Business Research Methods(BRM)(BBA-6th)

Assignment # 01&02

Submitted By:Fakhad Ayub

17-Arid-625

Submitted To: Mr.Muhammad Ahmed

Date:29-March-2020
Sr.n Name of Author Year Research variable Theory used Methodology Research Future r
o Articles Name publishe Question/Objective Gap Research
d Direction
Do David C. 2018 .Research Question Status: Youth Data According Suggest the
1 School May1, 1:Do-law Truancy Information Data were to the need for a
Resource Raymond enforcement (9.7%) Delivery obtained from National more careful
Officers Barranco1, officers assigned to Ungovernab System the Youth Association examination
Really Ethan school buildings le/ (YIDS) Information of School of the claim
Refer Stokes2, (hereafter referred incorrigible Delivery Resource that SROs
Juveniles Angela A. to as SROs) refer behavior System Officers bring more
to the Robertson1, youths to the justice (2.8%) (YIDS) of a (NASRO), youths into
Juvenile and Stacy system who would south- eastern there are the juvenile
Justice H. Haynes1 not have been Minor: state by currently justice system
System referred by their law Larceny: members of more than for less
for Less enforcement shoplifting the author 3,000 SROs serious
Serious counterpartsworkin Trespass team. YIDS international offenses.
Offenses g in the commu- (2.1%) is a web- ly, but some A final
? nity outside of the Moderate: based scholars implication
school? Burglary: application argue this for policy and
Research Question dwelling system for the number is future
2: Do SROs arrest (2.6%) real-time underestimat research has
youths for less Series: management ed because to do with the
serious offenses business, of the (a) there is role of
than their commercial activities of no national families in
counterparts who property the state’s census of the school-to-
are working in the (1.2%) Court System SROs and prison
community outside that allows (b) funding pipeline.
of the school? members for SROs future
Research Question working in comes from research
3: Are the arrests the juvenile numerous should
made by SROs justice system sources, attempt to
more similar to the (e.g., intake meaning no better
arrests made by officers, one agency understand
their counterparts youth is in charge the causes of
outside of schools counsel- ors, of keeping these referrals
or are they more court data on and develop
similar to arrests administrator SROs. policies and
that occur in schools s) to track Whether strategies to
without an assigned juveniles at SROs lead deal with
SRO various to increased them.
phases of the arrests for
juvenile less serious
justice offenses by
system. using a
method that,
to our
knowledge,
has not been
used before.
2 The Rebecca C. 2018 What we know A standard National Survey While an The goalsof
Numbers Hetey and more generally approach to Pew survey, 71% openquestio spurring
Don’t Jennifer L. about people’s use racism as a Research of Blacks n, it is future
Speak for Eberhardt of information to problem of Center reported unlikely that research and
Themselv support what they biased having exposure to mitigating
es: Racial already believe or individuals personally evidence of this
 Disparitie expect (Darley & rather than a experienced disparities paradoxical
s and the Gross, 1983; systemic discrimi- has the same and
Persisten Nickerson, 1998)? force nation or poten- tial to unintended
ce of What should people embedded having been backfire effect, we
Inequalit working for social in American treated with people propose three
y in the change do? society” (G. unfairly from other potential
Criminal We propose three Adams, because of racial back- strategies for
Justice potential strate- gies Edkins, their race or grounds. more
System that may mitigate Lacka, ethnicity, Peopleof effectively
the unintended Pickett, & color, and presenting
consequences of Cheryan, African information
exposing Whites to 2008, p. 350 Americans about racial
evidence of racial in particular, disparities:
inequalities: are more (a)offer
(a) offer context, likely than context,
(b) challenge Whites to (b) challenge
associations, and have direct associations,
(c) high- light experience and
institutions. with, (c)highlight
perceive, institutions.
and engage
indiscussion
about racial
inequality
and
discriminati
on.Accordig
to a national
Pew
Research
Center
(2016)
survey, 71%
of Blacks
reported
having
personally
experienced
discrimi-
nation or
having been
treated
unfairly
because of
their race or
ethnicity,
compared
with 30% of
Whites.

