DEFINITIONS

POLICING
.According to Manning(1977),literally means, ’controlling ,monitoring ,tracking, and altering, if
required, public conduct. It’s core concept is identified by its relation with the potential use of
force in ensuring obedience to the law, within the rule of law.

COMPARATIVE
An estimate of relative likeness or unlikeness of two objects or event

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM. This refers to the science and art of investigating and
comparing the police system of nations, which covers the study of their police organizations,
trainings and methods of policing.
COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE. This pertains to the sub-field of criminal justice which
deals with comparing the similarities and difference of criminal justice in terms of structure,
goals, punishment and emphasis on rights as well as history, and political structure of different
system.

POLICE
The governmental department charged with the regulation and control of the affairs of a
community, now chiefly the department established to maintain order, enforce the law, and
prevent and detect crime. (French word)

THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE POLICING

According to Scheider (2001), the various theories that exist with empirical support are
the following theories of comparative Criminology:

1. Alertness to crime theory is that as a nation develops, people’s alertness to crime is

heightened, so they report more crime to police and also demand the police become more
effective at solving crime problems.
2. Economic or migration theory is that crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained
migration and overpopulation in urban areas such as ghettos and slums.
3. Opportunity theory is that along with higher standards of living, victims become more
careless of their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.
4. Demographic theory is based on the event of when a greater number of children are being
born, because as these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the
adolescent identity crisis.
5. Deprivation theory holds that progress comes along with rising expectations, and people at
the bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top don’t see themselves rising
fast enough.
5. Deprivation theory holds that progress comes along with rising expectations, and people at
the bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top don’t see themselves rising
fast enough.
7. Theory of anomie and synomie (the latter being a term referring to social cohesion on
values), suggests that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegration of older norms
that once held people together (anomie).

Policing Models and Basic Goals of Policing

Policing is one of the most important of the functions undertaken by every sovereign
government. For the state machinery, police are an inevitable organ which would ensure
maintenance of law and order, and also the first link in the criminal justice system. On the other
hand, for the common man, police force is a symbol of brute force of authority and at the same
time, the protector from crime.

Basic goals of Policing

● Enforce laws
● Preserve peace
● Prevent Crimes
● Protect civil rights, liberties
● Provide services

Different Models of Policing

The organization of police in different countries is primarily rooted on the socio-cultural and
historical background of the country. For example, in the UK which has a long tradition of
parliamentary democracy, policing works on the principle of consent by the population, whereas
in most other countries, policing power is vested in the state by law.

1. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON LEGITIMACY OR LEGAL BACKING OF POLICE

FUNCTION.
A.Policing by consent
B.Policing by law

2. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON COMMAND STRUCTURE

Centralized
Decentralized
Single/Singular

IN THIS MODEL CLASSIFICATION IS BASED ON TWO DIMENSIONS:

A. Number of forces to be commanded: If the entire police force in the country is

organized as a single force under a single commander, the model is called Singular model,
and if in a single country, there are a number of police forces, like in India, it is called “Multiple
model”. Inside the multiple models, if the police forces have well defined territories of
functioning and their functions do not overlap each other, the model is called Multiple
Coordinated, if the case is reversed as in India, where many agencies can have overlapping
jurisdictions, it is called Multiple Uncoordinated.
B. Type of forces: If the police forces in a country is highly organized and having a centralized
command, it is called Coordinated Centralized police force, and if the police forces in a country
do not have an apparent centralized command structure, it is called “decentralized command
structure

Philippine Policing, Extradition Treaty, and

International agreements on Law Enforcement cooperation.

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1069

“The Philippine Extradition Law”

PRESCRIBING THE PROCEDURE FOR THE EXTRADITION OF PERSONS WHO HAVE

COMMITTED CRIMES IN A FOREIGN COUNTRY

SECTION 2 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

Extradition — The removal of an accused from the Philippines with the object of placing him at
the disposal of foreign authorities to enable the requesting state or government to hold him in
connection with any criminal investigation directed against him or the execution of a penalty
imposed on him under the penal or criminal law of the requesting state or government.
Extradition Treaty or Convention — An extradition agreement between the Republic of the
Philippines and one or more foreign states or governments.
Accused — The person who is, or is suspected of being, within the territorial jurisdiction of the
Philippines, and whose extradition has been requested by a foreign state or government.
Requesting State or Government — The foreign state or government from which the request
for extradition has emanated.
Foreign Diplomat — Any authorized diplomatic representative of the requesting state or
government and recognized as such by the Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Secretary of Foreign
Affairs — The head of the Department of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of the Philippines, or in
his absence, any official acting on his behalf or temporarily occupying and discharging the
duties of that position.
SECTION 3 Aims of Extradition

Extradition may be granted only pursuant to a treaty or convention, and with a view to:
(a) A criminal investigation instituted by authorities of the requesting state or government
charging the accused with an offense punishable under the laws both of the requesting state or
government and the Republic of the Philippines by imprisonment or other form relevant
extradition treaty or convention; or
(b) The execution of a prison sentence imposed by a court of the requesting state or
government, with such duration as that stipulated in the relevant extradition treaty or convention,
to be served in the jurisdiction of and as a punishment for an offense committed by the accused
within the territorial jurisdiction of the requesting state or government.

TREATY = an international agreement concluded between states in written form and sworn by
international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more instruments and
whatever its particular designation.

THE FOLLOWING ARE EXAMPLES OF THE DIFFERENT TREATIES OF THE PHILIPPINE

GOVERNMENT TO THE OTHER COUNTRIES

Paris Agreement - Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property

1991 Paris Peace Agreements - Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

Patent Cooperation Treaty -Philippines–Australia Status of Visiting Forces Agreement

Philippines–United States Visiting Forces Agreement - Genocide Convention

The following are channels of global bilateral and multilateral international cooperation
against transnational crime as part of international cooperation:
i. Global multilateral cooperation via Interpol;
ii. Bilateral police cooperation agreements with individual states;
iii. European multilateral cooperation via Europol.

