INDUSTRIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT

DEFINITION OF SECURITY

- Generally, the meaning of security is a kind of state where people, institution, authority or groups feel fully secured of feeling, free from any threat
or vulnerability from somewhere or someone in his/her life, liberty, property or activity. It could be in physical, psychological, social or economical
form.

-It is a state or quality of being secured, freedom from fear or danger, assurance, certainty.

-It is the degree of protection against danger, loss, and criminals.

- Protection against any type of crime to safeguard life and assets by various methods and device.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SECURITY

1. Command Responsibility
-Cannot be delegated but the security tasks can be assigned.
2. Compartmentation
-Need to know basis
3. Balance between security and efficiency
-Security prevails over efficiency
4. General principles of security remain constant
-Specific measures to suit operations 5.
Security is the concern of all
personnel
-Regardless of rank, position, designation

TYPES OF SECURITY MEASURES FOR AN EFFECTIVE DEFENSE AGAINST CRIMES:

1. ACTIVE MEASURES – these involve the installation of physical barriers, security lighting, use of vaults, locks and others.

2. PASSIVE MEASURES – those that will deter man from committing such act of fear of being caught, charge in court or get dismissed, such as:
security education, programs, investigations, seminars, personnel security check.

Brief History of Security in the Philippines

- The private security business began on March 11, 1933, when the first formally licensed private security agency “Special Watchman Agency”
started operations;

- Later it renamed “Jimenez Security Agency”, founded by brothers Juan and Pedro Jimenez;

- On May 30 1958, the Philippine Association of Detectives and Protective Agency Operations (PADPAO) was formally organized;

-RA 5487 was passed on June 13, 1969 through the continuous lobbying of the incorporators and officers of PADPAO, which set the standards
and minimum requirements for the operations of security agencies.

- P.D. 11 was passed on October 3, 1972, widening the coverage of RA 5487 to include security guards employed in logging concessions,
agricultural, mining and pasture lands;

- P.D. 100 was issued on January 17, 1973, broadening the coverage of the security industry to include employees of the national or local
government or any agency who are employed to watch or secure government building and properties.

- On August 1969, the Philippine Constabulary activated the Security and Investigation Supervisory office or SIASO to supervise and control the
organization and operation of private security and detective agencies nationwide;

- Later it was renamed Philippine Constabulary Supervisory Office for Security and Investigation Agencies or PCSUSIA.

- With the passage of RA 6975, this unit was absorbed by the Philippine National Police;

-Later it was made into a division of the PNP Civil Security Group and was renamed Security Agencies and Guard Supervision Division (SAGSD);

- It was renamed to PNP Supervisory Office for Security Investigation Agency (SOSIA).

THREE MAJOR AREAS OF SECURITY

1. Physical Security
2. Personnel Security
3. Document and Information

Security TYPES OF SECURITY

1. PHYSICAL SECURITY
Definition
– a system of barriers placed between the potential intruder and the objects/matter to be protected. It is the broadest branch of security,
which is concerned with physical measures adopted to prevent unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, materials and documents and to
safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage and theft.

OBJECTIVES:
a. To protect the organization’s asset;
b. To make access so difficult that an intruder will not dare attempt penetration.

CONCEPTS:
a. Enemy agents will always seek access;
b. Surreptitious entry is the greatest hazard to security;
c. There are no impenetrable barriers;
d. Each installation is different.

FACTORS THAT BRING INSECURE CONDITION:

1. Threat
– An indication of impending danger or harm;
- positive inimical acts
2. Hazar
d – A chance of being injured or harmed;
-passive inimical acts
3. Vulnerability
– inability to withstand the effects of a hostile environment
-measure of how open an establishment to intrusion, attack or injury
4. Risk
– is the potential that a chosen action or activity (including the choice of inaction) will lead to a loss (an undesirable outcome).
-probability of an event to happen that will lead to loss.

SECURITY HAZARD
An act or condition which results in a situation conducive to a breach of the protection system and the subsequent loss or
compromise, or damage to personnel, property or facilities.

KINDS OF HAZARDS
1. Man –Made Hazards – an acts or conditions affecting the safe of operation of the facility caused by human action, accidental or
intentional. It includes sabotage, espionage, pilferage and theft.
2. Natural Hazard – cause by natural phenomena which cause damage, disturbance and problems of normal functioning activities,
including security. It includes flood, lighting, storms and volcanic eruptions.

THE EXTENT OF DEGREE OF RISK TO SECURITY WILL BE DEFENDANT ON THE FOLLOWING:

1. RELATIVE CRITICALITY OF OPERATIONS- Is the importance of the firm which reference to the national economy and security.
2. RELATIVE VULNERABILITY – The susceptibility of the plant or establishment to damage, loss, or disruption of operation due to
various hazard.

BARRIER – can be defined as any structure or physical device capable of restricting, deterring, delaying, illegal access to an installation.

Generally, a barrier is use for the following purposes:

1. Outline the perimeter of the area to be secured;
2. Create a physical and psychological deterrent to unauthorized entry;
3. Delay intrusion, thus facilitating apprehension of intruders;
4. Assist in more efficient and economical employment of guards;
5. Facilitates and impose the control of pedestrian and vehicular traffic.

1. FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE – Perimeter barrier/fences - a medium or structure which defines the physical limits of an installation or area
to restrict or impede access thereto.
2. SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE – Doors, floors, windows, walls, roofs and grills.
3. THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE – Storage system like steel cabinets, safes, vaults and interior files.

GENERAL TYPES OF PHYSICAL BARRIER:

1. NATURAL BARRIER – include mountains, rivers, seas, desserts or terrain difficult to traverse. To be fully effective, these barriers must be
under surveillance of guards.
2. STRUCTURAL OR MAN-MADE BARRIER – structural constructions made by man like fences, walls, floors, roofs, grill or other physical
means to deter or impede penetration.

TYPES OF FENCES
1. SOLID FENCE – Constructed in such away that visual access through the fence is denied. Its advantage is that it denies the opportunity for
the intruder to become familiar with the personnel, activities and the scheduled movements of the security personnel. On the other hand, it
prevents the guards from observing the area around the installation and it creates shadow that may be used by the intruder for cover and
concealment.

WALL – Masonry wall should have the same as the chain linked and surrounded by the barbed wire as top guard.

2. FULL VIEW FENCE – It is constructed in such a way that visuals access is permitted through the fence.Its advantage is that it allows the
security personnel to keep the surrounding of the installation under observation. On the other hand, it allows the intruder to become familiar with
the movements the security personnel.

TYPES OF FULL VIEW FENCE

1. CHAIN LINK FENCE
- Should be constructed minimum
height of 7 feet excluding top guard;
- 9 gauges or heavier;
- Mesh openings of not larger 2 inches per side;
- Twisted;
- Securely fastened to rigid material or reinforced concrete;
- Reach within 2 inches of hard ground or paving;
- On soft ground, it must reach
below surface deep enough to compensate for shifting soil or sand.

2. BARBED WIRE FENCE - is a type of fencing wire constructed with sharp edges or points arranged at intervals along the strand(s). It is used to
construct inexpensive fences.
3. Concertina Wire or Dannert Wire – is a type of barbed wire or razor wire that is formed in large coils which can be expanded like a concertina.
-Opened concertina wire is 50 feet long and 3 feet diameter.
ADDITIONAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES
Top Guard- an addition overhang or barbed wire place on vertical perimeter fences facing upward and outward with a 45 degree angle with three to
four strands of barbed wires space six inches apart. This will increase the protective height and prevent easy access.
3. Entry Stations – provided at main perimeter entrances to secure areas located out of the doors, and manned by guards on a full time basis.
4. Towers – a house like structures above the perimeter barrier. Height of tower increases the range of observation during day and night with
artificial illumination.
5. Clear Zones – unobstructed area maintain on both sides of the perimeter barrier. It affords better observation and patrol movement. It
should be cleared of anything that may provide concealment or assistance to a person seeking an authorized entry.
CLEAR ZONE
- 20 feet or more between the perimeter barrier and exterior structure.
- 50 feet or more between the perimeter barrier and structure within the protected areas.
PROTECTION IN DEPTH
-In large open areas or ground, where fencing or walling is impracticable and expensive, warning signs should be conspicuously placed.
- The depth itself is protection.
6. Signs and Notices – erected where necessary in the management of unauthorized ingress and preclude accidental entry.
SECURITY LIGHTING
Provides sufficient illumination to areas during hours of darkness.
PURPOSES OF SECURITY LIGHTING
1. It improves visibility so that intruders can be seen, identified and apprehend;
2. It gives psychological fear, which serves as a deterrent to thieves, pilferers, trespassers, and sabotage;
3. It makes easier. The routine of work of guards in identifying employees, vehicles during night time;
4. If placed in certain areas, may even reduce the number of stationary guards, and instead, may require only roving patrols at night.
TYPES OF SECURITY LIGHTING
1. Stationary Luminary – most common type consisting of fixed series of luminaries. It is commonly used on entry gates of employees and
vehicles.

