Barangitao, Hannah Gwyneth G.

12-Einstein

Biology 2- Genetics

What I know

1. Genetic engineering is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the
genetic makeup of an organism. Traditionally, humans have manipulated genomes indirectly
by controlling breeding and selecting offspring with desired traits.
2. DNA is the chemical name for the molecule that carries genetic instructions in all living things.
The DNA molecule consists of two strands that wind around one another to form a shape
known as a double helix.
3. Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of
genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) that bring together genetic material from
multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.
4. A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically
separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly
found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; however, plasmids are
sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms.
5. Cloning is the process of producing individuals with identical or virtually identical DNA, either
naturally or artificially. In nature, many organisms produce clones through asexual
reproduction.
6. A genome is an organism's complete set of genetic instructions. Each genome contains all of
the information needed to build that organism and allow it to grow and develop.
7. Gene mapping describes the methods used to identify the locus of a gene and the distances
between genes. Gene mapping can also describe the distances between different sites within
a gene. The essence of all genome mapping is to place a collection of molecular markers onto
their respective positions on the genome.
8. Biotechnology is technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to
develop or create different products. Brewing and baking bread are examples of processes
that fall within the concept of biotechnology (use of yeast (= living organism) to produce the
desired product).
 9. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions
of copies (complete copies or partial copies) of a specific DNA sample, allowing scientists to
take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it (or a part of it) to a large enough amount to
study in detail.
10. Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. In the
future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's
cells instead of using drugs or surgery.

What’s New

ENHANCED TRAIT MODIFYING TECHNIQUE

1. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn- produces
proteins that are toxic to certain insect
pests but not to humans, pets, livestock, or
other animals.
2. Rainbow papaya- created to resist ringspot
virus.
3. GMO soy- GMO soy is used for food for
animals, predominantly poultry and
livestock, and making soybean oil.
4. Canola oil- used in many packaged foods
to improve food consistency.
5. GMO alfalfa - primarily used to feed cattle
mostly dairy cows.