3 Racial Susan A. 2018 When the number of race and Theories of Data The latest Understandin
Disparitie McCarter items measured in a ethnicity, “differentia Data Bureau of g that the
s in the specific category is current l emanates Justice racial
Criminal greater or less than population involvemen from law Statistics categories
Justice the number of those demographi t”contend enforcement research “Black” and
System items typically cs, and that agencies reports that “White”
occurring, criminal- individuals within the 1% of all originated
overrepresentation/u justice of color U.S. De adult males from the im
nderrepresentation statistics/dat commit partment of living in the precise and
is said to occur. ? a more and/or Justice, Unit ed often
analysis,plu more serious including the States were arbitrary
Examine minority s theories crime than Federal serving a description of
overrepresentation Whites Bureau of prison human
and allow the reader (Blumstein, Investigation sentence of beings’ skin
to consider the roles 1993; (FBI). The a year or tones, and
of Blumstein & FBI pro duces longer. that the cate
disproportionality, Wallman, the most gories
disparity, and 2006). widely cited African
discrimination.? Meanwhile, source of American and
theories of crime data in Caucasian
“differentia the Uniform are, at a
l selection” Crime minimum,
suggest that Reports descriptions
law (UCRs). of geographic
enforcement heritage, the
and justice author uses
systems treat African
racial and American and
ethnic Caucasian in
minorities order to be
differently more precise
than their and respectful
White than to refer
counter parts to individuals
(e.g., in terms of
differential color
policing
practices,
sentencing
laws, and
explicit and
implicit
racial bias)
(Chambliss,
1995;
Tonry, 1995,
2004).
4 Health, Tyler N.A. 2018 What is the Opioid Use Minneapolis Methods: In thiscross- To examine
Polysubst Winkelman association Variables Medical Participants sectionalana the
ance Use, , MD, MSc; between various Socio Research andData lysis, association
and Virginia W. levels of opioid use demographi Foundation’ Source individuals between
Criminal Chang, and c Variables s 2015-2016 who various levels
Justice MD, PhD; health,co- Health various National reported any of opioid use
Involvem Ingrid A. occurringsubstanceu Variables levels of Survey on level of in the past
ent Binswanger se,and Co- opioid use in Drug Use and opioid use year and
Among , MD, involvement in the occurringSu the past year Health were more physical and
Adults MPH, MS criinal bstance and physical (NSDUH), a likely than mental health,
With justice system? UseVariable and mental nationally individuals co-occurring
Varying s health, co- representative who substance
Levels of occurring , cross- reported no use, and
Opioid Criminal substance sectional opioid use involvement
Use JusticeVaria survey of to have in the
bles individuals physical and criminal
Statistical aged 12 years mental justice
Analysis or older health system.
living in conditions
households and co-
occurring
substance
use.
Involvement
in the
criminal
justice
system
increased
with
intensity of
opioid use,
5 Fetal Katherine 2019 Questions around Rationale Chandler Semi- One obvious Future
Alcohol Flannigan whether cognitive (2015) to structured gap in the research
Spectrum Jacqueline impairment should Offenders examine Interview literature might also
Disorder Pei be considered a with FASD how Meta- relates to the explore
and the Michelle miti- gating or and PAE are neuroscienti Analyses lack of conceptualiza
criminal Stewart aggravating factor believed to fic evidence (PRISMA) research on tions of
justice Alexandra are highly be has been evidence- criminal risk,
system: Johnson contentious and far overreprese used in the Two studies based justice and how
from clear, however nted in criminal were intervention neurocognitiv
further research in correctional justice identified in s for e functioning
the area might help settings, system, which offenders is not often
to clarify some of researchers with FASD. considered,
these issues. Objectives survey based characterizied Despite the but could –
Research on risk on that youth emerging and perhaps
may also involve The developed involved in evidence should – be
exploration of other objective of by Cox et al. the justice that emphasized
pre- dictors of this article (2008), system, both individuals in this
criminality. was to Douglas et in Canada. with FASD context.
provide a al. (2012) McLachlan et and PAE
Researchers have systematic solicited the al. (2014) may be Finally, a
recently begun to global over- views of 49 compared the overrepresen critical area
explore the cost of view of the Australian psycholegal ted and that requires
justice in- available judiciary abilities of vulnerable consideration
volvement in evidence members to young in the justice is related to
FASD, however relevant to explore their offenders system, we pre- vention
inquiry has been individuals understandin with and have a of criminal
limited thus far to with FASD. g of FASD without limited behaviour.
the Canadian FASD understandin This may
context. g, based on include work
the current around
evidence, of strengths and
what types resilience, as
of supports well as other
might lead factors that
to better prevent
outcomes. individuals
There is no with FASD
research to from getting
ex- plore into trouble
what forms with the law
of despite
intervention characteristic
may help or s and
harm experiences
individuals that may
involved in increase their
the system, propensity to
engage in
these
behaviours.
6 CRIMINAL Eyitayo 2019 results in Remanding/A General Data duty of the •To make all
JUSTICE, A Joseph overcrowding in waiting Trial systems Collection criminal necessary legal
MODEL TO OYEYIPO prisons as evident Short Term theory was Survey justice and
ENHANCE ,Isaac in the high number Long Term originally Organizatio system to administrative
SOCIAL Akintoyese of suspects awaiting Condemned proposed n criminal respect and provisions to