>Glare Protection Type – The intensity is focused to the intruder while the observer or the guard remain in comparative
darkness.
>Controlled lighting- The lighting is focused on certain objects than the background.

2. Standby Lighting – similar to continuous lighting but can be turned on manually or by special device or other automatic means, when there is a
suspicion of entry.
3. Emergency Lighting – stand by lighting which can be utilized in the event of electrical failure.
PROTECTIVE ALARMS
Is an aural or visual signal given by the annunciator to the security when intruder actuate certain devices in a protected area. An
annunciator is a visual or audible signaling device, which initiates conditions of associated circuits.
Basically, alarm system are designed to alert security personnel of a attempted or consummated intrusion into an area, building or compound. Each type of a

fire, smoke, or other emergencies and presence of hazards.

THREE BASIC PARTS OF ALARM
1. Sensors
- device that can sense an abnormal condition within the system and provide a signal indicating the presence or nature of the
abnormality
2. CIRCUIT
- It is the communication channel that conveys the information from all sensors in the system to the signal by means of wire, radio waves.

3. Signal
- The actual alarm may be audible or silent, a bell, buzzer, phone ringing, or flashing of light.

TYPES OF PROTECTIVE ALARM

1. Central Station System – Several separate compounds tie their alarm system to a central station so that in case of need, the central station
calls for assistance to the police, fire department, hospital or with other government assisting units.
2. Proprietary System – Similar to the central station type excepts that the proprietary console is located inside the subscribers installation who
owns or bases the system.
3. Auxiliary System – An installation owned system which is a direct extension of the local enforcement agency and/or fire department by
special arrangements.
4. Local Alarm System – Consists of rigging up a visual or audible alarm near the object to be protected. made In case of alarm, response will be
by the local guards and other personnel within sight or hearing.

FIRE PROTECTION

FIRE ALARM - - Any visual or audible signal produced by a device or system to warn the occupants of the building or fire fighting elements of the
presence or danger of fire to enable them to undertake immediate action to save life and property and to suppress the fire.

DEVICES
1. Smoke Detector - a device placed at the ceilings of the floor that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire . 2.
Fire Bell -a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound.
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER – a type of built in sprinklers which works by the increase of room temperature and which automatically operates the
system to put out the fire. Attached and distributed in the ceiling of the rooms. These sprinklers will go into action once a fire starts, and those that
will open are those that are directly above the fire and water is delivered where it is needed.
STAND PIPES
G.I. steel or plastic pipes located inside the building from the lowest to the top floor with water under pressure for use in case of fire. Located near
the standpipe is a fire hose usually enclosed in a glass box.
FIRE HYDRANT
It is a mechanical device strategically located in an installation or in a street where a fire hose will be connected so that the water will be
available to extinguished a fire.
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Is a fire fighting equipment which can is a fire fighting equipment which can be portable or in cart that is used to put out fire depending on the
contents to extinguish certain types of fire.
CLASSES OF FIRE
1. CLASS A FIRES –- involving ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, and paper, requires an extinguishing agent which cools. A
water or multi-purpose dry chemical can be used.
2. CLASS B - fires involving flammable and combustible liquids and gases, such as solvents, greases, gasoline, and lubricating oil, require an
extinguisher which removes oxygen or cuts the chain reaction. Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, are effective.
3. CLASS C - fires involve energized electrical equipment (live electrical wires, electrical appliances). A non-conducting extinguishing agent
such as carbon dioxide or multi-purpose dry chemical must be used.
4. CLASS D FIRES – the result of the combustion of certain materials in firely divided forms. These metals can be magnesium, potassium,
powdered aluminum and zinc.
HOW TO OPERATE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
-If you need to use a fire extinguisher, remember the word PASS :
 • PULL the pin - Fire extinguishers often have a pin, latch, or puncture lever that you need to release first.
• AIM low - Aim the nozzle or hose of the extinguisher at the base of the fire.
• SQUEEZE the handle - This releases the extinguishing agent.
• SWEEP from side to side - Move in close, and sweep across the base of the fire. Watch for re-flash of the fire.

ALARM DEVICES
1. Magnetic Door Contact -is a protective device usually placed in the door, and window that can send notification when the opening and closure
occurs
2. Vibration Contact – devices mounted on barriers and are used primarily to detect an attack on the structure itself. When movement or vibration
occurs, the unstable portion of the circuit moves and breaks the current flow, which produces an alarm.
3. Passive Infrared Detector (PIR) or Motion Sensor –PIRs are able to distinguish if an infrared emitting object is present by first learning the
ambient temperature of the monitored space and then detecting a change in the temperature caused by the presence of an object.
4. Panic button -Often located under the counter, the button can be pressed in times of distress (Such as robbery, disruptive or threatening
behavior, or a situation which may warrant assistance), triggering a silent alarm.
5. CCTV - A video monitoring system is more commonly known as Closed Circuit Television Systems. A CCTV system is a system consisting
of a television camera, video monitor, and a transmission medium (Cable, fiber or wireless) connecting the two. It is
used to monitor the premises.

IP
>IP based cameras work by turning images and audio into data then transmitting this data over a network or Internet connection.
>IP cameras are a type of Closed Circuit Television Camera (CCTV) used for capturing images and audio recordings in surveillance for
homes and businesses.

-The IP name stands for Internet Protocol, a system that allows the transmission of images captured by a digital video recorder (DVR) to the end
destination computers and these components together make up a video security system.

PROTECTIVE LOCKS
LOCK – defined as mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or electronic device designed to prevent entry to a building or room.

Type of Locks
1. Key – Operated Lock
- It uses some sort of arrangement of internal physical barriers which prevent the lock from operating unless they are properly aligned. The key
is the device used to align these internal barriers so that the lock may be operated.

PADLOCK – a portable and detachable lock having a pivoted or sliding hasp which possess through a staple ring, or the like and is made fast or
secured.

2. COMBINATION LOCK – a lock that requires manipulation of parts according to a predetermined combination code of numbers.
3. CARD OPERATED LOCK/CODED LOCK – type of lock that can be opened by inserting a coded card in a slot in the lock, or by pushing
the correct button on the surface of the lock.
4. ELECTRONIC LOCK – type of lock that can be closed and opened remotely by electronic

means. BIOMETRICS
- A machine that can be used for identification of humans by their characteristics or traits.
- It is used as a form of identification and access control.
- It is equipped with recording device that can identify the person operating the lock and the time it was operated.

KEY CONTROL
– defined as the management of keys in a plant or business organization to prevent unauthorized individual access to the keys.

Change Key - a key to a single lock

Sub-Master Key - a key that can open all locks within a particular area or grouping.
Master Key – a special key capable of opening a series of locks
Grand Master Key – a key that can open everything in a system involving two or more master key groups.

PETERMAN
-A term used in England for lock picker, safecrackers, and penetrators of restricted areas or rooms.
FALSE KEY
- Genuine key stolen from the owner

HUMAN BARRIER
Security guard – Is any natural person who offers or renders personal service to watch or guard residential or business premises or both,
government and/or their premises for hire and compensation.

Security Supervisor – Is charged with directing the work and observing the behavioral performance of the guard under his unit.

ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF SECURITY GUARD FORCE

Republic Act 5487, as amended – The Private Security Agency Law, approved on June 13, 1969.

2003 Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of RA 5487, as amended,

PNPSOSIA – Philippine National Police Supervisory Office for Security Investigation Agency – office under the Civil Security Group which is
charged with the supervision, direction and control of all security agencies in the Republic.

WHO MAY ORGANIZE AND MAINTAIN PRIVATE SECURITY AGENCY AND PRIVATE DETECTIVE AGENCY

Any Filipino citizen or corporation, association, partnership, one hundred percent of which is owned and controlled by Filipino citizens.

BASIC REQUIREMENT OF AN OPERATOR OR MANAGER OF SECURITY AGENCY

1. Filipino citizen;
2. Not be less than twenty five (25) years of age;
3. College graduate and/or a commissioned officer in the inactive service or retired from the AFP or PNP;
4. Has taken a course/seminar on Industrial Security Management and/or must have adequate training or experience in security
 business,
4. Good moral character;
5. Having no previous record of conviction of crime or offense involving moral turpitude.

