Introduction to Industrial Security Concepts

CONCEPT OF SECURITY

ETYMOLOGY: SECURITY
from Latin word Securitas – condition of being secured.

MEANING:

*Is a state or condition of being secured; freedom from fear, harm, danger, loss,
destruction or damages.

*Are those methods that promote a safe and protected environment so people can
pursue their daily activities.

Industry - The term denotes “earnest or constant application to work or business”, or “a

special branch of productive work, or the capital or workers employed in it (Webster,
1993). It is likewise defined as a large-scale production or organized economic activity
connected with the production, manufacture, or construction of a particular product or
range of products. (Microsoft Encarta, 2001-2005)

Industrial - This is defined as “pertaining to or engaged in industry”. (Webster, 1993)

Security - It is the state or condition of being safe or free from fear, harm, danger, loss,
destruction or damages. There is a need for adequate protection because of the
prevailing action of man against man that leads to unsecured and/or unsafe conditions
due to economic reasons, revenge, or just plain greed and avarice.

Primary Purpose of Security:

Protect people and properties.

Industrial Security - The term may mean: (a) security measures applied to business
industries (Manwong and Delizo, 2006); or (b) the business of providing security and
protection to private individuals, business and enterprises, or government and
non-government industries.

LEGAL BASES OF INDUSTRIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT

A. Natural Authority
The highest law is the law of self-preservation. Man naturally reacts to protect
himself, his family, his honor, freedom, liberty and property from danger, threat or hazard.
It became an unwritten law of the early Filipinos to protect themselves and their property
against the natural and man-made hazards.

B. Constitutional Authority
1. The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. (Art. II,
Sec. 4)
 2. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of
law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws. (Art. III, Sec.
1)
3. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.
(Art. III, Sec. 9)
4. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for
any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall
be issued except upon examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant
and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be
searched and the persons or things to be seized. (Art. III, Sec. 2

C. Statutory Authority
1. Revised Penal Code (Republic Act No. 3815, as amended). The applicable
provisions for the Code on Crime Against Persons, Personal Liberty and Security
and Property have bearing on the security and protection of one’s life, liberty and
property.
2. Private Security Agency Law (Republic Act 5487, as amended)
3. DILG Act of 1990. (R. A. 6975, as amended by R. A. 8551)

TYPES OF SECURITY
1. Industrial Security – This is a type of security applied to business groups
engaged in industries like manufacturing, assembling, research and development,
processing, warehousing and even agriculture.

INDUSTRY:
The people or companies engaged in a particular kind of commercial (sales and
purchases) enterprise.

2. Hotel Security – The type of security applied to hotels where its properties are
protected from pilferage, loss, damage, so that the function in the hotel restaurants are
not disturbed and troubled by outsiders or the guest themselves. This type of security
employs house detectives, uniform guards and supervisors and ensures that hotel
guests and their personal effects are safeguarded.
3. Bank Security – This type of security is concerned with bank operations. I
Security personnel are trained to safeguard banks and assets while in storage, in transit
and during transactions.

4. VIP Security – The type of security applied for the protection of top-ranking
officials of the government or private entity, visiting persons of illustrious standing and
foreign dignitaries.

5. School Security – A type of security that is concerned with the protection of

students, faculty members, and school properties. Security personnel are trained to
protect the school property from theft, vandals, handling campus riots and detecting the
use of intoxicated drugs and alcohol by the students.

6. Supermarket or Mall Security – The type of security which is concerned with

 the protection of the stores, warehouses, storage, its immediate premises and properties
as well as the supermarket personnel and customers. Security personnel are trained to
detect “shoplifter”, robbery and bomb detection and customer relations.

7.Operational Security – Deals with primarily with the protection of process, formulas, patents,
and other operational activities of an installation.

QUALITY CONTROL:
Quality control is a process through which a business
seeks to ensure that product quality is maintained or
7. improved and manufacturing errors are reduced or eliminated.
8.Communication Security – The application of various
measures which prevent or delay the enemy or unauthorized
persons in gaining information through the communication
system. It includes transmission security and crypto security.