1. SYSTEM OF POLICING THAT SERVES AS A GRASS ROOT APPROACH TO BRING

THE PEOPLE AND THE POLICE TOGETHER IN COOPERATIVE MANNERS:
A. Problem Oriented Policing
B. Cooperative Policing
C. Community Oriented Policing
D. Team Policing
2. MODEL SYSTEM
2. Model system is used to describe the countries being used as topics of discussion.
These countries are chosen not because they are greater than others but because they
are the focus of comparison being studied.
1. Common Law Systems
a. usually exists in English speaking countries of the world there is strong adversarial
system and rely upon oral system of evidence in which the public trial is a main focal
point
b. also known as “Anglo-American Justice”
2. Civil Law Systems
● distinguished by strong inquisitorial system where less right is granted to the
accused and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation
 ● also known as “Continental Justice or Romano-Germanic Justice”
3. Socialist System
● distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate the offender.
● known as Marxist-Leninist Justice and exist in places such as Africa and Asia
4. Islamic System
● based more on the concept of natural justice or customary law or tribal traditions

Policing in a Multicultural Society.

The following are the four types of multicultural societies in the world
that comparatists study
1. Folk-communal societies are also called primitive societies.
A folk-communal society has little codification law, no specification among police, and a
system of punishment that just lets things go for a while without attention until things become
too much, and then harsh, barbatic punishment is resorted to. Classic examples include the
early Roman gentles, African and Middle Eastern tribes, and Puritan settlements in North
America (with the Salem “witch trials”).
2. Urban-commercial societies, which rely on trade as the essence of their market
system. An urban-commercial society has civil law (some standards and customs are written
down), specialized police forces (some for religious offenses, others for enforcing the King’s
Law), and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh, sometimes lenient. Most of Continental
Europe developed along this path.

3. Urban-industrial societies, which produce most of the goods and services they need
without government interference. An urban-industrial society not only has codified laws
(statutes that prohibit) but laws that prescribe good behavior, police become specialized in how
to handle property crimes, and the system of punishment is run on market principles of creating
incentives and disincentives. England and the U.S. followed this positive legal path.

4. Bureaucratic societies are modern post-industrial societies where the emphasis is

upon technique or the “technologizing” of everything, with the government. A bureaucratic
society has a system of laws (along with armies of lawyers), police who tend to keep busy
handling political crime and terrorism, and a system of punishment characterized by over
criminalization and overcrowding. The U.S. and perhaps only eight other nations fit the
bureaucratic pattern. Juvenile delinquency is a phenomenon that only occurs in a bureaucratic
society.

EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM

▪ Praetorian guards = military bodies who serve as guardians of peace in ancient Rome
in which the idea of policing said to have originated
 ▪ Officer de la Paix = a French term which claimed to be the origin of the term Police
Officer

1. Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System (Ancient England)

A. Tun Policing System
A system of policing emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period whereby all male residents
were required to guard the town (tun) to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of
the people.
Ten families in a town (tun) equaled a tithing.  Each tithing elected a leader who was known as
the Tithingman.  Since 10 tithings amounted to 100, the leader of the 100 families was named
the reeve.  Both the tithingman and reeve were elected officials. They possessed judicial power
as well as police authority

B. Hue and Cry

A village law started in Britain which provided methods of apprehending a criminal by an
act of the complainant to shout to call all male residents to assemble and arrest the suspect.
C. Trial by Ordeal
A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by
subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience. (In present terminologies, it
would mean an employment of a “3rd degree.”) The word “ordeal” was derived from the Medieval
Latin word “Dei Indicum” which means “a miraculous decision.”

2. Norman Period of Policing System

  This system of policing existed during the time of Norman William The Conqueror (King
of France). When he invaded and conquered England, a military regime of conquers and
dictators began and changed the concept of crime being committed against the state

A. Shire-Rieve was a policing system during the Norman Period when England was
divided into fifty-five (55) military areas, each headed by a ruler called the Rieve
(head-man or lieutenant of the army.
B. B. Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge a judge selected to hear cases which were
formerly being judged by the Shire-Rieve and tasked to travel through and hear criminal
cases. This was the first instance of the division of the police and judicial powers.
C. Legis Henrici An act that was enacted during this period with the following features:
1. Offenses were classified as against the king and individual.
2. Policemen become public servants.
3. The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced the system
called “citizen’s arrest.”
4. A Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law. A system which made
inquisition into the facts of a crime and eliminated the “Anglo-Saxon Trial or “Trial by
Ordeal System.”
D. Frankpledge System
A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring male residents over twelve
years of age were required to guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives and
properties of the people
3. Westminster Period of Policing System It is called by this name because the laws
governing policing came out of the capital of England, which at the time was Westminster. This
period has the following features:
▪ Guards were appointed and the duties of the constables at night (watch) and in
daytime (ward) were defined
▪ Statute of Westminster of 1285, a collection of regulations aimed at keeping the peace.

B. Statute of 1295 The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours, which demanded
the closing of the gates of London during sundown.

C. Justice of the Peace (About 1361) Three or four men who were learned in the law of the
land were given authority to pursue, arrest, chastise and imprisonment violators of law.
They handled felonies, misdemeanors and infractions of city or village ordinances. This was
later abolished about 75 years after.

D. Star Chamber Court (1487) A special court designed to try offenders against the state. The
room set-up is formed in a shape of a star and judges were given great powers such as the
power to force testimony from a defendant leading to a great abuse of power or brutality on the
part of the judges.

4. Keepers of the Peace A proclamation issued by King Richard of England sometime in 1195
that required the appointment of knights to keep the King’s peace by standing as guards on
bridges and gates while checking the people entering and leaving the cities and towns.

5. King Charles II of England (1663) King Charles II passed an act which established or
promoted the employment of watchmen or bellmen to be on duty from sunset to sunrise.

6. Magna Carta or "The Great Charter" A law promulgated by King John of England upon
the demand of the Knights of the Round Table forcing the King to sign the same with the
following features:
▪ No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, banished or exiled except by legal judgment of
his peers.
▪ No person shall be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of the victim.

Innovative Policing

A number of factors combine to increase the complexity of the current policing landscape:

First, crime has become increasingly global and sophisticated in nature.

 Second, public expectation has grown; improvements in customer service across both
the public sector and private sector have resulted in higher citizen expectations
Finally, global austerity challenges have increased budgetary constraints and enforced
new levels of financial accountability.

1.Community Policing

1. Deploy law enforcement professionals to work in and around schools.

2. Additional officers to effectively respond to street-based drug dealing in the city
and dilapidated housing from which dealers operate.
3. Use of technology to put more officers in neighborhoods
4. Builds a Future without Bullying.
5. Reduce Vandalism.
6. Reclaims Distressed Neighborhoods.
7. Automates Processes to Put Officers on Patrol.
8. Fights Alcohol on Campus.
9. Builds Community of Neighborhoods.
10. Expands Community Policing.