QUALIFICATIONS OF SECURITY GUARD OR WATCHMAN

1. Filipino citizen;
2. High School graduate;
3 Physically and mentally fit;
4. At least eighteen (18) years of age but not more than fifty (50) years old;
5. Has undergone Pre-Licensing course or its equivalent.
Veterans and retired military/police personnel honorably discharge including graduates of ROTC advance (or its equivalent in the PNP) are
exempted from the required Basic-Licensing Training.

QUALIFICATIONS FOR SECURITY OFFICER

1. Filipino citizen;
2. Holder of a Baccalaureate Degree;
3. Physically and mentally fit;
4. Has graduated from a Security Officer Training Course or its equivalent

QUALIFICATIONS OF SECURITY CONSULTANT

1. Filipino citizen;
2. Physically and mentally fit;
3. Holder of Masters degree either in Criminology, Public Administration, MNSA, Industrial Security Administration, or Law
4. Must have at least ten (10) years experience in the operation and management of security business.

PRIVATE DETECTIVE

Any person who does detective work for hire, reward or commission, other than members of the AFP, BJMP, PNP or any other law enforcement
agencies.

QUALIFICATIONS OF A PRIVATE DETECTIVE

1. Filipino citizen;
2. Physically and mentally fit;
3. Holder of baccalaureate degree, preferably Bachelor of Laws or Bachelor of Science in Criminology;
4. Graduate of a Criminal Investigation Course offered by the PNP or NBI or any police training school, or a detective training in any
authorized/recognized training center;
5. Advance ROTC/CMT graduate or its equivalent

DISQUALIFICATIONS

1. Having previous record of any conviction of any crime;

2. Having previous record of any conviction of any offense involving moral turpitude;
3. Having been dishonorably discharged or separated from employment or service;
2. Being a mental incompetent;
3. Being addicted to the use of narcotic drug or drugs, and
4. Being a habitual drunkard
5. Dummy of a foreigner

MORAL TURPITUDE

It is an act of baseness, vileness or depravity in the private and social duties which a man owes to his fellowmen or to society in
general, contrary to the accepted and customary rule of right and duty between a man and man.

Conduct that is considered contrary to community standards of justice, honesty and good morals.
Examples . Rape, Forgery, Robbery

TYPES OF SECURITY GUARD FORCE

1. Company Guard Force – security force maintained and operated by any private company/corporation utilizing any of its employees to
watch secure and guard its establishment.

2. Security Agency service – security guard belonging to privately licensed agency (contractual basis);
3. Government Guard Forces –security unit maintained and operated by any government entity other than military or police.

POSSESSION OF FIREARMS
1. One (1) firearm for every two (2) security guards;
2. Private security agency/private detective agency/company security force/government security force shall not be allowed to possess
firearms in excess of five hundred (500) units.
3. Shotguns not higher than 12 gauge
4. Weapons with bores not bigger than cal .22 to include pistols and revolvers with bores bigger than cal .38

Exemptions: in areas where there is an upsurge of lawlessness and criminality as determined by the Chief PNP, Regional Office or their
authorized representative, they may be allowed to acquire, possess and use high powered firearms.

NUMBERS OF SECURITY PERSONNEL TO BE MAINTAINED TO SECURE REGULAR LICENSE TO OPERATE

1. Private Security Agency – minimum of two hundred (200) licensed private security personnel and a maximum of one thousand
(1,000).

2. Company Guard Force/Private Detective Agency – minimum of thirty (30) and a maximum of One thousand
(1,000) LIMITATION IN THE CARRYING OF FIREARMS
 1. No firearm shall be borne nor be in the possession of any private security personnel except when in actual performance of duty, in the
prescribed uniform, in the place and time so specified in the Duty Detail Order (DDO).
2. Shall be carried only within the compound of the establishment where he is assigned to guard.
3. While escorting big amount of cash or valuable outside of its jurisdiction or area of operation, private security agency shall issue an
appropriate Duty Detail Order to the security personnel concerned

Duty Detail Order (DDO) – is a written order/schedule issued by a superior officer usually the private security agency/branch manager or
operations officer assigning the performance of private security/detective services duties.

DDO for the purpose of post duties not requiring transport of firearms outside of the physical compound or property of a client or
client establishment shall be issued for not more than a thirty (30) days duration

CLASSIFICATION OF TRAINING AND ITS DURATION

1. Basic Security Guard Course (Pre-Licensing Course) – 150 hours;
2. Re-Training Course- 48 hours;
3. Security Officers Training Course – 300 hours Basic Security Supervisory Course – 48 hours
4.

- All Licenses to Operate have a validity of Two (2) years;

- All applications for renewal of License to operate (LTO) shall be filed at least sixty (60) days before the expiry date of LTO;
- No application shall be approved unless a certification is issued by FED-CSG to the effect that all licenses of firearms of the agency are
updated/renewed for at least one (1) year forthcoming during the validity of the renewed LTO.

Approval, Cancellation, Suspension of

LTO Chief PNP

-Approval of New Regular LTO
-Cancellation of Regular LTO
-Re-instatement of Regular LTO
-Suspension of Regular LTO
Director Civil Security Group
- Renewal of Regular LTO
- Approval of Temporary LTO
- Reversion of Regular to Temporary LTO
- Cancellation of Temporary LTO
- Suspension of Temporary LTO

SURETY BOND
Agency with 1 -199 guards – P50,000.00
Agency with 200-499 guards – P100,000.00
Agency with 500-799 guards – P150,000.00
Agency with 800-1000 guards – P200,000.00

STOCKING OF AMMUNITION
1. Stocks of ammunition in the agency shall not exceed fifty (50) rounds of ammunition per unit of duly licensed firearms. 2.
Individual issue to each security guards shall be limited to twenty five (25) rounds for every security guard.

CONFISCATION OF FIREARMS OF SECURITY GUARD

1. When the firearm is about to be used in the commission of a crime; 2.
When the firearm is actually being used in the commission of a crime;
3. When the firearm has just been used in the commission of a crime;
4. When the firearm being carried by the security guard is unlicensed or a firearm is not authorized by law and regulation for his use; 5.
When the confiscation of the firearm is directed by the order of the court;
6. When the firearm is used or carried outside the property, compound or establishment serviced by the agency without proper authority; or
7. When a security guard does not possess any license to exercise his profession.
In all the above cases, the confiscating officer shall inform immediately the agency concerned.

REVOCATION OF LICENSE TO POSSESS FIREARM

1. Failure to submit any issued firearm for verification as required;
2. Carrying firearms by security personnel without appropriate Duty Detail Order;
3. When the firearm serial number has been duplicated on another firearm or using one firearms license for more than one firearm other
than those stipulated in the license;
4. Carrying of firearms outside of the place stated in the permit or in places prohibited under the law;
5. When the firearm was reported lost.

SECURITY PERSONNEL RANKS, POSITIONS, STAFFING PATTERN AND JOB DESCRIPTION

1. Security Management Staff
1.1 Security Director (SD) –Agency Manager/Chief Security Officer – responsible for the entire operation and
administration/management of the security agency.
1.2 Security Executive Director (SED) – Assistant Agency Manager/Asst. Chief Security Officer – Assist the Security Director
1.3 Security Staff Director (SSD) – Staff Director for Operation and Staff Director for Administration
>The Staff Director for operation -assistant of the security manager for the efficient operation of the agency.
>The Staff Director for Administration - is the staff assistant of the agency manager for the effective and efficient administration and
management of the agency.
1.4Security Staff Director for Training- Staff in charge for Training – responsible for the training of the Agency’s security personnel

2. Line Leadership Staff

2.1 Security Supervisor 3 – Detachment Commander – is the field or area commander of the agency;
2.2 Security Supervisor 2 – Chief Inspector – responsible for inspecting the entire area covered by the detachment;
2.3 Security Supervisor 1 – Inspector – responsible for the area assigned by the Chief Inspector or the Detachment Commander.

3. Security guard
3.1 Security Guard 1 – Watchman/guard- the one actually posted as watchman and or guard
3.2 Security Guard 2 – Shift in- charge – responsible for the security officers who are scheduled in a certain shift for a particular
period
3.3 Security Guard 3 – Post in- charge –responsible for the entire detailed security office within a certain establishment.
 Note: Security Agency operator/manager/owner can put its own staffing pattern provided it is consistent with the provisions of IRR of
RA 5487.

ADVANTAGES OF COMPANY GUARD FORCE

1. High caliber and receives higher salary;
2. Provides better service;
3. Can be trained to handle some of the more complex security duties;
4. More familiar with facilities they protect;
5. Tend to be more loyal with the company.

DISADVANTAGES:
1. May be required to join the union;
2. Cost more;
3 Problem of ensuring availability of back-up personnel.