Controls include product inspection, where every product

is examined visually, and often using a stereo microscope
for fine detail before the product is sold into the external market. 
9.CRISIS SECURITY- Specialized field which allied if not part of VIP security which involved in
the kidnapping of VIP’s such as political leaders and the like. Motives can be economic, political,
emotional, nationalistic, religious and their combinations.

THREE MAJOR AREAS OF SECURITY

1. Physical Security – This concerns the physical measures adopted to prevent
unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, material and document and to safeguard
them against espionage, sabotage, damage, loss and theft.

2.Personnel Security – This is as important as physical security. Personnel security starts

even before the hiring of an employee and remains to be maintained for as long as the person is
employed. Its purpose is to insure that a firm hires those best suited to assist the firm in
achieving its goals and objectives and once hired to assist in providing necessary security to the
workforce while carrying out their functions.

3.Document and Information Security –

This involves the protection of documents and
classified papers from loss, access by unauthorized
persons, damage, theft and compromise through disclosure.
Classified documents need special handling.
Lack of indoctrination and orientation among the
personnel handling them can result in the leakage,
loss, theft, and unauthorized disclosure of the
documents.

LINES OF PHYSICAL DEFENSE

PROTECTIVE BARRIERS

Barrier – Any structure or physical device capable of restricting, deterring and delaying
illegal access to any installation. Any line of boundary and separation, natural or artificial,
placed or serving as a limitation or obstruction (Webster, 1993).

Purpose of Barrier
1. Outline the physical limits of an area.
2. Create a physical and psychological deterrent to unauthorized entry.
3. Prevent penetration therein or delay intrusion, thus, facilitating apprehension of
intruders.
4. Assist in more efficient and economical employment of guards.
5. Facilitate and improve the control and vehicular traffic.

Perimeter Barrier – A medium or structure, which defines the physical limits of an

installation or area to restrict or impede access thereto. It refers to any physical barrier
used to supplement the protection of an inside perimeter.

TYPES OF BARRIERS
1. Natural Barrier – Examples: Geographical features like rivers, cliffs, canyons, or
 any other terrain that is difficult to traverse.
2. Structural Barrier – These are features constructed by man regardless of their
original intent that tends to delay the intruder. Examples: Fence, walls, grills, doors,
roadblocks, screens or any other construction that will serve as a deterrent to
unauthorized entry.

Types of Portable Barriers and Road Block

1. Concrete Barrier/ Jersey Barrier/ Jersey Wall

1. Structural Barrier – These are features constructed by man regardless of their original
intent that tends to delay the intruder. Examples: Fence, walls, grills, doors, roadblocks,
screens or any other construction that will serve as a deterrent to unauthorized entry.

Types of Portable Barriers and Road Block

1. Concrete Barrier/ Jersey Barrier/ Jersey Wall

2. Bollards
1. Human Barrier – Persons being used in providing a guarding system or by the nature of
their employment and location, fulfill security functions. Examples: Security guard and
employees of the establishment.
4. Animal Barrier – Animals that are used in partially providing a guarding system.
Examples: dogs, geese, turkey
5. Energy – It is the employment of mechanical, electrical, or electronic energy that
imposes a deterrence to unlawful entry by an intruder or those that provide warning to
guard personnel.
Examples: protective lighting, alarm system and any electronic devices used as barrier
TYPES OF PERIMETER BARRIER OPENINGS
1. Gates and Doors – When not in active use and controlled by guards, gates and doors
in the perimeter should be locked and frequently inspected by guards. Locks should be
changed from time to time.
2. Sidewalk Elevator – These provide access to areas within the perimeter barrier and
should be locked or guarded.
3.Utilities Openings – Like sewers, air tanks and exhaust channels. Metal grills must be
provided in order to prevent its use for unauthorized entry.
3. Clear Zone – unobstructed area or a “clear zone” should be maintained on both
sides of the perimeter barrier. A clear zone of 20 feet or more is desirable between the
barriers and exterior structures and natural covers that may provide concealment for
assistance to a person seeking unauthorized entry.
4. Specification on clear zones:
Clear zones of 20 feet or more should exist between the perimeter barriers and exterior
structures, parking areas and natural or man-made features.
5.
A clear zone of (30 feet) 50 feet or more should exist between the perimeter barrier and
structure within the protected areas except when a building wall constitutes part of the perimeter
barrier.
ADDITIONAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES
1. Top Guard – An additional overhang or barbed-wire placed on vertical perimeter
fences facing upward and outward with a 45-degree angle with respect to the fence, with
 three to four strands of barbed-wires spaced 6 inches apart and must be stalled on the
supporting arms.
2. Guard Control Stations – This is normally provided at the main perimeter
entrance to secure areas located outdoors, and manned by a guard on a full time basis.
3. Tower – “Guard Tower” is a house-like structure above the perimeter barriers.
4. Signs and Notice – “Control Signs” should be erected where necessary in the
management of unauthorized ingress and preclude accidental entry. Signs should plainly be
visible and legible from approach in understandable language. Signs on entry should also be
posted at all principal entrance
Fence is defined as an independent structure designed to control physical and visual access
from outside areas. It is classified into two types namely:

Solid Fence. It is designed in such a way that visual access through the fence is denied. It is
constructed with heavy materials such as bricks, stone and concrete
b. Full view Fence. It is constructed in such a manner that visual access is allowed or permitted
such as wire fence. Wire fencing can be barbed wire, chain link or concertina.

Types of Full-View Fence

1. Chain link fence -The mesh openings are not to be larger than 2 inches per side; It
should be twisted and barbed salvage at top and bottom; It must be securely fastened to rigid
metal or reinforced concrete.
2. Barbed wire fence - Standard barbed wire is twisted, double-strand, 12-gauge wire with
4 point barbs spaces on equal distance apart.
3.Concertina wire fence - Standard concertina barbed wire is commercially manufactured wire
coil of high strength steel barbed wire clipped together at intervals to form a cylinder
Bear in mind that perimeter barrier is grouped into two classifications, namely:
a. Inside Perimeter. A line of protection adjacent to the protected area and passing through
points of possible entry into the area such as doors, windows, skylights or other points of
access.
b. Outsider Perimeter. A line of protection surrounding but somewhat removed from a
protected area, such as a fence.

SECURITY LIGHTING
Protective lighting provides a means of continuing, during hours of darkness, a
degree of protection that is maintained during daylight hours. This safeguard also has
considerable value as a deterrent to thieves and vandals and may make the job of the
saboteur more difficult. It is an essential element of an integrated physical security
program. It is the single most cost-effective deterrent to crime because it creates a
psychological deterrent to intruders.

PURPOSE OF SECURITY LIGHTING

1. It provides sufficient illumination to the areas during hours of darkness.
2. Lighting can help improve visibility so that intruder can be seen and identified and, if
possible, apprehended.
3. It serves as a deterrent to would-be thieves.
4. Reduction of the need for security forces.
TYPES OF PROTECTIVE LIGHTING
 A. Stationary Luminary (Continuous Lighting) – this is a common type consisting of
a series of fixed luminaries to continuously flood a given area.

Types of Stationary Lighting

Glare Projection Type – The intensity is focused on the intruder while the observer or guard
remains in the comparative darkness
1. Controlled Lighting – The lighting is focused on the pile of items
protected rather than the background. The width of the lighted strip can be
controlled and adjusted to suit the security needs
2.Standby Lighting – This system is similar to continuous lighting but it is turned on manually
or by a special device or other automatic means only when the use is necessary.

C.Movable Lighting – This consists of stationary or portable, manually operated searchlights.

D.Emergency Lighting – This type may be duplicative of existing systems. This is at

standby, which can be utilized in the event of electronic failure, either due to local
equipment or commercial power failure.

TYPES OF LIGHTING EQUIPMENT

1. Floodlights – These are wide beam units, primarily used to extend the
illumination in long, horizontal strips to protect the approaches to the perimeter barrier.
These can be used to accommodate most outdoor security lighting needs, including the
illumination of boundaries, fences and buildings and for the emphasis of vital areas or
particular buildings.

The most common type of floodlight is the metal-halide lamp, which emits a bright white
light (typically 75-100 lumens/Watt).