2.BROKEN WINDOWS THEORY

The term "Broken Windows" comes from the metaphor used to describe this concept: "If a
window is broken and left unrepaired, people walking by will conclude that no one cares and no
one is in charge". This theory says that the little things matter. It is a symbol of unaccountability

3.PROBLEM-ORIENTED POLICING

This is an approach to policing in which discrete pieces of police business ( each

consisting of a cluster of similar incidents, whether crime or acts of disorder, that the
police are expected to handle) are subject to microscopic examination ( drawing on the
especially honed skills of crime analysis and the accumulated experience of operating
field personnel) in hopes that what is freshly learned about each problem will lead to
discovering a new and more effective strategy for dealing with it.

According to Herman Goldstein, problem-oriented policing carries a commitment to

implementing the new strategy, rigorously evaluating its effectiveness, and,
subsequently, reporting the results in way that will benefit other police agencies and that
will ultimately contribute to building a body of knowledge that supports the further
professionalization of the police.

4.PULLING LEVERS POLICING

 Pulling levers focused deterrence strategies are associated with an overall
statistically-significant, medium-sized crime reduction effect.

In its simplest form, the approach consists of:

1. Selecting a particular crime problem, such as gang homicide; convening an inter-agency
working group of law enforcement, prosecution, other justice agency officials, local
government, social service, and community-based practitioners;
2. Conducting research to identify key offenders, groups and behaviour patterns;
3. Framing a response to offenders and groups of offenders that uses a varied menu of
sanctions to stop them from continuing their violent behaviour;
4. Focusing social services and community resources on targeted offenders and groups to
match law enforcement prevention efforts;
5. Directly and repeatedly communicating with offenders to make them understand why they
are receiving this special attention.
5. THIRD PARTY POLICING
"Third party policing" describes police efforts to persuade or coerce third parties, such
as landlords, parents, local governments and other regulators, and business owners, to
take some responsibility for preventing crime or reducing crime problems,
In the third party policing, the police create crime control guardians in locations or
situations where crime control guardianship was previously absent.
6. HOT SPOT POLICING
Hot spot policing is a popular policing strategy that addresses crime by assigning
limited police resources to areas where crimes are more highly concentrated.
Crime hot spots are small units of geography with high rates of criminal activity. Hot
spot policing, also sometimes referred to as place-based policing, covers a range of
police responses that all have in common focus of resources on the locations where
crime is highly concentrated
7. COMPSTAT POLICING
8. In 1994, Police C CompStat, short for "Computer Comparison Statistics" , is a
multifaceted system for managing police operations. In a police organization, Compstat
functions as a crime control process manifested in recurring meetings, usually weekly,
during which the agency`s performance indicators are reviewed critically for opportunities
for improvement.

THE FOUR PRINCIPLES OF COMPSTAT PROCESS

1. Accurate and timely intelligence (Know what is happening.)

2. Effective tactics (Have a plan.)
3. Rapid deployment (Do it quickly.)
Relentless follow-up and assessment (If it works, do more. If not, do something else

8.EVIDENCE POLICING
Dr. James "Chip" Coldren presented a definition of evidence-based practice:
"Rather than relying on conviction, conjecture, or conventional wisdom, decision-makers turn
to the best available evidence about what does and does not work when evaluating options and
making decisions. Evidence-based decision-making is simply the routine and systematic
application of the best available knowledge in order to identify and choose the optimal approach
in policy, management, and other applied settings."

Dr. Coldren discussed three recent resources focused on evidence-based practices:

1. "Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn`t , What`s Promising":
2. "Campbell Collaboration: The Crime and Justice Coordinating Group has compiled over
30 systematic reviews of specific policing strategies."
3. "Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence": A 2004 report by the National
Research Council that reviews policing research since 1968 and provides
recommendations for action.

9.MATURE APPROACH
A programme using research evidence to help drive innovation, improvement and reform
across South Wales has been in operation since 2007. Under the ambit of the Universities
Police Science Institute (UPSI), South Wales Police (SWP) partnered with Cardiff University to
develop a strategic research capacity that was difficult to sustain in-house, but absolutely what a
university could do. As the approach has matured, a range of activities have been introduced as
part of shifting towards a more evidence-based disposition.

Different Types of Policing Models 

Criminal Justice covers every aspect of our legal system; from the police, through the courts
on to correctional facilities, even covering probation and parole. Being the operational arm of the
Judicial System, a police department may use one of the following methodologies or as
combination of all, to perform their specialist role in enforcing Law and Order

REACTIVE (TRADITIONAL POLICING)

Police respond when a call comes in stating that a crime has occurred. Upon arrival the patrol
service takes a report then passes the investigation over to the detective branch. At this point,
the patrol service officer(s) would return to their patrol vehicle or station, awaiting their next
callout

COMMUNITY-ORIENTED POLICING (COP)

It focuses on police building ties and working closely with members of the communities within
their AOR. The officers will make their presence known and also rely on community members to
report any suspicious behavior or tips on criminals in the area

PROBLEM-ORIENTED POLICING (POP)

It has an emphasis on trying to prevent crime from happening. This policing model has
detectives watching for patterns in crimes to help understand when and how crimes are being
 committed. Once they have a pattern, they will search for ways in which to help prevent crimes
from continuing to happen in those areas. This model has more of a proactive stance than the
traditional policing models do.
REASSURANCE POLICING
Aims to identify “signals” and involve the community in solving community-related problems
(similar to the community policing). Signal crimes are those that shape a community`s
perception of risk from particular types of crime during a given period.
Intelligence-led Policing (ILP) builds around risks. Although a policing framework that builds
on earlier methodologies including community policing, problem-oriented policing, and
partnership models of policing, it originated as a rejection of reactive policing with calls for police
to spend more time employing surveillance to combat repeat offenders.
Reassurance policing viewed as a management tool rather than crime reduction strategy,
benefits are seen as:
● Supportive and informed command structure
● Intelligence-led policing is the heart of an organization-wide approach
● Integrated crime and criminal analysis
● Focus on prolific and serious offenders
● Analytical and executive training available
● Both strategic and tactical tasking meetings take place
● Much routine investigation is screened out
● Data are sufficiently complete, reliable and available to support quality products that
influence decision making
● Management structures exist to action intelligence products
Appropriate use of prevention, disruption and enforcement

Global Policing indicates those forms of policing that are fully global in scope in which those
types of policing are formally directed by institutions usually responsible for international affairs.
INTERPOL plays a unique role in supporting international policing efforts

“The Global Policing Goals focus the collective efforts of the international law enforcement
community to create a safer and more sustainable world for future generations.”