ADVANTAGES OF AGENCY GUARD SERVICES

1. Less expensive;
2. Use is convenient;
3. Less administrative and personnel problems;
4. Agency assumes full responsibility for the scheduling and supervising of all guard personnel
5. Can easily obtain extra guard if needed;
6. Agency easily usually accepts liability of civil suits.

DISADVANTAGES:
1. Lack of training, low caliber employee;
2. No loyalty to the company;
3. Large turnover
4. Not familiar with facilities

ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF SECURITY GUARD

1. Alertness – being watchful in spotting violator, a person, a vehicle or an incident;
2. Judgment – sound and good judgment to arrive at wise and timely decisions; 3.
Confidence – faith in oneself and his abilities;
4. Physical Fitness – always in a condition to render effective service even under the most strenuous conditions; 5.
Tactfulness – ability to deal with others successfully without offending;
6. Self Control – ability to take hold of oneself regardless of a provoking situation.

GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF A SECURITY GUARD

1. Enforce company rules and regulations;
2. Operate and enforce the personnel identification system;
3. Patrol and observe designated areas, perimeter, structures, installation;
4. Take into custody a person attempting or giving unauthorized access in restricted, limited and controlled areas
5. Check rooms, buildings, storage rooms of security interest and after working hours, check proper locking of doors and gates. 6.
Perform escort duties when required;
7. Respond to alarm signals or other indications suspicious activities and emergencies;
8. Safeguard equipment and material against sabotage, unauthorized access, loss, theft or damage;
9. At quickly in situations affecting the security of installation and personnel, to fire accidents, internal disorder, attempts to commit
criminal acts;
10. Control and regulate vehicle and personnel traffic within the compound as well as parking of vehicle;
11. Other duties that is necessary in the security guard function;

POWER AND DUTIES OF SECURITY GUARD

1. Territorial Power – A security guard shall watch and secure the property of the person, firm or establishment with whom he or his agency has a
contract for security services. Such services shall not extend beyond the property or compound of said person, firm or establishment except when
required by the latter in accordance with the terms of their contract, or in hot pursuit of criminal offenders.

2. Arrest by Security Guard – A security guard or private detective is not a police officer and is not, therefore, clothed with police authority . However,
he may arrest a person under the circumstances mentioned in Section 5, Rule 113, Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure.

3. Search without Warrant – Any security guard may, incident to the arrest, search the person so arrested in the presence of at least two (2)
witnesses. He may search employees of the firm or establishment with which he or his agency has a contract, when such search is required by the
very nature of the business of the person, firm or establishment.

DUTIES DURING STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS

1. All private security personnel in direct confrontation with strikers, marchers or demonstrators shall not carry firearms. They may carry
only night sticks (baton) which may or may not be provided with tear gas canister and dispenser. Security personnel not in direct
confrontation with the strikers may carry in the usual prescribed manner their issued firearm.
2. Private Security personnel shall avoid direct contact either physically or otherwise with the strikers;

3. They shall stay only within the perimeter of the installation which they are protecting at all times;
4. In protecting and securing the assets and persons of their clients, shall only use sufficient and reasonable force necessary to
overcome the risk or danger posed by strikers or hostile crowds.
5. They shall refrain from abetting or assisting acts of management leading to physical clash of forces between labor and management. They
6. must at all times be in complete uniform with their names and agency’s name shown on their shirts above the breast pockets.

FUNCTIONS OF A PRIVATE DETECTIVE

1. Background Investigation;
2. Locating missing person;
3. Conduct surveillance work;
4. Such other detective work as may become the subject matter of contract between the agency and its clients. Except not contrary to law, public
 order, public policy morale and good custom.

POWERS OF CITY, MUNICIPAL MAYORS IN CASE OF EMERGENCY

>In case of emergency or in times of disaster or calamity when the services of any security agency/entity and his personnel are
needed. The city or municipal mayor, may muster or incorporate the members of the agency or agencies nearest the area of such disaster or
 calamity to help in the maintenance of peace and order, prevention of crime, or apprehension of violators of laws and ordinance, and in the
protection of lives and properties.
>They shall receive direct orders from the Chief of Police of the city or municipality for the duration of the emergency, disaster or
calamity.

SUPERVISION OF THE PNP

In case of emergency or in times of disaster or calamities, the Chief, PNP may deputize any security guard to assist the PNP in the
performance of police duties for the duration of such emergency, disaster or calamity. Licensed guards, who are actually assigned to clients with
DDO, shall be deputized by the Chief, PNP, and clothed with authority to enforce laws, rules and regulations within his area of responsibility.

INTER-RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRIVATE SECURITY PERSONNEL AND

1. Private security personnel are always subordinate to members of the PNP on matters pertaining to law enforcement and crime prevention . They
cannot enforce any provision of the law except in executing citizen’s arrest and/or conducting initial investigation of a commission of a crime. In
such case, any arrested person shall be turned over immediately to the nearest PNP unit/station.
2. Criminal investigation is the responsibility of the PNP. All results of initial investigation conducted by the private security personnel and al l
evidence gathered by them shall be turned over to the PNP unit/station concerned as a matter of course without delay.

GROUNDS FOR CANCELLATION OF SECURITY GUARD LICENSE

1. Assisting or protecting criminals during on or off duty status; 2.
Providing confidential information to unauthorized person;
3. Posted security guard found drunk or drinking intoxicating liquor; and 4.
Other similar acts

THEFT AND PILFERAGE

Theft – committed by any person, who with intent to gain but without violence, against, or intimidation of persons nor force upon
things shall take personal property of another without the latter consent.

PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS ON THEFT

1. The need or desire . An individual may need or desire to commit the act because of financial problem, inadequate income, extravagant living,
gambling.
2. The psychological need (Kleptomania) -is an irresistible urge to steal items of trivial value. People with this disorder are compelled to steal
things, generally, but not limited to, objects of little or no significant value.
3. The criminal tendency. The individual with such tendency may be more tempted to steal if security control are inadequate.

THE CASUAL AND SYSTEMATIC PILFERER

Casual Pilferer – One who steals due to his inability to resist the unexpected opportunity and has a little fear of detection.
Systematic Pilferer – One who steals with preconceived plans and takes away any or all types of items or supplies for economic gain.

COMMUNICATION SECURITY – is the protection resulting from the application of various measures which prevent or delay the enemy or
unauthorized persons in gaining information through the communication system. This includes:
a. Transmission Security – component of communications security which results from all measures designed to protect transmission
from interception.
b. Cryptographic Security – results from the provisions of technically sound crypto-system and their proper use.
c. Physical Security – providing safeguards to equipment and material from access by unauthorized persons.

THREATS IN COMMUNICATION SECURITY

1. Wiretapping - is the monitoring of telephone conversations by a third party, often by covert means. 2.
Bugging – means to secretly listen to or record a conversation using a hidden electronic device.
3. Eavesdropping (unauthorized listening)- is the unauthorized real-time interception of a private communication, such as a phone call, instant
message, videoconference or fax transmission.

RA No. 4200, Approved June 19, 1965

- An Act to prohibit and penalize wiretapping and other related violations of privacy of communication, and other purposes.

UNLAWFUL ACTS
Sec. 1
It shall be unlawful for any person, not being authorized by all the parties to any private communication or spoken word, to tap any wire
or cable, or by using any other device or arrangement, to secretly overhear, intercept, or record such communication or spoken word by
using a device commonly known as a dictaphone or dictagraph or dictaphone or walkie-talkie or tape recorder

It shall also be unlawful for any person, be he a participant or not in the act or acts penalized in the next preceding sentence, to knowingly
possess any tape record, wire record, disc record, or any other such record, or copies thereof, of any communication or spoken word secured
either before or after the effective date of this Act in the manner prohibited by this law; or to replay the same for any other person or persons; or to
communicate the contents thereof, either verbally or in writing, or to furnish transcriptions thereof, whether complete or partial, to any other person:

Provided, That the use of such record or any copies thereof as evidence in any civil, criminal investigation or trial of offenses mentioned in section 3
hereof, shall not be covered by this prohibition.

Sec. 3

Nothing contained in this Act, however, shall render it unlawful or punishable for any peace officer, who is authorized by a written order of the Court,
to execute any of the acts declared to be unlawful in the two preceding sections in cases involving the crimes of treason, espionage , provoking war
and disloyalty in case of war, piracy, mutiny in the high seas, rebellion, conspiracy and proposal to commit rebellion, inciting to rebellion, sedition,
conspiracy to commit sedition, inciting to sedition, kidnapping as defined by the Revised Penal Code, and violations of Commonwealth Act No. 616,
punishing espionage and other offenses against national security:

AUTHORIZATION

The authorization shall be effective for the period specified in the order which shall not exceed sixty (60) days from the date of issuance of the
order, unless extended or renewed by the court upon being satisfied that such extension or renewal is in the public interest.
The court referred to in this section shall be understood to mean the Court of First Instance within whose territorial jurisdiction the acts for which
authority is applied for are to be executed.