ORDER IN OYEKOL trials, of which Lifers by database. protect the ensure all
NIGERIA A many eventually Detainees biologist rights of its suspects are
spend more years Others Ludwig citizens. charged with a
than required if von This duty recognizable
sentenced. This Bertalanff behoves of criminal
delay and possible y in 1928. the criminal offence or
denial of justice justice released;
falls below the system to •Systematically
United Nations adopt review the files
minimum rule of policies and of all inmates
treating offenders. laws that awaiting trial
Using funnel shape gives in Nigerian
where accused practical prisons and
moves through effect to the detention
stages before final rights of centre’s, and
judgement, this individuals. ensure that
work examines their right to a
criminal justice as a fair trial within
system (including reasonable
its agents: police, time is
prosecutors, guaranteed.
judiciary and •Ensure that
prisons) and how it every suspect
can enhance social is well
order. arraigned and
prosecuted if
found guilty.
This will
increase the
confidence of
the society in
the criminal
justice system
of Nigeria.
7 Criminological Sarki, 2018 Despite the benefits The scope narrative to obtain future policy
forensics; Z.M1, that can be realised of forensic review. ‘value-free’ documents on
Forensic Geshina A. from using the science is Relevant evidence Nigeria Police
investigations; M. S1, science at different wide in works that can be reform should
Forensic science Lalu, A.U2, levels of case that its published reliable in clearly include
culture; Nigeria Saleh, M2, management, application between successfully the provision
Police; Police Shankar D. improvement on improves 1993 and prosecuting and application
reform; Policing forensic facilities policing 2018 were a case of forensic
and their utilization and police searched before the science in
in police duties was work as from Google court of various police
not given due both scholar, law. A work,
consideration in proactive Academia proper especially
current police and and African forensic criminal
reform activities in reactive Journals science investigations.
the country. strategies Online application Also, adequate
(Ribaux (AJOL) by the forensic
 and police is science
Margot, important facilities with
1999). as it can commensurate
ensure just training be
dealing provided to the
with crime police, and that
suspects a positive
and culture
improve regarding the
security. application of
forensic
science in their
activities
should be
fostered.
8 THE Antonius 2019 it is not only limited legal science, Criminal method used To provide With the
AUTHORITY Benari to arresting and the normative record and in this more presence of a
COMMISSIONE Simbolon detaining or approach human research is guarantee judge
R JUDGE'S IN
stopping includes: legal rights descriptive- to the commissioner
THE CRIMINAL
JUSTICE
investigations and principles, analytical protection to prevent
SYSTEM prosecutions but synchronizatio method with of the differences of
also regarding n of laws and the main human opinion
whether the regulations approach is rights to regarding the
detention or search juridical person who validity of
is to be continued or normative. is defendant legal actions in
extending detention, in the the preliminary
it is necessary to criminal examination,
stop the process. namely
investigation or regarding the
prosecution, it is validity of
necessary to revoke arrest,
the cessation of the detention,
investigation or search and
prosecution, seizure
because these
legal actions
are related to
human rights
issues that are
determined as
suspects /
defendants
namely
regarding
independence
and freedom,
ownership of
the wealth and
protection.
9 Reflections on a Angela 2019 why we should stop culturally Social Self This model engage in
Pedagogical Putman drinking water from relevant reform observations for teaching social justice
Shift: A Public those terrible plastic pedagogy theory in class and public activism
Speaking for bottles. teachers. speaking beyond the
Social Justice Porrovecchio with a classroom,
Model (2005) and Fisher social more voices
(2010) both noted justice need to enter
the trend of students framework this dialogue
to choose seemingly is simply and offer their
random topics that one attempt own models
inspire little awe or to decenter for teaching
intrigue due either dominant the
to the availability of norms and introductory
research or because voices in public
they believe it will the speaking
be “easy” for them classroom course in a
to discuss these and engage manner that
topics.? students in supports a
the process forward-
of thinking and
analyzing civically
injustices engaged
through the discipline.
lens of
those
individuals
who are
most
marginalize
d and
underresour
ced in
larger
systems and
structures
around the
world.
10 Lessons for Shadd 2018 the JR idea should criminological Justice non- many admit Oneplacetostar
justice Maruna appeal to both art idea model adversarial that their tistobeginsubje
reinvestment galleries and policy justice model using process that reaction is ctingtheideatot
from restorative makers should be criminal invites more gut- hesortofrigoro
justice and the no surprise. One facts offenders to level than usacademicexa
justice model key finding in the ‘take rational; mination that
experience research literature responsibilit they fear Clear (2011)
on beauty is that y’ rather there is initiates with
humans seem to be than simply something his article. The
hardwired to find take their too JR that results
symmetry beautiful, punishment” evangelical from such
whether in art, or too analysis over
architecture, or proselytizin the next
facial features g about decade may
(Enquist and Arak, restorative not be as
1994). justice’s beautiful as the
support initial JR
base, and as vision, but it
naturally may be
skeptical stronger,
social wiser, and
scientists, more resilient
they resist than some of
it. its predecessor
panaceas. I, for
one, hope so.