Sodium-vapor lamps are also commonly used for sporting events, as they have a very
high lumen-to-watt ratio (typically 80–140 lumens/Watt),
2.Street lights – These lighting equipment received the most widespread notoriety for its value
in reducing crime. These produce diffused rather than directional beam.
3.Search lights – These are highly focused incandescent lamps and are designed to pinpoint
potential trouble spots.
4.Fresnel lights – These are wide beam units, primarily used to extend the illumination in long,
horizontal strips to protect the approaches to the perimeter barrier. Fresnel projects a narrow,
horizontal beam that is approximately 180 degrees in the horizontal and from 15 to 30 degrees
in the vertical plane.
General Types of Lighting Sources

1. Incandescent Lamp – it is the least expensive in terms of energy consumed and has
the advantage of providing instant illumination when the switch is on.
2. Mercury Vapor lamp – it is considered more efficient that he incandescent and used
widespread in exterior lighting. This emits a purplish-white color, caused by an electric current
passing through a tube of conducting and luminous gas.

3. Metal halide – it has similar physical appearance to mercury vapor but provides a light
source of higher luminous efficiency and better color rendition.
4. Fluorescent – this provides good color rendition, high lamp efficiency as well as long
life. However, it cannot project light over long distance and thus are not desirable as flood type
lights.
5.High pressure sodium vapor – this has gained acceptance for exterior lighting of parking
areas, roadways, buildings and commercial interior installations. Constructed on the same
principle as mercury vapor lamps, they emit a golden white to light pink color and this provide
high lumen efficiency and relatively good color rendition
High pressure sodium vapor – this has gained acceptance for exterior lighting of
parking areas, roadways, buildings and commercial interior installations. Constructed on
the same principle as mercury vapor lamps, they emit a golden white to light pink color
and this provide high lumen efficiency and relatively good color rendition armed men to
pick up their weapons and get ready for action, because an enemy may have suddenly
appeared.

Three Basic Parts of Alarm System

1. Sensor or trigger device – sensitive part of an alarm system that detects motion,
sound, vibrations, or any other changes in the condition of the environment.
2. Transmission line – a circuit which transmit the message to the signaling
apparatus.
3. Annunciator – activates the alarm; it is visual or audible signaling device.

TYPES OF ALARMS
1. Metallic Foil or Wire. In a building or compound, all points of entry can be wired
by using electrically charged strips of tinfoil wire that emits signal when the foil or wire is
moved by any action. Doors and windows can be equipped with magnetic or spring
activated contacts, which will sound an alarm when the door or window is opened.
2. Photoelectric or Electric Eye Device. An invisible or visible light beam
transmitted at a frequency of several thousand per second. Alarm is activated when an
intruder crosses the beam or makes contact with the photo electronic coil which
activates the alarm.

3. Audio Detection Device. Super Sensitive microphone speaker sensor is

installed in walls, ceiling and floors of the protected area that detects any sound caused
by attempted forced entry.
4. Vibration detection device. The vibration sensitive sensor is attached to walls,
ceiling or floors of the protected areas. The sensor detects any vibration caused by
attempted forced entry,

5. Space and Motion Detectors. These systems derive their operating principle
usually from a physical phenomenon known as “Doppler Effect”. Constant sound waves
in a cubicle disturbed by an object will cause change of frequency and wave motion
thereby causing an alarm to trigger.
6. Foot Rail Activator. That type of alarm is strategically attached in the floor near a teller
of a bank or any establishment which is activated by applying pressure on the activation bar
using the teller’s foot.
7. 7. Bill Traps Activation Device. Bill traps or currency activation devices are usually
placed in the teller’s cash drawer and connected to the alarm system using a wire connector.
When currency is removed from the device, the alarm is activated. This is particularly helpful
when the employees are immediately forced to leave their station without having an opportunity
to activate the alarm safely.
8. Knee or Thigh Button. These are installed inside the desk or teller station so
 they can be activated by knee or thigh pressure. They are commonly found in location
where personnel usually perform their duties from a seated position

9. Foot Button. Like the foot rail permits alarm activation safety while both hands
remain clear in view of the robber.

10. Double Squeeze Buttons. Pressure is required on both sides of the device and
therefore the probability of accidental alarm is reduced.

TYPES OF ALARM DETECTION SYSTEM

1. Local Alarm System – In this system, the sensor activates the circuit, which in
turn activates a horn or siren or even flashing light located in the immediate vicinity of the
alarmed area. Only guards within the immediate area can respond to such alarms, so
their use is restricted to situations where guards are so located that their response is
assured.