BANK SECURITY – a specialized type of physical security protecting the assets, personnel and operation of a bank, with special emphasis on the
precaution and measures to safeguard the cash and assets while in s storage, in transit, and during transaction.

>Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) Circular No. 620 Issued on September 3, 2008 – a Circular issued by BSP concerning
regulations on Bank protection which aims to promote maximum protection of life and property against crimes (robbery, theft, etc), and other
causes.

Guard System – BSP requires that all banking offices be manned by adequate number of security personnel to be determined by the bank,
taking into consideration its size, location, costs and overall bank protection requirement.

Security Devices – Banks are required to have a robbery alarm or other appropriate device for promptly notifying law enforcement office either
directly or through an intermediary of an attempted, ongoing or perpetrated robbery.

In armored Car operations – all armored vehicles are required to be built with bullet resistant materials capable of withstanding the firepower of
high powered firearm (M16, M14). Also equipped with a vault or safe or a partition wall with a combination lock designed to prevent retrieval of
the cargo while in transit.

DOCUMENT AND INFORMATION SECURITY – Security involving the protection of documents and information from loss, access
by unauthorized persons
> prescribes the policies and establishes the standard basic procedures governing the classification and security of official matter.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES
1. The authority and responsibility for the preparation and classification of classified matter rest exclusively with the originating office;
2. Classified matter should be classified according to content and not the classification of the file in which they are held or of another document to
which they refer;
3. Classification should be made as soon as possible by placing the appropriate marks on the matter to be classified;

4. Each individual whose duty allows access to classified matter is responsible for the protection of the classified matter while it is in his/her
possession and shall insure that dissemination of such classified matter is on the “need to know” basis and to “property cleared personnel only”.

DEFINITION OF DOCUMENT

- Any material that contains marks, symbols, or signs, either visible, partially visible or completely invisible that may be presently or ultimately
convey a meaning or message to someone.

CLASSIFY – refers to the act of assigning to information or material one of the four security classification categories after determination has
been made that the information requires the security protection as provided for in the regulation;

SECURITY CLEARANCE – Is an administrative determination that an individual is eligible from a security standpoint for access to classified
matter of a specific category;

COMPARTMENTATION – Refers to the grant of access to classified matter only to properly cleared persons when such classified information is
required in the performance of their official duties, and restricting it to specific physical confine when feasible.
NEED TO KNOW – term given to the requirement that the dissemination of classified matters be limited strictly to those persons whose official
duties require knowledge thereof.

SECURITY OF CLASSIFIED

MATTER CLASSIFICATION
-Memorandum Circular No. 196, dated 07/19/1968 (Security of Classified Matter in government offices.)
OF DOCUMENTS

1. TOP SECRET – any information and material, the unauthorized disclosure of which would cause exceptionally grave damage to the
nation, politically, economically or militarily;
2. SECRET- any information and material, the unauthorized disclosure of which would endanger national security, cause serious injury to
the interest or prestige of the nation or any governmental activity.
3. CONFIDENTIAL – any information and materials, the unauthorized disclosure of which would be prejudicial to the interest or prestige
of the nation or governmental activity or would cause administrative embarrassment or unwarranted injury.
4. RESTRICTED – any information and material which requires special protection other than those determined to be Confidential, Secret,
and Top Secret matters.

METHOD OF TRANSMISSION
1. By direct contact of officer or personnel concerned; 2.
By official courier;
3. Electrical means in cryptographic form
4. Registered Mail

DESTRUCTION
1. Burning
2. Shredding

STORAGE
shall be in a safe, steel filing cabinet with built in dial type combination lock of such weight, size and construction as to minimize the
possibility of physical theft or damage to fire.

OPERATIONAL SECURITY – part of physical security that deals primarily with the protection of processes, formulas, patents, and other
industrial and manufacturing activities from espionage, infiltration, loss, compromise or photocopying;

INFORMATION
1. The Creation – Information is discovered and develop;
2. Used – Some action is take with the information;
3. Storage and Retrieval – Stored for future use;
4. Transfer – transferring of information from active to inactive use;
5. Disposition – decision may be made to retain the information indefinitely.
KINDS OF SENSITIVE
INFORMATION PROPRIETARY
INFORMATION
– information which some special way is related to the status, operations or activities of the possessor over which the possessor asserts
ownership.
TRADE SECRETS
- It may consist of any formula, pattern, device or compilation of information which is used in one’s business and which gives one opportunity to
gain an advantage over competitors who do not know or use it.
PATENT
– A grant given by the government to an inventor, conveying and securing to him the exclusive rights to make, use and sell his invention for term of
twenty (20) years.

LAW ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES [Republic Act No. 8293] Approved

AN ACT PRESCRIBING THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE

AND ESTABLISHING THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE,
PROVIDING FOR ITS POWERS AND FUNCTIONS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

THREAT TO PROTECTION OF SENSITIVE INFORMATION

Competitive Intelligence – systematic program for gathering and analyzing information about competitor’s activities and general business
trends to further company’s goals.

Types of Competitive Intelligence

1. White – information available from company publication, public records or commercial reporting sources;
2. Gray – not readily available but which is usually can be obtained without acquiring any civil/criminal liability in the process.
3. Black – obtained through clearly unethical or illegal means.

TYPES OF DOCUMENTS
Class I – Vital Document – This is an irreplaceable records , reproduction of which does not have the same value as the original; Class
II – Important Document- This is a record, reproduction of which cause considerable expense and labor, or considerable delay.
Class III – Useful Document – This is a record, the loss of which may cause inconvenience but could be readily replaced and may not present
insurmountable obstacle to the prompt restoration of the business;
Class IV- Non essential Document – This record may include daily files, routine in nature, lost of which will not affect the organization.
STORAGE

1. SAFE – a metallic container used for safekeeping of documents or small items in office or installation.
2. VAULT – a heavily constructed fire and burglar resistant container usually part of the building structure use to keep and protect cash,
documents and negotiable instruments.
3. FILE ROOM – a cubicle in a building constructed a little lighter than a vault but of bigger size to accommodate limited people to work on the
records inside,

PERSONNEL SECURITY
- refers to the procedure followed, inquiries conducted, and criteria applied to determine the work suitability of a particular applicant or the
retention of a particular employee.

PURPOSE
1. To ensure that hired employees are best suited to assist the organization in achieving its mission and vision; 2.
To assist in providing the necessary security to the employees while they carry out their functions.

PERSONNEL SECURITY INVESTIGATION (PSI)

It is an inquiry into the character, reputation, discretion, integrity, morals, and loyalty of an individual in order to determine a person’s
suitability for appointment or access to classified matter.

TYPES OF PSI
1. National Agency Check
2. Local Agency Check
3. Partial Background Investigation
4. Complete Background Investigation

BACKGROUND INVESTIGATION (BI) – It is an inquiry which aims to verify applicant’s information written at the applicants form, to
ascertain his/her past employment experiences and to obtain other information pertinent to the decision to employ.

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE CONDUCT OF BI

1. Loyalty – faithful allegiance to the Philippine government and its duly constitutional authorities;
2. Integrity – uprightness in character, soundness of moral principle, freedom from moral delinquencies.
3. Discretion – the ability or tendency to act or to decide with prudence, the habit of wise judgment;
4. Morals – distinctive identifying qualities which serve as an index to the essential or intrinsic nature of a person; 5.
Character – the sum of traits that have been impresses by nature, education and habit upon the individual;
6. Reputation – opinion or estimation in which one is generally held. It is what a person is reported to be whereas character is what a person is.

INVESTIGATIVE
1. Prior Employment;
2. Claimed education;
3. Claimed residence for the period covered in the employment and educational institutes;
4. If the candidate indicates a criminal record, then the details should be checked.

INVESTIGATIVE

1. Information sought should be relevant;

2. Information should be reliable;
3. If unfavorable, the information should be confirmed by at least two sources.

SECURITY SURVEY
- A fact finding probe to determine a plant’s adequacy in all aspects of security, with the corresponding recommendations.
- Refers to checklist, audits, or inventories of security conditions.
- Security Surveys are often called ‘RISK ANALYSIS SURVEYS’ or ‘RISK ASESSMENT SURVEYS
PURPOSES OF SECURITY SURVEY:
1. To determine the existing state of security;
2. Identifying weaknesses in defense;
3. To determine the degree of protection required;
4. To produce recommendations for a total security systems.