Goal 1: Counter the threat of terrorism

● Identify and arrest terrorist suspects

● Strengthen intelligence-sharing platforms
● Disrupt terrorist movement and mobility
● Trace and disrupt financial streams and weapons sourcing

Goal 2: Promote border integrity worldwide

● Identify criminal and victim movements and travel
● Share information with and between border officials
● Contribute to the establishment of global standards for border security
● Assist member countries with maintaining the integrity of their security documents
(e.g. addressing the use of counterfeit/false passports)
 Goal 3: Protect vulnerable communities
● Detect crimes and criminals and identify prevention opportunities
● Protect victims of crime from exploitation and re-victimization
● Respect human rights of vulnerable communities
● Develop robust networks of experts to exchange information, best practice and
operational activity
● Disrupt the profit element in the criminal business model
● Identify and disrupt the illicit financial streams and profits derived through this
criminal business model

● Goal 4: Secure cyberspace for people and businesses

● Establish partnerships to secure cyberspace
● Expand cybercrime investigative expertise
● Safeguard communities through standard setting, public education
● Protect critical infrastructure

● Goal 5: Promote global integrity

● Promote good governance and rule of law
● Enhance corruption investigative expertise
● Promote a culture of integrity where corruption is not acceptable
● Build mechanisms to support and defend integrity and restore stolen assets

● Goal 6: Curb illicit markets

● Raise awareness among the public of the risks associated with illicit goods and
products
● Build mechanisms to detect emerging illicit markets
● Strengthen capacity to investigate and prevent illicit trade, including its financing
● Identify and disrupt the illicit financial stream and profits derived through this type of
criminal activity
● Identify and disrupt organized crime and drugs networks

● Goal 7: Support environmental security and sustainability

● Strengthen capacity to investigate environmental crime
● Protect resource-dependent communities, vulnerable species and natural heritage
● Build mechanisms to protect biodiversity and natural resources
● Disrupt organized crime networks and the profit element
● Identify and disrupt the illicit financial stream and profits derived through this type of
criminal activity

Policing system in; US, Canada, Australia, China, UK, and other countries.

UNITED STATES POLICING SYSTEM

TYPES OF US POLICE
1. Municipal Police = includes village, township, city and country police departments,
sheriff departments.
 Types of Local Police
a. Country Sheriff = in charged with the operation of county jail, civil function such as
service of eviction notices and other court orders and police responsibility.
b. City Police = most common local police organization. It has jurisdiction in matters that
occur in an incorporated municipality.
2. State Police = includes special investigative agencies that concentrate on state wide
law enforcement
3. Federal Police = agencies operated by federal government at the national level
U.S. Police Agencies
New York City = it is where the first full time police force was organized in the United
States
▪ New York Police Department = the largest police force in the United States

▪ Texas Ranger = police force originally created in response to colonization

▪ Boston Police Department = first local modern police department established in the
United States
▪ Pennsylvania State Police = the first state police agency established
Los Angeles Police Department = police force that hired the first female police officer
named, Alice Stebbins Wells

The United States police rank model is generally quasi-military in structure. Although the
large and varied number of federal, state, and local police departments and sheriff's office have
different ranks, a general model, from highest to lowest rank, would be:
⮚ Chief of Police/Police Commissioner/Superintendent/Sheriff

⮚ Deputy Chief of Police/Deputy Commissioner/Deputy

Superintendent/Undersheriff
⮚ Inspector/Commander/Colonel

⮚ Major/Deputy Inspector

⮚ Captain

⮚ Lieutenant

⮚ Sergeant

⮚ Detective/Inspector/Investigator

⮚ Officer/Deputy Sheriff/Corporal

▪ CANADA
 ▪ Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) = colloquially known as Mounties and
internally as “The Force” = is the national police force of Canada and one of the most
recognized of its kind in the word being a national, federal, provincial and municipal
policing body. It was founded in 1920 by the Merger of Royal Northwest Mounted
Police (1873) with the Dominion Police (1868).
▪ = headed by the Commission under the direction of the Minister of Public Safety
Canada.
▪ Commissioner = highest rank in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police

▪ Police Constable 4th Class = lowest rank

AUSTRALIA
Australian Police = a progressive and multi-faceted law enforcement organization, taking
strong lead in the fight against 21st century crime.
▪ Commissioner = highest rank

▪ Constable = lowest rank

▪ HONGKONG

▪ Hong Kong Police Force

▪ = is the largest disciplined service under the Security Bureau of Hong Kong.
It is the world's second, and Asia's first, police agency to operate with a modern policing
system. It was formed on 1 May 1844.
▪ in 1969, Queen Elizabeth II granted the Royal Charter to the Hong Kong
Police Force for their handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots — renaming them: The
Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Following the transfer of sovereignty, the Force is
once again named the Hong Kong Police Force
▪

▪ Structure HKPF

▪ The Force is commanded by the Commissioner of Police, who is assisted by

two deputy commissioners:
▪ a. Deputy Commissioner – Operations = supervises all operational matters
including crime and
▪ b. Deputy Commissioner – Management = is responsible for the direction and
coordination of force management including personnel, training, and management
services.
 ▪ c. Police Constable - lowest rank
Motto =We Serve with Pride and Care

The Hong Kong Police Force is organized into Six Regions:

▪ Hong Kong Island

▪ Kowloon East

▪ Kowloon West

▪ New Territories North

▪ New Territories South

▪ Marine Region
JAPAN POLICING SYSTEM

▪ Keihoryo (Police Bureau within the Ministry of Home affairs to 1945)

▪  Japanese Colonial Government = the one which organized the first formal policing
in China.
▪ Japanese Yakuza = considered as the center of Asian organized crime action.

ORGANIZATION OF NPA
1. National Public Safety Commission = a government body responsible for the
administrative supervision of the police. Under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister
2. Japan National Police Agency (NPA) = a totally gun less police force, except for its
special attack team.