2. Local Alarm-By-Chance System – This is a local alarm system in which a bell

or siren is sounded with no predictable response. These systems are used in residence
or small retail establishments that cannot afford a response system. The hope is that a
neighbor or passing will reach the alarm and call for police assistance, but such a call is
purely a matter of chance.

3. Proprietary System – This functions in the same way as the central station
system except that it is owned, operated and located in the same facility where the
protected property is located. Response to all alarms is by the facility's own security or
fire personnel. Since this system is monitored locally, the response time to an alarm is
considerably reduced.

4. Central Station System – a type of protective alarm system where the central
station is located outside the installation. It can be located in an agency and the
installation is one of the subscribers. When an alarm is sounded, the central station
notifies police or any other concerned agency.

5. Auxiliary Alarm System – In this system, circuits are led into the local police or
fire department by the use of leased telephone lines. The dual responsibility for circuits
and the high incidence of false alarms have made this system unpopular.

6. Dial Alarm System – This system is set to dial a predestined number when the alarm
is activated. The number selected might be the police or the subscriber’s home number,
or both. When the phone is answered, a recording states that an intrusion is in progress
at the location so alarmed. This system is relatively inexpensive to install and operate,
but since it is dependent on general phone circuits, it could fail if lines were busy or if the
phone connection was cut.
FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS
Fire alarms are those devices installed to help detect fires or detect anything that causes
fire such as smoke or unusual rising of temperature. Today many communities are served with
a telegraph-alarm system or with telephone call boxes.

Parts Of Fire Alarm

1.Fire alarm control panel (FACP) AKA fire alarm control unit (FACU); This component, the
hub of the system, monitors inputs and system integrity, controls outputs and relays information

2.Primary power supply: Commonly the non-switched 120 or 240-volt alternating current
source supplied from a commercial power utility. In non-residential applications, a branch circuit
is dedicated to the fire alarm system and its constituents. "Dedicated branch circuits" should not
be confused with "Individual branch circuits" which supply energy to a single appliance.
3.Secondary (backup) power supplies: This component, commonly consisting of sealed
lead-acid storage batteries or other emergency sources including generators, is used to supply
energy in the event of a primary power failure. The batteries can be either inside the bottom of
the panel or inside a separate battery box installed near the panel.
4.Initiating devices: These components act as inputs to the fire alarm control unit and are
either manually or automatically activated. Examples would be devices such as pull stations,
heat detectors, duct detectors, and smoke detectors. Heat and smoke detectors have different
categories of both kinds. Some categories are a beam, photoelectric, ionization, aspiration, and
duct.
5.Fire alarm notification appliance: This component uses energy supplied from the fire alarm
system or other stored energy source, to inform the proximate persons of the need to take
action, usually to evacuate. This is done by means of pulsing incandescent light, flashing strobe
light, electromechanical horn, siren, electronic horn, chime, bell, speaker, or a combination of
these devices. Strobes are either made of a xenon tube (most common) or recently LEDs.
6.Building safety interfaces: This interface allows the fire alarm system to control
aspects of the built environment, prepare the building for fire, and control the spread of
smoke fumes and fire by influencing air movement, lighting, process control, human
transport and availability of exits
Types of Fire Protection System
1. Automatic Sprinkler System. An integrated network of hydraulically designed
piping installed in a building, structure or area with outlets arranged in a systematic
pattern which automatically discharges water when activated by heat or combustion
products from a fire.
2. Fire Pumps. Mechanical device of supplying water which can be manual or
motor-driven. These pumps are ideal when natural supplies of water are readily
available like a river, lake or stream.
3. Standpipes. Galvanized iron steel or plastic pipes located inside a building
installed from the lowest to the top floor with water under pressure for use in case of fire.
4. Fire Hydrant. Mechanical device strategically located in an installation or street
where a fire hose is connected so that water with pressure will be available to extinguish
a fire.
5. Fire Hydrant. Mechanical device strategically located in an installation or street
where a fire hose is connected so that water with pressure will be available to extinguish
a fire.
6. Alarm systems. Buildings may also be equipped with detection systems that will
transmit an alarm when fire is detected. Some detectors are designed to respond to
smoke and others to heat.