The survey should be undertaken by either suitably trained staff security personnel, or a fully qualified independent security specialist.
No universal checklist can be applied to all sites for survey purposes, as no two facilities are alike.

BEFORE COMMENCING A SECURITY SURVEY

1. Written authority should be obtained from proper authority.
2. Previous surveys should be reviewed;
3. An orientation tour should be made;
4. Photographs should be taken of things which will be difficult to describe in a report. (Only with authority)

After completing the survey an immediate review of the findings should be undertaken with the plant supervisor so that urgent deficiencies can be
addressed.
> A follow-up survey should always be conducted to ensure improvements
> Any survey report including lists of recommendations is incomplete without including a cost-benefit analysis, which is ;

“ a direct comparison of the cost of operation of the security unit and all the existing security measures with the amount of the corporate assets
saved or recovered as well as reduction of losses caused by injuries and lost production and recommendations have been made”.

PLANNING
-Process of developing methods or procedures or an arrangement of parts intended to facilitate the accomplishment of a definite objective.
-The process of setting goals, developing strategies, and outlining tasks and schedules to accomplish the goals.

SECURITY PLANNING
• It is PRE-DETERMINING a course of action;
• It is deciding IN ADVANCE what to do, how to do it, and who is to do it.

GOALS OF SECURITY PLANNING

1. To minimize effects of any incident upon plant and personnel;
2. To keep property and equipment loss at a minimum;
3. To ensure cooperation of all plant departments charged with specific activities of an emergency; 4.
To ensure appropriate cooperative action by and with outside civic and government agencies.

KEY STEPS IN PLANNING

1. Get in touch/coordinate with your Local Civil Authorities. (Tie your programs with theirs and standardize equipment with them
thus creating compatibility.);
2. Visit neighboring Plants/offices (coordinate your activities with theirs.);
3. Survey your plant for possible hazards and take immediate action to lessen or eliminate them;
4. Appoint a disaster Director or Disaster coordinator;
5. Early in the planning stage, present the Program to your Employees and enlist their active support;
6. Call an organization meeting of Heads of services, employee representatives and key personnel. (out line purpose of the
program and explain how the plant should organize for protection;
7. Define the Program.

TESTING THE PLAN

Benefits in testing the plan
>Deficiencies will be uncovered;
>People involved in the implementation of the plan will receive valuable training.

TWO TYPES OF TESTING THE PLAN

> partial (by elements);
> complete (entire organization)

KEEPING THE PLAN UP TO DATE

>Changes in Personnel and Facilities

SECURITY EDUCATION
It is defined as the exposure and teaching of employees on security and its relevance to their work. Security education is conducted to
develop security awareness among employees of the company. It should cover all employees, regardless of rank or position.

PERSONAL SECURITY
Protection of personnel especially ranking official from any harm, kidnap, and others act. VIP security is type of personnel security;

POLICE SECURITY PROTECTION GROUP (PSPG) - is mandated by law to provide protective security to government officials, foreign
dignitaries, and private individuals authorized to be given protection and also provide physical security to vital installations, and assist the
Presidential Security Group (PSG) in securing the President and the members of the First Family.

PROTECTIVE CUSTODY – state or quality of being secured or freed from danger. It may also includes the various means or device designed to
guard a persons and property against a broad range of security hazard.

THREAT – is an indication of something impending and usually undesirable or unpleasant, with an intention to inflict evil, injury or damage on
another, usually as retribution or punishment for something done or left undone. It is an expression of an intention to inflict loss or harm on another
by illegal means, and especially by involving coercion or duress over the person or his welfare.

THREAT ASSESSMENT – the process of investigation/validating the truthfulness of the existence of threat to an individual.

EMERGENCY SITUATION – condition or state that danger has already occurred which resulted to loss of life/liberty and/or there is imminent
danger or threat to life and property where delay will endanger or may cause the loss of life/property.
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
1. Access List – authenticated list of personnel given to the security allowing entry to a compound or installation or part thereof; 2.
Controlled Area – an area near or adjacent to limited or exclusive areas where entry is restricted;
3. Dry-run – practical test or exercise of plans or any activity to test its validity, an operational readiness exercise;
4. Duress Code – type of code system so that security personnel or any employee when forced by armed men intending to enter an installation
 can five alarm by the use of certain words in casual conversation with personnel in the installation.
5. Exclusion Area – a restricted area containing materials or operation of security interest;
6. Restricted area – any area access to which is subject to special restriction control;
7. Security Hazard – Is any act or condition, which may result in the compromise of information, loss of life, loss or destruction of property or
disruption of objectives of the installation.

TYPES OF SECURITY
1. Industrial Security – A form of physical security that is concerned with the physical measures designed to safeguard personnel and
prevent unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, materials, documents, and to protect them from espionage, sabotage, damage or
theft.
2. Bank Security – Is the protection resulting from the application of various measures which safeguards cash and assets which are in
storage, in transit and or during transaction.
3. Operational Security – Involves the protection of processes, formulas and patents, industrial and manufacturing activities from
espionage, infiltration, loss, compromise or photocopying.

SOCIOLOGY OF CRIMES, ETHICS AND HUMAN

RELATIONS CRIM. 6: CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH

AND STATISTICS

Meaning of Research
= scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that links man’s speculation with
reality.
= systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical proposition about the presumed relations among natural phenomena.

KINDS AND CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

A. According to Purpose
1. Predictive or Prognostic Research – has the purpose of determining the future operation of the variables under investigation with the aim of
controlling or redirecting such for the better
2. Directive Research – determines what should be done based on the findings this is to remedy an unsatisfactory condition, if there is any
3. Illuminative Research – is concerned with the interaction of the components of the variable being investigated, as for example, “interaction of
the components of educational systems and aims to show the connections among, for example, students’ characteristics, organizational pattern
and policies, and educational consequences

B. According to Goal
1. Basic or pure Research – is done for the development of theories and Principles.
2. Applied Research – is the application of the results of pure search. This is testing the efficacy of theories and principles. aims to test theories
and concepts developed for verification, application, development and support and their relationship to the existing fund of knowledge

C. According to the Level of Investigation

1. Exploratory Research – the researcher studies the variables pertinent to a specific situation.
2. Descriptive Research – the researcher studies the relationships of the variables.
3. Experimental Research – the experiment studies the effects of the variables on each other.

D. According to the Type of Analysis

1. Analytical Research – the researcher attempts to identify and is isolate the components of the research situation.
2. Holistic Research – begins with the total situation. Focusing attention on the system first and then on its internal relationships.

E. According to Scope – Under this category is Action Research. This type of research is done on a very limited scope to solve a particular
problem which is not so big. It is almost problem solving.

F. According to Choice of Answers to Problems

1. In Evaluation research, all possible courses of action are specified and identified and the researcher tries to find the most advantageous.
2. In developmental research, the focus is on finding or developing a more suitable instrument or process than has been available.

G. According to Statistical Content

1. Quantitative or statistical research – is one in which inferential statistics are utilized to determine the results of the study. Inferential
statistics such as correlation, chi-square, analysis of variance, etc. are used to test the hypothesis. This type of research usually includes
comparison studies, cause-and-effect relationships, etc.
2. Non-quantitative research – This is research in which the use of the quantity or statistics is practically nil. This is especially true in
anthropological studies where description is usually used. Descriptive data are gathered rather than quantitative data.

H. According to Time Element

1. Historical research describes what was.
2. Descriptive research describes what is.
3. Experimental research describes what will be.

Steps in Scientific Method of Research (Sequential)

1. Determining (recognizing) the problem
2. Forming a hypothesis
3. Doing the library search
4. Designing the study
5. Developing the instruments for collecting data
6. Collecting the date
7. Analyzing the data
8. Determining implications and conclusions fro the findings
9. Making recommendations for further research.

Standard format of Thesis Writing

1. The Problem and the Setting
2. Related Literature and Studies
3. Methods of Research and Procedures
4. Analysis, Presentation, and Interpretation of Data
5. Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations.
Principles of the Scientific Method
1. Rigid control – is the manipulation of the research variables.
2. Objectivity – is that there should be no bias or partiality in treating the result of inquiry.
3. Systematic organization – refers to proper and accurate tabulation of data as well as presenting them in statistical tables ready for
interpretation.
4. Rigorous standards – refers to the setting up of standards or principles which serve as Basis for the evaluating the findings of a study. This
also refers to the accurate statistical computation and
interpretation of qualified data.