Organizations Attached to the NPA

a. National Police Agency = provides training to police officers and conduct academic research
b. National Research Institute of Police Science = conducts research in police science
c. Imperial Guards = provides escort to the Emperor, Empress, Crown Prince and other
Imperial family.
= responsible for the security of Imperial Palace

. Regional Police Bureau = exercise control and supervision over regional police offices and
provides support with the prefectural police.
Director General = heads each Regional Bureau acting upon orders from the
Commission General of the NPA.
Regional Police Bureau = the local organizations to carry out part of the NPA’s functions.
There are about 7 Bureaus in the major cities except for Tokyo and Hokkaido where in
Tokyo, Metropolitan Police department (headed by Superintendent General) has long been
established and shares the same location with the NPA. The Prefectural Police has the whole
of Hokkaido under its jurisdiction.

4. Prefectural Public Safety Commission (PPSC) = administrative commission functioning

under the representative system which supervises the prefectural police. Under the
Jurisdiction of the Governor. Though not empowered to give order to the Commission.

5. Koban = a system of policing adopted in Japan, a substation near major transportation hubs
and shopping areas and in residential districts which forms the first line of police response to the
public.
= Koban usually staffed by 3-5 officers and about 7000 residential police boxes
(Chuzaisho- staffed by a single officer). About 20 % of the police are assigned to Koban.
TAIWAN POLICE FORCE

● It is the unified police force of Taiwan

●Under the supervision of National Police Agency (NPA) which is directly under the
Ministry of Interior.
● Under effective civilian control
FUNCTIONS
● To maintain public order
● To protect social security
● To prevent all dangers and
● To promote the welfare of all people.

TYPES OF POLICE FORCE IN TAIWAN

ADMINISTRATION POLICE- are generally referred to those who are required to wear
uniforms to carry out duties of household visits, patrolling, raid, guarding, duty officer and
reserves.
TRAFFIC POLICE- the primary duties of the traffic police are to keep traffic order, to ensure
traffic safety, to prevent traffic accidents and to smooth traffic flow.
SPECIAL POLICE- are those who are responsible for protecting the central government,
establishing contingent plans and assisting local and specialized police units in maintaining
public order.
SPECIALIZED POLICE- main duties are to protect state-run enterprises and public facilities
like railways, highways, airports, harbors, MRT and bank of Taiwan.
TAIWAN POLICE FORCE
Police Supervisor General – highest rank
Police Rank Four- lowest rank

Myanmar police force

 ● Formally known as “The People`s Police Force” established in 1964 as independent
department under Ministry of Home Affairs. It was reorganized on October 1, 1995.
● There are 14 State and Divisional Police Forces and three additional State/Division
Police Forces

Each State and Divisional Police Force consists of four components:

● Office of the Commander of the State and Divisional Police Force
● Office of the Commander of the District Police Force
● Office of the Commander of the Township Police Force
● Police Stations
INDONESIAN POLICING SYSTEM

● Indonesian National Police (Kepolisian Negara Republika Indonesia) is the official police
force of Indonesia.
● Organized in 1946 and also known as “Polri”
● Markasbesar/ Mabes- name of the headquarters of Indonesian National Police located
in KebayoranBaru, South, Jakarta, Indonesia

POLRI TERRITORIAL FORCES

● Kepolisian Daerah or Polda- provincial police
● Kepolisian Wilayah or Polwil- regional police
● Kepolisian Resort or Polres- city police
● Kepolisian Sector or Polsek- sub-district police
SPECIAL BRANCHES
● Brigade Mobile (BRIMOB) the most militarized trained to deal with mass
demonstrations and also has a paramilitary role to conduct security stabilization
operations and providing security for VIP and vital facilities.
● Anti-Riot Unit (Pasukan Anti Hura-Hura) received special anti-riot training
● Sea and Air Police responsible patrolling the airspace
● Plainclothes Unit assigned in conducting investigations
● Maritime Police responsible in protecting the territorial sea
● Anti-Terrorist Unit trained in counter-terrorism
Forensics in-charged of laboratory examination of evidence

POLICE RECRUIT VOLUNTEERS

At least sixth-grade education and should pass the competitive examination. After 3
years, personnel with junior secondary diploma could enter into training to become NCO.

RANKING SYSTEM OF POLRI

● Police General- equivalent of Police General of PNP
● Second Bhayangkara- equivalent to Patrolman/Patrolwoman of the PNP

ROYAL MALAYSIAN POLICE

(RMP: Malay: Polis Diraja Malaysia, PDRM)
● Police force of Malaysia.
 ● Headquarters is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur
● The constitution, control, employment, recruitment, fund, discipline, duties and powers of
the police force is specified and governed by the Police Act 1967
● Motto: Tegas, Adil Dan Berhemah means Firm, Fair and Prudent

RANKS OF RMP
Inspector-General of Police- equivalent of Police General of PNP
Police Constable- equivalent to Patrolman/Patrolwoman of the PNP
BRUNEI POLICE SYSTEM

Royal Brunei Police Force (Polis Diraja Brunei-PDRB) created in 1921 which is responsible
for keeping law and order and providing law enforcement services throughout Brunei

RANKS OF ROYAL BRUNEI POLICE FORCE

Inspector-General of Police- equivalent of Police General of PNP
Lance Corporal- equivalent to Patrolman/Patrolwoman of the PNP

singapore POLICE SYSTEM

● Francis James Bernard formed the skeleton force as the heritage of Singapore Police
Force in 1819.
Singapore Police Force (SFP) is the main agency task with the maintaining law and order
in the city-state. It is formerly known as Republic of Singapore Police. Organized with split
staff (15) and line functions (13) roughly modelled after the military. Headquarters at New
Phoenix Park in Novena. It was constituted under Section 7 of Police Force Act of 1857

RECRUITMENT/ TRAINING
● High school graduates who were interested in law enforcement as a career can be
recruited and those who selected for officers had to be approved by the Public Service
Commission.
● Career development course were encouraged for officer and senior officers are
required to travel oversees for training such as in Police Staff College in Britain, FBI Nat`l
Academy in US and Police Academy in Japan.
● Nine (9) months training. Newly appointed officer will be placed on a one-year
probation period.

