Pertemuan 1

Atika Laras Paramita

 • Mata kuliah ini menjelaskan tentang
konsep dan implementasi serta
aspek yang ada dalam dunia web
(world wide web).
Tentang • Media science adalah ilmu
pengetahuan socio-technical yang
Mata menyelidiki bagaimana world wide
web berkembang berdasarkan
Kuliah regulasi , teknologi dan konten,
bentuk rekayasa dan kontribusi,
sebagai dampak perilaku manusia
dansebaliknya bagaimana web
mempengaruhi perilaku manusia.
 Web science is the interdisciplinary study of the World Wide Web.

What is
Web The Web operates as a complex and dynamic sociotechnical system

Science and - as such- demands integrated expertise from the engineering

and social sciences and the humanities if we are to understand its
past, present and potential futures.

In 2006, Tim Berners-Lee proposed a new interdisciplinary field of

study ‘Web Science’,to research how the Web was evolving and what
might be done to protect its future. Already, it was clear that the Web
was implicated in some fundamental social and economic
transformations — and posed some unexpected challenges, for
example cybercrime, hate-speech and the increasing centralisation of
content and infrastructure.
 Web Science Evolution

• Over the past decade, Web Science has grown and spread across the world, integrating
expertise from across the engineering sciences, social sciences and humanities. Web
Scientists have generated new knowledge and understanding of how the Web has changed
the world, and how the world has changed the Web.
• For example, Web Scientists have documented atrocities in information warfare, identified
how fake news is influencing our political landscapes and developed methods to identify
individual cybercriminals on the dark web.
• Web Scientists have traced how the Web generates new business models, enabled the
effective use of big data and web infrastructures for peace-building in fragile states (Gaskell
2018) and built tools to analyse web data at scale and speed for a wide variety of purposes.
• And still the Web evolves. In the years since Web Science was established, we have seen the
emergence of social media, a fully fledged data economy, revelations of mass surveillance
and interference in democratic elections. And now, a new wave of Artificial Intelligence,
spurred on by the phenomenal data resources created (in large part) by the Web, has begun
a new round of transformations that mark a step-change in the Web of the future.
 • Memex: Memory and Index by Vannevar Bush in
1945. The concept of the memex influenced the
development of early hypertext systems.
• Hypertext: Hypertext is text displayed on a
computer display or other electronic devices with
references (hyperlinks) to other text that the
reader can immediately access.
• Internet
• Usenet: user network. Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis
conceived the idea in 1979, and it was established
Pre Web in 1980. Users read and post messages (called
articles or posts, and collectively termed news) to
one or more categories, known as newsgroups.
Usenet resembles a bulletin board system (BBS) in
many respects and is the precursor to Internet
forums that became widely used.
• FTP: File Transfer Protocol
• Gopher: The Gopher protocol is a
communications protocol designed for
distributing, searching, and retrieving documents
in Internet Protocol networks.
 Web 1.0

Web 2.0
Web
Evolution
Web 3.0

Anyone know the

differences?
 • Web 1.0 is a retronym referring to the first stage of the World Wide Web's
evolution, from roughly 1991 to 2004.
• Some common design elements of a Web 1.0 site include:
– Static pages instead of dynamic HTML.
– Content provided from the server's filesystem instead of a relational
database management system (RDBMS).
– Pages built using Server Side Includes or Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
instead of a web application written in a dynamic programming language
such as Perl, PHP, Python or Ruby.
– The use of HTML 3.2-era elements such as frames and tables to position and
align elements on a page. These were often used in combination with spacer

Web 1.0
GIFs.[citation needed]
– Proprietary HTML extensions, such as the <blink> and <marquee> tags,
introduced during the first browser war.
– Online guestbooks.
– GIF buttons, graphics (typically 88×31 pixels in size) promoting web
browsers, operating systems, text editors and various other products.
– HTML forms sent via email. Support for server side scripting was rare on
shared servers during this period. To provide a feedback mechanism for web
site visitors, mailto forms were used. A user would fill in a form, and upon
clicking the form's submit button, their email client would launch and
attempt to send an email containing the form's details. The popularity and
complications of the mailto protocol led browser developers to incorporate
email clients into their browsers.
– Web 1.0 sites aren't interactive.
 • Web 2.0 (also known as Participative (or
Participatory) and Social Web) refers to websites
that emphasize user-generated content, ease of use,
participatory culture and interoperability (i.e.,
compatible with other products, systems, and
devices) for end users.
• The term was coined by Darcy DiNucci in 1999 and
later popularized by Tim O'Reilly and Dale Dougherty
at the first O'Reilly Media Web 2.0 Conference in late
Web 2.0 •
2004.
A Web 2.0 website allows users to interact and
collaborate with each other through social media
dialogue as creators of user-generated content in a
virtual community. This contrasts the first generation
of Web 1.0-era websites where people were limited
to viewing content in a passive manner.
• Examples of Web 2.0: Facebook, Youtube, Blogs,
Wikis
 Semantic web

The goal of the Semantic

Web 3.0 Web is to make Internet
data machine-readable.