Three (3) Major Research Methods

Historical
Descriptive
Experimental methods of research

Attributes of Good Research

Problem S = Specific – specifically
stated
M = Measurable – easy to measure by using research instrument in collection of data
A = Achievable – data are achievable using correct statistical treatment/techniques to arrive at precise
results R = Realistic – real results are not manipulated
T = Time-bound – time frame is required in every activity because the shorter completion of the activity the better

Capsulizing Research Problem into Title

1. It should clearly and specifically stated
2. Variables investigated should by all means be written as part of the title
3. Relationship between and among variables should be indicated
4. Target population should be indicated in the title to achieve specificity
5. It should have a maximum of twenty substantive words.
6. Function words should not be placed at the end of each line
7. Title must take the form of an inverted pyramid
Note:
Avoid redundancies like “A Review of…”, “An Analysis of…”, An Evaluation of…”, “An Assessment….” and the like because even without those
terms, the researcher will review, evaluate, assess or analyze the problem posted in the study.

Avoid Plagiarism
Plagiarism is an act of incorporating into one’s work the work of another without indicating the source
= the unacknowledged used of somebody else’s words or ideas
= an act wherein the writer uses passages, ideas, writings, and statements of others without giving due credit

Construction of the Main Problem and Sub-problem of the Study

1. The main problem of the study may be stated by briefly pointing out the objectives, the subject and the coverage of the study.
Ex. Thestudyaimedtoassesstheacceptanceofanaccuratepolygraphresultsasevidenceincourt.
2. Specify the sub-problems of the main problem.
Ex. Specifically,itsoughttoanswerthefollowingsub-problems:
1.Towhatextentdoestheapplicationofpolygraphexaminationaffecttheattainmentofanaccurateresultstobepresentedas
evidenceincourtintermsof:
1.1.examiner’scompetency;
1.2.facilityandinstrument;
1.3.techniquesandprocedures;and
1.4.subject’scondition?

Theoretical Framework
Theoretical framework is the foundation of the study.
The theory should have a relationship with the issues posted in the study

Types of Theories
1. Descriptive Theory = seeks to describe a phenomenon
2. Prescriptive Theory = seeks to tell how and sometimes why one should or ought to behave in certain ways

Guidelines in Choosing Theory

1. Research must be well-founded on universally accepted, known and tested theory, principles or concepts.
2. Research may be anchored on several theories available.

Presentation of Theoretical Framework

Ex.Theframeworkofthestudyisanchoredon…………..……………

Conceptual Framework
= an illustration of how research problems are generated from the theoretical framework of the study
= it may be some sort of modification of the theoretical framework or personally conceptualized by the researcher

Presentation of Conceptual Framework/Paradigm

1. The research paradigm must clearly show the major impact of the cited theory on the variables (dependent and independent variables) of the
study.
2. An existing theory may be capsulized in a research paradigm which may be adopted with some modifications.
3. There must be textual explanations of the variables in the paradigm. Textual explanations should come before the figure or paradigm.

Assumption and Hypothesis

1. Assumption = self-evident truth which is based upon known fact or phenomenon. it is not usually answered or proven because it is assumed
true or correct which are beyond the control of the researcher.
Note:Inhistoricalanddescriptiveresearches,itisoftentimesnotexplicitlyexpressedbutleftimplicit,thatis,unwritten
2. Hypothesis = tentative conclusion or answer to specific question raised at the beginning of the investigation. It is an educated guess about the
answer to a specific question.
Types of Hypothesis
1. Descriptive Hypothesis = use to answer descriptive questions
Ex. Sub-problem:
1. Whatistheprofileofthepolygraphexaminersoflawenforcementagenciesintermsof:
 1.1. age;
1.2.maritalstatus;
1.3.educationalattainment;and 1.4.LengthofService

Ex. Hypothesis
“Majorityoftherespondentsbelongtotheagebracketof30to40,male,collegegraduateandabout20yearsinservice.”

2. Statistical Hypothesis = use to answer questions on the relationship or differences of data obtained in descriptive questions.

Forms of Statistical Hypothesis

1. Null Form = always the first temporary solution to a problem
= basis of the action of acceptance or rejection
= the word null in mathematics means empty zero
= asserts that there is no significant difference or relationship between the variable
= stated in negative
Ex. Thereisnosignificantdifferencebetween

2. Operational/Alternative (Ha) = stated in

affirmative Three forms of alternative hypothesis:
1. non-directional hypothesis
2. positive directional hypothesis
3. negative directive hypothesis

NondirectionalHypothesis–indicates that the researcher is not interested on whether one variable is greater or lesser than the other, but only
in the difference.
Ex. Drug A and Drug B have significant effects on the cure of fever.
Ha: A = B
PositiveDirectionalHypothesis
Ex. Drug A is more effective than Drug B on the treatment of fever.
Ha: A > B
NegativeDirectionalHypothesis
Ex. Drug B is more effective that Drug A on the treatment of fever.
Ha: A < B
Formulating Hypothesis
A hypothesis is formulated after the problem has been stated and the literature study has been concluded. It is formulated when the
researcher is totally aware of the theoretical and empirical background of the problem.

Guidelines in the Formulation of Explicit Hypothesis

In experimental investigations, comparative and correlational studies, hypothesis has to be explicit or expressed.
In descriptive and historical investigations, hypothesis are seldom expressed if not entirely absent. The specific questions serve as
the hypothesis.
Hypotheses are usually stated in the null form because testing a null hypothesis is easier than a hypothesis in the operational form.
Hypotheses are formulated from the specific questions upon which they are based.
Ex. of Statistical Hypothesis
Sub-problem:
Is there any significant difference on the assessment of the groups of respondents with regards to the extent of application of polygraph
examination in the attainment to be accurate results to be presented as evidence in court in terms of examiner’s competency, facility and
instrument,techniquesandprocedures,andsubject’scondition?

Hypothesis:
The is no significant difference on the assessment of the groups of respondents with regards to the extent of
application of polygraph examination in the attainment of accurate results to be presented as evidence in court in terms of examiner’s competency,
facility and instrument,techniquesandprocedures,andsubject’scondition.

Research Designs
A. Qualitative Research Design = involves in depth analysis of the problems. Its focused is to provide accurate description of problems w/o
attempting to treat or employ sophisticated statistical tools or describe problems.

Types of Qualitative Research

1. Historical = systematic and critical inquiry of the whole truth of past events using the critical method in the understanding and the
interpretation of facts, which are applicable to current issues and problems.
2. Ethnographic = aims to provide a holistic view of the problem. Data are gathered through observation, interview and participation
3. Case Study = intensive investigation of a particular individual, institution, community or any group considered as a unit which includes the
development, adjustment, remedial, or corrective procedures that suitably follow diagnosis of the causes of maladjustment or of favorable
development.

B. Quantitative Research Design = its focused is to describe problems descriptively and numerically. It utilizes more statistical tests to explain
the nature, characteristics, relationships and differences of variables.

Types of Quantitative Research

1. Descriptive = describes and interprets WHAT is. It is concerned with conditions or relationship that exist, practices that prevail, beliefs and
processes that are going on, effects that are being felt or trends that are developing.

Sub-types of Descriptive Research

a. Descriptive-Survey = involves collection of information on people, events and other topics of interest to the researcher.
b. Descriptive-Documentary = involves content analysis because the documentary technique includes analysis of content. It is used when data
cannot be obtained through questionnaire or observation.
2. Correlational = it measures the extent or magnitude of association between two variables.
=measures the existing relationship of variables
=also known as AssociationalResearch
3. Experimental = the researcher manipulates, changes or alters the inputs or independent variables to see the effects on the dependent
variables.
=most commonly used methods to advanced scientific knowledge

Sampling Designs
A. Scientific Sampling = each member of the population is given the chance of being included in the sample.
Population = specific aggregation of the elements
= also known as universe
Sample=representativeportionofawhole
=subsetofapopulation

Types of Scientific Sampling

1. Restricted Random = applicable only when the population being investigated is homogenous.
2. Unrestricted Random = the best random sampling design because no restriction is imposed and every member of the population has an
equal chance of inclusion in the sample
3. Stratified Random = it divides first the population into two or more strata. For each stratum, the sample items were drawn at random
4. Systematic = a design which all individual in the population are arranged in a methodical manner, i.e. alphabetical or chronological (age,
experience) and the name may be selected in the construction of the sample
5. Multistage = done in several stage, it can be two-stage, three, four or five stage, etc…, depending on the number of stages of sampling to be
used.
6. Cluster Sampling = population is group into clusters or small units, for instance, block or districts, and are selected by random sampling or
systematic sampling.
=advantageous when individuals in the districts or blocks belong to the heterogeneous group
B. Non-Scientific Sampling = in this sampling there is subjectivity on the on the part of the researcher because not all the individual in a
population are given an equal chance of being included in the sample