RANKS OF SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE (SFP)

Commissioner of Police- equivalent of Police General of PNP
Constable- equivalent to Patrolman/Patrolwoman of the PNP

THAILAND POLICE SYSTEM

● Royal Thai Police formerly known as Thailand National Police Department (TNPD).
In 1998, TNPD was transferred from the Ministry of Interior of Thailand to be directly
under the Office of the Prime Minister using the name Royal Thai Police. The position
of its supreme lead was changed from that the Director-General of the TNPD to the
 Commissioner-General of the Royal Thai Police.
● Headquarters: based in Bangkok

RANKS OF SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE (SFP)

Police-General - equivalent of Police General of PNP

Policeman/ Constable- equivalent to Patrolman/Patrolwoman of the PNP
CHINA POLICE SYSTEM
● Ministry of National Defense is the top of the hierarchy with judicial and public security
agencies such as Ministry of Public safety and the Ministry of State Security.
● Ministry of Public Security is the principal police authority of the mainland of the
People`s Republic of China which oversee the day to day law enforcement. (It is the
equivalent of the National Police Agency in Japan.)
● Ministry of State Security the Chinese government`s largest and most active foreign
intelligence agency., though it is also involved in domestic security matters.
● Special Police College conducts nationwide recruitment once a year.
● Central Military Commission appoints police in China
● People`s Liberation Army Chinese Armed Forces
● Civil Service Promotion Examinations basis for regulation of the Rank Promotion
Examination for police officer.
● RANKS SYSTEM IN CHINA
● Commissioner General - equivalent of Police General of PNP
● Constable 2nd Class- equivalent to Patrolman/Patrolwoman of the PNP
●
Policing models in the Philippines

PHILIPPINE POLICE SYSTEM

During the Spanish Regime

Maintenance of law and order is a part of the military system for the defense of the colony;
locally organized police forces although performing civil duties are a direct adjunct of the
colonial military establishments;

GUARDILLEROS

A body of rural police organized in each town established by Royal Decree of Jan. 08, 1836. It
mandates that 5% of the able-bodied male inhabitants of each province where to be enlisted
in this police organization for 3 years

Carabineros De Seguridad Publica

This was armed and considered as the mounted police who later discharged the duties of a
port, harbor and river police. It was later given special commission by Royal Decree of
December 20, 1842 and it was called – Cuerco De Seguridad Publica

Guardia Civil
. It is consisted of a body of Filipino policemen organized originally in each of the provincial
capital of the province of Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor

Henry Allen
The first Chief of the Philippine Constabulary
Rafael Crame
The first Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary
Line and Staff
The organizational structure of the P.N.P. which is also adopted by many police organization in
the world.
Philippine Commission Act No. of 175
(July 18, 1901) an act providing for the organization and government of an Insular Constabulary.
Sec. 1, Act 255 of October 3, 1901
Renamed the Insular Constabulary to Philippine Constabulary (a national police institution for
preserving peace, keeping order and enforcing the law.
Act No. 70
(On January 9, 1901) The Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was organized
E.O. 389
Ordered that the PC be one of the four services of the AFP, dated December 23, 1940.
P.D. 765
Integration Act of 1975, dated August 8, 1975, established the Integrated National Police (INP)
composed of the PC as the nucleus and the Integrated local police forces as components,
under the Ministry of National Defense.
E.O. 1012
Transferred to the city and municipal government the operational supervision and direction over
the INP units assigned within their locality.

R.A. 4864
It created the POLCOM (Police Commission) as a supervisory agency to oversee the training
and professionalization of the local police under the Officer of the President. Otherwise known
as the Police Professionalization act of 1966, dated September 8, 1966. It was later renamed as
the National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM).
E.O. 1040
Transferred the Admin. Control and Supervision of the INP from the ministry of National
Defense to the National Police Commission
R.A. 6975
It is otherwise known as the Department of Interior and Local Government Act of 1990, enacted
on December 13, 1990. Established the PNP, BFP, BJMP and the PPSC.
R.A. 8551
Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998, enacted 1998, amending the
provision of R.A. 6975
Act No. 181
Created the Division of Investigation (DI) of the Department of Justice dated November 1938.
R.A. 157
Created the National Bureau of Investigation, enacted June 19, 1947 and later reorganized by
R,A. 2678
 P.N.P.
Headed by Chief with a rank of Director General with two (2) Deputy Director General (1) for
Administration and (2) for Operation. Although there are three (3) Deputy Director General
ranks.
SOP No. 7
Prescribed PNP guidelines in the conduct of operations against terrorists and other lawless
elements involved in terrorist activities.

THE PHILIPPINE CENTER ON TRANSNATIONAL CRIME

Pursuant to Executive Order No. 62, the Philippine Center for Transnational Crime is
created under the Office of the President to formulate and implement a concerted program of
action of all law enforcement, intelligence and other government agencies for the prevention
and control of transnational crime.
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS

1. To establish through the use of modern information and telecommunication a shared

central database among government agencies for information on criminals,
methodologies, arrest and convictions on transnational crimes.
2. To supervise the conduct of anti-transnational crime operations of all government
agencies and instrumentalities.
3. To establish a central database on national as well as international legislation and
jurisprudence on transnational crime, with the end view of recommending measures to
strengthen responses and providing of immediate intervention for the prevention,
detection and apprehension of criminals operating in the country.
4. To establish a center for strategic research on the structure and dynamics of
transnational crimes in all its forms, and predict trends and analyze relationships of given
factors for the formulation of individual and collective strategies for the prevention and
detection of transnational and organized crime and for the apprehension of the criminals
involved.
5. To design programs and projects aimed at enhancing national capacity building in
combating transnational crime as well as supporting the related programs and projects of
other ASEAN and international centers.
6. To explore and coordinate information exchanges and training with other government
agencies, foreign countries and international organizations involved in the combat
against transnational crime
7. To enlist the assistance of any department, bureau, office, agency or instrumentality of
the government, including the use of their respective personnel, facilities and resources.
8. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
9. The Philippine Center for Transnational Crime is chaired by the President through the
Presidential Anti-Organized Crime Commission (PAOCC). PCTC is also supervised by
the Secretary of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG), who is the
Vice-Chair of POCC. The Executive Director of the PCTC reports to the President
through the DILG. The PCTC is assisted by the Philippine’s 22 national law enforcement
agencies:
PHILIPPINE’S 22 NATIONAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES

1. Philippine National Police;

2. National Bureau of Investigation;
3. Department of Justice;
4. Anti-Money Laundering Council;
5. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (Philippine Central Bank);
6. Bureau of Customs;
7. Bureau of Immigration;
8. Bureau of Internal Revenue;
9. Dangerous Drugs Board;
10. Department of Finance;
11. Departme12. Department of Tourism;
13. Philippine Center on Transnational Crime;
14. Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency;
15. Optical Media Board;
16. Philippine Coast Guard
17. Philippine Overseas Employment Administration;
18. Philippine Ports Authority;
19. Philippine Postal Corporation;
20. Presidential Anti-Organized Crime Commission;
21. Securities and Exchange Commission;
22. Office for Transportation Security;

