
 Pump flow can be controlled by

various means such as manual,
electric motor, hydraulic, or
mechanical.
 With a pressure-compensated,
variable-volume pump, output
flow decreases with the increasing
pressure.
 This type of pump can be used If flow exceeds the rating of the
for traverse and clamp operations. valve, high pressure drop causes
poor performance and fluid
heating.
Spool type flow divider
An external relief valve is usually unnecessary (Accuracy : ±5%)
when a pressure-compensated pump is used.
13 April 2021 Slide 29 13 April 2021 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 31
FLOW DIVIDERS FLOW DIVIDER

 To split a single hydraulic line into two or more identical flow paths, a tee or
several tees can be the first solution.  The advantage of a rotary flow
divider over a spool-type flow
 However, if the resistance in all the branches is not identical, flow can vary
greatly in each path.
divider is energy transfer
between sections.
 Adding flow controls at the tee outlets makes it possible to change resistance and
equalize flow in each branch, but as the machine operates, work resistance  A spool-type flow divider's
changes often require constant flow modifications. inlet pressure is always equal
to the highest outlet pressure.
 A device called a flow divider splits flow and compensates for pressure Motor type flow divider
differences in most cases. A
 flow divider can split flow equally, unequally, and into more than two paths. •In contrast, a rotary flow divider’s inlet pressure is the average of the
sum of the outlet pressures.
 One design maintains a constant flow for one outlet and directs any excess flow •Because there is a mechanical link between sections, excess energy
to a second outlet. transfer via this link greatly reduces heat generation.
Application and Selection of Flow Dividers Flow Dividers in use
 Because hydraulic motors are not 100% efficient, there still is some
energy loss and heat generation in any motor-type flow divider also.
 Another advantage of rotary flow dividers is their outlet options.
 A spool-type flow divider has only two outlets;
 A rotary flow divider can have many outlets — in even or odd numbers.
(6 to 8 outlets, but also will custom-build dividers to suit.)
13 April 2021 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 33 13 April 2021
Spool type flow divider Rotary type flow divider
Slide 35
Flow Dividers in use Try this!! Questionnaire

1. Non-pressure-compensated flow-control valves are used when the system
pressure is relatively ________ and motoring speeds are not too critical.
2. A pressure compensator acts to keep the ________ nearly constant.
3. The ______________ flow-control valve consists of a main spool and a
compensator spool.
4. Speed control by controlling the rate of flow ________ the cylinder is called
meter-in control.
5. The speed of a piston can be defined accurately using non-pressure-
compensated flow-control valves when the working load varies.
(True/False)
Answers for Questionnaire
1. Non-pressure-compensated flow-control valves are used when the system
pressure is relatively Constant and motoring speeds are not too critical.
2. A pressure compensator acts to keep the Pressure drop nearly constant.
3. The Pressure-compensated flow-control valve consists of a main spool and
a compensator spool.
4. Speed control by controlling the rate of flow
into the cylinder is called meter-in control.
5. The speed of a piston can be defined accurately using non-pressure-
compensated flow-control valves when the working load varies. False
13 April 2021 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 37
The man who asks a question is a fool for a minute,

the man who does not ask is a fool for life
—Confucius
THANK YOU !
muthupuvi@gmail.com

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Flow Control Valves Flow Control Valves vs DCV

 Flow-control valves include simple orifices to sophisticated closed-loop

Flow Control Valve Flow Control Valves

Functions of Flow-Control Valves Needle Valve with integral Check Valve

 Regulate the power available to the sub-circuits by controlling the

 Proportionally divide or regulate the pump flow to various branches

Recap Counter Balance Circuit using Check Valve

Pressure-compensated Flow Control Valve Symbol

Pressure - Compensated flow-

A – Exposed Area of compensator

Check This !!! METER – IN or METER-Out ?? Location of Meter-In FCV

METER – OUT (during both Strokes) Location of Meter-Out FCV

Bleed-off Circuit (for Extension) Bleed-off Configuration

 Pump flow can be controlled by

FLOW DIVIDERS FLOW DIVIDER

Flow Dividers in use Try this!! Questionnaire

The man who asks a question is a fool for a minute,

Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

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