Types of Non-Scientific Sampling

1. Purposive = based on choosing individuals as sample according to the purposes of the researcher
2. Incidental = a design applied to those samples which are take because they are most valuable
= the researcher simply takes the nearest individual as subjects of the study until the sample reaches the desired size
3. Quota Sampling = popular in the field of opinion research due to the fact that it is done by merely looking for individuals with requisite
characteristics

Research Instrument = a device designed or adopted by researcher for data gathering

Classification of Research Instrument

1. Researcher Instrument = the researcher obtains information or data himself with little or no direct involvement of the other people
2. Subject Instrument = the information is collected directly from the respondents
3. Informant Instrument = the information or data is collected from those knowledgeable of the subject matter

Commonly Used Instruments

1. Questionnaire = written or printed form containing the questions to be asked on the respondents.

Types of Questionnaire
a. Open-Ended = respondents are forced to answer the questions asked in the questionnaire.
=best suited to a qualitative research study
b. Closed-Ended = also referred as guided response type, closed form or restricted.
= respondents are guided in answering questions
= options may be provided like in multiple choice test while answers are based on the rating scales provided

2. Interview = involves face to face contact between the interviewee and the interviewer

Types of Interview
a. Structured Interview = there is a set of carefully prepared questions and their expected answers are provided
b. Unstructured Interview = respondents are free to express their opinions
= also termed as non-directiveor informal

3. Observation = may be defined as perceiving data through the sense: sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell
=sense of sight is the most important and most used
= most direct way and most widely used in studying behavior

Types of Observation
a. Formal Observation = researcher makes a guide on what to observe. Possible responses may also be outlined
b. Informal Observation = needs critical evaluation of the observation made to avoid biased results
= recommended for qualitative research

Recording of Results of Observation

1. Checklist = contains the items to be observed
2. Rating scale = used in observing behavior
3. Anecdotal Forms = provides for the fewer breakdowns of dimensions or factors
4. Mechanical Record = use of motion or still pictures, sound recording
5. Stenographic Recording

Qualities of Good Research Instrument

1. Validity = degree to which a measuring instrument measures what it intends to measure

Types of Validity
a. Content-Related Validity = refers to content and format of the instrument which must answer the following criteria: appropriateness; logical;
adequate; and, proper format
b. Criterion-Related Validity = refers to the relationship between scores obtained using one or more instruments or measures
c. Construct-Related Validity = refers to the nature of psychological construction or characteristics being measured by the instrument

2. Reliability = extent to which the instrument is dependable, self-consistent and stable

=consistency of responses from moment to moment
= even a person takes the same test twice, the test yields the same results
= reliable test may not always be valid

3. Usability = otherwise known as Practicability

= degree to which the research instrument can be satisfactorily used. It may be determined thru:
a. ease of administration
b. ease of scoring
c. ease of interpretation
 d. low cost
e. proper mechanical make up

Statistics = science which deals with the systematic process of collecting, organizing, classifying, presenting, interpreting and analyzing data Types

of Statistics
A. Descriptive Statistics = it is used to determine the nature of variables without any attempt to critically compare the extent of relationships or
differences with other variables

Tools of Descriptive Statistics

1. Frequency Counting/Distribution
2. Percentage
3. Ranking
4. Measures of Centralities
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
d. Measures of Variability

B. Correlational Statistics = used to determine the degree or magnitude of association between two variables.
=treats bivariate and multivariate problems

Specific Measures of Correlational

1. Pearson Product Moment Coefficient (Pearson r)
2. Spearman Rank-Order Coefficient of Correlation (Spearman rho)
3. Kendall’s Tau Coefficient of Correlation
4. Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance W
5. Point Biserial Coefficient of Correlation
6. Phi Coefficient of Correlation

C. Inferential Statistics = used when in making inferences on the magnitude of differences of the samples from a large universe.
= used in testing hypothesis like differences bet. two or more variables
= treats bivariate and multivariate problems

Types of Inferential Statistics

1. Parametric Test = applicable when the data measured is in interval or ratio scales

Types of Parametric
a. T-Test and Z-Test = used to determine two variable means which differ significantly
b. F-test = (Analysis of Variance – ANNOVA) used to determine significant differences between three or more variables

2. Non-Parametric = used in ordinal or rank or nominal data

Types of Non-parametric
a. Chi-Square Test (X2) = used to compare the frequencies obtained in categorized variables
= used to determine the difference between three or more variables
b. Mann-Whitney U-Test
c. Sign Test
d. Lambda
e. Kruskall-Wallis
f. Friedman Analysis of Variance
g. McNemar Test
Data Analysis = an examination of data or facts in terms of quantity, quality, attribute, trait, pattern, trend, relationship among others so as to
answer research questions which involve statistical techniques and procedures

Types of Data Analysis

1. Univariate = tests a single variable to determine whether the sample is similar to the population from which it has been drawn
2. Bivariate = it tests two variables on how they differ from each other
3. Multivariate = it tests three or more independent variables at a time on the degree of relationship with dependent variables
4. Normative = the results of the study is compared with the norm
5. Status = stresses real facts relating to current conditions in a group of subjects chosen for study
6. Descriptive = describes the characteristics, compositions, structures that occur as units within the larger structure
7. Classification = analysis which is usually employed in natural science subjects
8. Evaluative = it appraises carefully the worthiness of the current study
9. Comparative = the researcher considers at least two entities and establishes a formal procedure for obtaining criterion data on the basis of
which he can compare and conclude which of the two is better
10. Cost-Effective = applicable in comparing the cost between two or more variables and to determine which of the variable is most effective

Interpretation of Data = an act or instance of interpreting an explanation. This is done to give meaning to data generated from the instrument to
answer the problems raised in the study

Levels of Interpretation
1. Table Reading
2. Implications or Meaning of Data
3. Cross referencing or corroboration wherein the results are to be compared with the existing knowledge or finished studies

THESIS FORMAT

Preliminary Pages
a. Title Page
b. Approval Sheet
c. Acknowledgment
d. Dedication
e. Table of Contents
f. List of Tables
g. List of Figures
h. Abstract
 CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS
Introduction SETTNG
Presents the problem. What the problem is all about
Rational or reasons for conducting the study Setting
of the Study
Locality of the study. Place where the study is to be conducted
Theoretical / Conceptual Framework
Theoretical / conceptual foundation of the study
Statement of the Problem
General and specific statement of the problem determined in the study
Assumption or Hypothesis
Self-evident truth based upon known fact or phenomenon (Assumption)
Tentative conclusion or answer to specific questions (Hypothesis)
Significance of the Study
Contribution of the result of the study to individuals, institutions, administrators, society, etc… Scope
and Limitation of the Study
Boundaries in terms of time, sample, location (Scope)
Weakness of the study beyond the control of the researcher (Limitation)
Definition of Terms
It can be lexical or operational definition or a combination thereof of different terms used in the study which are arranged alphabetically

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND
Foreign Literature STUDIES
Published articles from foreign countries
Local Literature
Locally published articles

Foreign Studies
Foreign unpublished articles
Local Studies
Locally unpublished articles

Synthesis
Relevance of literature and studies to the present research

CHAPTGER 3
RESEARCH METHODS AND
Research PROCEDURES
Method
Brief description and justification of the research method used in the study
Population and Sampling Scheme
Brief presentation of the entire population of the study and the type of sampling techniques used in selecting sample respondents
Description of the Respondents
Contains detailed description of the respondents as to age, sex, marital status, nature of employment, etc…
Research Instrument
Explanation on how the instrument used in gathering data was develop as well as its detailed description.
Validation of Instrument
States brief discussion on how the instrument was validated
Instrument is tested on individuals who are knowledgeable of the subject matter but are not part of the respondents of the study
Procedures in Gathering Data
Contains the step by step procedures used by the researcher in reaching the respondents in order to gather data Statistical
Treatment
Contains discussion on the statistics used in consonance with the specific problem and hypothesis to be tested

CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Contains the answers to all the sub-problems of the study
Answers to the problems are stated one by one according to the arrangement of sub-problems for clarity and understanding
Answers are presented in textual and tabular forms. Textual explanations come after the tables

CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Theintroductoryparagraphshouldcontainthesummaryofstatementoftheproblem,hypothesisaswellasresearchdesign.

Summary of Findings
Contains the specific findings/results of the study
Presented as they were organized and categorized in the sub-problems of the study
Written in past tense
Conclusions
Written in present tense
Should be based on the findings of the study
Logical and valid outgrowth of the findings
Should not contain any numerals from the findings Organized
and categorized according to the sub-problems

Recommendations
An appeal to people or institutions concerned to solve the problems discovered in the study
No recommendations that will be made for problems that were not discovered in the study
Practical and attainable