??? What do you think is

Web 3.0
Human behavior co-constituting the web.
 Web science: Methodology

• If the investigation of the Web is to be counted as properly

scientific, then an immediate question is how scientific
method should apply to this particular domain. How should
investigators and engineers approach the Web in order to
understand it and its relation to wider society, and to
innovate?
– Synthesis: the combination of ideas to form a theory or
system.
– Analysis
– Governance
 In your own
Exercise words, what is
Web?
 Ambivalences of The Web
• Whilst the Web is a mighty instrument for individual, institutions and
society, as an instrument it can be put both to beneficial or to detrimental
use. For all the enormous benefits that the Web offers for information
sharing, collective organization and distributed activity, social inclusion and
economic growth, the negative consequences are only too apparent. It is a
core task for Web Science to analyse, understand and navigate these
ambivalences of the Web, amplifying the good and countering the bad.
– Information Freedom vs. Information Quality
– Personalization vs. Privacy
– Influence by the Masses vs. Manipulation of the Masses
– Inclusive and Fair vs. Exploitative
– Growing vs Sustainable
– Ambivalences without an End
Information • The invention of the Web further reduced
information publication costs by many

Freedom vs. orders of magnitudes democratizing access

to formal knowledge (open science, free
textbooks, historical sources) and informal
Information •
knowledge.
In the era of the Web, itis inexpensive to

Quality become a publisher. While it is easy to

publish facts and judgments, itis equally
possible to widely disseminate mis- and
disinformation, unfounded beliefs and
prejudices.
• Mis- and disinformation existed before the
Web, but the Web has facilitated its
distribution, at scale and speed. Artificial
Intelligence will further amplify the
problem. It has been a core principle of
modernity to question printed information,
but to believe in original sources, such as
photography, audio or video. Artificial
Intelligence allows for the creation of deep
fakes, i. e. video or audio that cannot be
distinguished from true video or audio, but
that is completely made up by its creator.
Personalization
Core to the success of the Web is the convenience that it
vs. Privacy offers. Using our personal devices, information
consumption and production has become frictionless.
One or two clicks are sufficient to buy, to like or to
share, and service providers know about our
preferences facilitating selection of music, audio,
restaurants or other products from swathes of offerings.

The consequence is a deep intrusion into the privacy of

individuals, what they do and like, what their political
beliefs are, whom they do business with, and whom
they spend their days. At best this intrudes people’s
privacy and exploits it without fair retaliation, at worst it
may leads to misuse manipulating individuals or deriving
damaging conclusions about them.

Artificial intelligence may be prone to nurture both

types of damages. People who move houses more often
or who have a less regular telephone usage behaviour
are considered worse credit risks.
 The Web offers the opportunity for countless people to
Influence by connect across geographical boundaries in ways that were
difficult to imagine in the context of previous media systems.
the Masses vs. The resulting network allows for a scale and speed of
information dissemination that has since the inception of the
Web been seen as a huge opportunity for democratization.
Manipulation
of the Masses The Web also allows to tap the ’wisdom of the crowd’ by
sourcing its seemingly infinite variety of connected entities.

It also showed that there is a potential to influence large

amounts of people - and uncertainty as to how exactly such
influencing works, may already be at work and who may be
trying to influence people.

For example, in 2018 it was revealed that Cambridge Analytica

had harvested the personal data of millions of people’s
Facebook profiles without their consent and used it for political
purposes (the Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal),
like targeting voters in the US presidential election
 Inclusive We want the Web to be inclusive.
This means that all individuals, but
and Fair vs. also all institutions —companies,
associations, governmental or non-
Exploitative governmental organizations — can
make best use of it, contributing
their content and data and being
able to access it.

In reality it is not. Even low costs of

internet access might be too high
for some.
Growing vs As a global artefact the Web needs to grow to cover
and connect ever more people, usages, cultures and
resources. But leading the web to its full potential
Sustainable requires us to strike a balance between its growth and
its costs of all sorts: the economical cost of the
infrastructure it requires (e.g. Internet, telco networks)
and the maintenance of its resources (e.g. maintaining
and evolving Wikipedia),the ecological cost of its
deployment and use (e.g. Google post on powering a
search6), the educational cost of the experts it requires
(technical aspects, content production, legal
framework, etc.)

The encounter of the Web with AI can both amplify or

alleviate this problem as some AI techniques can be
used to downscale the resources needed to operate
Web applications and at the same time some of the AI
techniques are consuming a lot of energy. This is also
the case with other technology the Web is linking to
such as blockchain, the internet of things, mobile and
ubiquitous computing, to name a few.
 Ambivalences without an End

• It is relevant to the Web as a powerful instrument that such ambivalences

that affect human well-being for the better or the worse will never
disappear. However, we, using Web Science as a discipline, must ask
ourselves how to deal proactively with these ambivalences.