PCTC as INTERPOL Manila NCB Secretariat

Pursuant to E.O 100 (May 7, 1999) and the Memorandum on the Implementation of E.O
100 (February 7, 2000), the general control and supervision of INTERPOL Manila NCB
Secretariat was transferred from the Directorate for Operations of the PNP to the PCTC to serve
as the liaison office and main coordinating body for international police cooperation against
transnational crime representing all law enforcement agencies in the Philippines that performs
the following functions:
a) Maintains an Operation Center
b) Acts on request for information from member countries, local law enforcement
agencies and other government organizations.
c) Disseminates INTERPOL notices, media releases, requests for investigative
assistance and announcement of conference to concerned bureaus, law enforcement agencies
and other concerned office.
PCTC as INTERPOL NCB Manila Secretariat implements the following programs:

a) 1-24/7 Expansion Program - designed to link selected SCILEC

member-agencies to the IGCS that will provide the access to selective databases containing
information on stolen travel documents, fingerprints, DNA, stolen vehicles, stolen works of art
and global INTERPOL news.
b) INTERPOL "Red Notice" Project - aims to upload to the INTERPOL database
the records of fugitives/wanted persons who may have fled the country to escape prosecution
and suspected individuals who were identified to have links with known terrorist groups.
c) Visa Check Project - designed to assist the Bureau of Immigration and the
Department of Foreign Affairs in exercising better control in the vetting process for foreigners
who are trying to secure a visa to enter the Philippines.
 d) Lost Passport Project - designed to sustain the government initiatives against
human trafficking and terrorism. It aims to upload data on lost stolen and cancelled passports to
the INTERPOL database primarily to curb human trafficking/smuggling and identity fraud.
e) Fugitive Search Project - aims to run after foreign nationals with existing
warrant of arrest, and/or fugitives from justice seeking sanctuary in the country.

PCTC as INTERPOL NCB Manila Secretariat implements the following programs:

a) 1-24/7 Expansion Program - designed to link selected SCILEC

member-agencies to the IGCS that will provide the access to selective databases containing
information on stolen travel documents, fingerprints, DNA, stolen vehicles, stolen works of art
and global INTERPOL news.
b) INTERPOL "Red Notice" Project - aims to upload to the INTERPOL database
the records of fugitives/wanted persons who may have fled the country to escape prosecution
and suspected individuals who were identified to have links with known terrorist groups.
c) Visa Check Project - designed to assist the Bureau of Immigration and the
Department of Foreign Affairs in exercising better control in the vetting process for foreigners
who are trying to secure a visa to enter the Philippines.
d) Lost Passport Project - designed to sustain the government initiatives against
human trafficking and terrorism. It aims to upload data on lost stolen and cancelled passports to
the INTERPOL database primarily to curb human trafficking/smuggling and identity fraud.
e) Fugitive Search Project - aims to run after foreign nationals with existing
warrant of arrest, and/or fugitives from justice seeking sanctuary in the country.

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations, as a process driven by international trade and investment and
aided by information technology.

Effects of Globalization to Law Enforcement in the Philippines (V. Delos Santos)

● The facilitation of transnational crimes and criminals can be easily achieved.
● There is a need for transnational policing. The cooperation among police organizations
in the world is vital. ∙ Training instructional for incoming law enforcement officers must
include advance computer to prepare them as cyber cops so they can be better
prepared to deal with cyber-crimes.
● Development of new strategies to deal with international organized crimes is a must.
● Provisions of law enforcement with updated legislations related to modernization theory
of crime.

THE FOLLOWING ARE THE DIFFERENT POLICE EFFORT/ STRATEGY AGAINST

GLOBALIZATION OF CRIME

1. Establishment of the Strategic Plan to Fight the Globalization of Crimes Fighting.

The “globalization of crimes” means more than just clearing cases as they happen – it requires
an understanding of the networks that support the “globalization of crimes,” a heightening of the
 ability of the police to gather and analyze information, and a strengthening of systems to
disband global organized crime groups

2. Fostering Investigators able to Work in International Investigations

Prefectural Police are taking on personnel with high linguistic abilities as police officers,
implementing various types of training, fostering investigators able to work in international
investigations, and are having them investigate suspects of foreign nationalities.

3. Strengthening Police Capabilities to Collect, Share and Analyze Information

International criminal organizations are diversifying and expanding their networks by setting up
bases of operation around the world with multinational membership and other means.

4. Strengthening Efforts for Joint Investigations

International criminal organizations do not act solely within the jurisdictions of Prefectural
Police, but work in a widespread and speedy manner to quickly commit crime in a short period
of time
5. Establishment of a System for Global Cooperation
Exchanging information with the International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO-Interpol) and
foreign security organizations through foreign government authorities in order to fight the
“globalization of crimes.

ASEANAPOL

Stands for Association of National Police Forces of the ASEAN Region

Formed in 1980 to initiate regional police co-operation. Delegates meet annually to

discuss crime-related issues. A paper by the Assistant Director for External Relations of the
ASEAN Secretariat wrote in 1999 that:

The ASEANAPOL deals with the preventive, enforcement and operational aspects of
cooperation against transnational crime.

Objectives of ASEANAPOL
● Enhance police professionalism
● Forge stronger regional cooperation in policing
● Promote lasting friendship amongst police officers of member countries
● FUNCTIONS
● -Prepare and implement work plans for effective implementation of all the resolutions
adopted in the annual Joint Communiqués signed at the ASEANAPOL Conferences;
● -Facilitate and coordinate cross-border cooperation on intelligence and information
sharing and exchange;
● -Facilitate and coordinate joint operations and activities involving criminal investigations,
the building and maintenance of the ASEANAPOL database, training, capacity building,
the development of scientific investigative tools, technical support and forensic science;
● -Provide support and necessary assistance in organizing the ASEANAPOL Conferences;
● -Submit on a quarterly basis to the Chiefs of ASEAN Police Forces proposals on all
planned programmed and activities to be carried out;
● -Prepare an annual report on its activities and expenditure to be presented to the
ASEANAPOL Executive Committee immediately before the ASEANAPOL Conference,
and distributed to all members and to the ASEANAPOL Conference; and;
 ● -Act as a custodian of all documents and records of ASEANAPOL
● IMPORTANT DATES
● -1983 (Jakarta) = Endorsement of the model & design of ASEANAPOL logo
● -1984 (Kuala Lumpur) = Royal Brunei Police became a member and joined the annual
conference
● -1996 (Kuala Lumpur) = Vietnam joined as a new member
● -1998 (Brunei) = Laos joined ASEANAPOL
● -2000 (Myanmar) = Myanmar became the 10th country to joined as a new member
● -2005 (Bali) = The setting up of a working group to consider the viability of establishing a
permanent ASEANAPOL Secretariat and Silver Jubilee Commemoration of
ASEANAPOL
● -2008 (Brunei) = The Royal Malaysia Police was chosen as a host of permanent
ASEANAPOL Secretariat
● -2009 (Vietnam) = Adoption of Terms of Reference (TOR)
● -2010 = On 1st January 2010 commencement of ASEANAPOL Secretariat in Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia

ORGANIZATION
1. ASEANAPOL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE = comprise of deputy heads of delegation
attending the annual ASEANAPOL conference. It provides a summary reports of the activities of
the Secretariat to the Head of the Delegation

2. ASEANAPOL PERMANENT SECRETARIAT = is on a rotational basis with member

countries taking turn to host the ASEANAPOL conference and automatically assume the role of
the secretariat for the current year.
= headed by executive director and assisted by 2 directors

Tenure of Services 
a. Executive Director - 2 years
b. Directors - 3 years (one for Police Services and one for Plans and Programs
*During the 29th ASEANAPOL Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2009, the Terms of
Reference on the establishment of ASEANAPOL Secretariat was finally endorsed.  Kuala
Lumpur was made the permanent seat. 
*The ASEANAPOL Secretariat started its operation fully on January 1, 2010.

The ASEANAPOL member countries are:

1. Brunei,  6. Myanmar,
2. Cambodia, 7. Singapore,
3. Indonesia, 8. Thailand
4. Laos, 9. Vietnam
5. Malaysia, 10. Philippines

EUROPOL (European Police Office)

Headquarters is in Hague, Netherlands.

A European Union's criminal intelligence agency.

 It became fully operational on 1 July 1999.

The establishment of Europol was agreed to in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, officially known
as the Treaty on European Union (TEU) that came into effect in November 1993.

The agency started limited operations on 3 January 1994, as the Europol Drugs Unit (EDU).
In 1998 the Europol Convention was ratified by all the member states and came into force in
October. In order to fight international organized crime effectively, Europol cooperates with a
number of third countries and organizations.
The Europol External Strategy defines the framework within which Europol is to develop its
activities with regard to third partners. Fully reformed on 1 January 2010. Europol increased
powers to collect criminal information and European Parliament had more control over Europol
activities and budget.

Europol tools in providing support,

1. Information exchange
2. Intelligence analysis
3. Expertise and training
Aim of Europol

Europol’s aim to improve the effectiveness and co-operation between the competent
authorities of the member states primarily by sharing and pooling intelligence to prevent and
combat serious international organized crime. Its mission is to make a significant contribution to
the European Union’s law enforcement efforts targeting organized crime.
The mission of Europol

The mission of Europol is to make a significant contribution to the European Union’s law
enforcement action against organized crime and terrorism with an emphasis on targeting
criminal organizations

Analysis is at the core of our activities. Our criminal analysts are among the best trained in
Europe.

EUROPOL MEMBERS COUNTRIES

In general, there are two types of cooperation agreement that Europol can enter into with
states and other entities outside the EU: Strategic and Operational Agreements
The non-EU countries with liaison officers at Europol are:
1. Albania.
2. Australia.
3. Canada.
4. Colombia.
5. Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
6. Iceland.

International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL)

 ● Interpol (1923) = (International Criminal Police Organization) is the police forces
organization that primarily manifests global or international cooperation in addressing
transnational crime. Its headquarters was initially located in Vienna Austria (it is where
Interpol was founded) but at present it is transferred to Lyon France.
● INTERPOL = is the world’s largest international police organization, with 194 member
countries. It exists to help create a safer world by supporting law enforcement agencies
worldwide to combat crime.

● It aims to facilitate international police cooperation, and supports and assists all
organizations, authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or combat internal
crime.
● The organization of law enforcement agencies worldwide that serves as transmission or
communication line for the exchange of information, data and request for assistance
between and among the member countries.
It focuses on: (1) Combat crimes and transnational crimes; (2) protect minorities against the
dominant groups; and (3) Maintain law enforcement regardless of race or religion

GENERAL ASSEMBLY
The supreme governing body of the Interpol, it meets annually and comprises
delegates appointed by each member country. The assembly takes all important decisions
related to policy, resources, working methods, finances, activities and programs.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
It consists of 13 members elected by the General Assembly and comprises the
President, three Vice –Presidents and nine Delegates covering the four regions.
It is the INTERPOL’s select deliberate organ which meets three times a year, usually in
March, July and immediately before the General Assembly.
General Secretariat = (Lyon, France) operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by
the Secretary General. It Works with Officials of more than 80 countries side-by-side using four
official languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish. It consists of seven (7) regional
offices across the world namely:
-Argentina -Cameron,
-Côte D’Ivoire -Kenya,
-El Salvador -Thailand, and
-Zimbabwe.
NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAUS (NCB)
Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National Central Bureau staffed by
National law enforcement officers. The NCB is the designated contact point for the General
Secretariat, regional offices and other member countries requiring assistance with overseas
investigations and the location and apprehension of fugitives.

ADVISER
These are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the Executive
Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.

COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF INTERPOL’ FILE (CCF)

This is an independent body whose mandate is threefold:
(1) to ensure that the processing of personal information by INTERPOL complies with
the Organization’s regulations,
 (2) to advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter
concerning the information contained in INTERPOL’S files.
 
INTERPOL’s Governance = comprises the General Assembly and the Executive Committee,
which is headed by the President.
The President of the Organization is elected by the General Assembly for a period of
four (4) years. His role is to chair the General Assembly and Executive Committee and ensure
that INTERPOL’S activities conform with decisions made at these meetings.

Oskar Dressler = the first secretary general of the Interpol.

Johann Schober = the first president of the Interpol.

INTERPOL’ S notice

INTERPOL’ S four core functions

1. Secure Global Police Communications Services
INTERPOL developed the I-24/7 global police communications system to exchange
crucial data quickly and securely is a cornerstone of effective international law enforcement.
2. Operational Data Services and Databases for Police
INTERPOL provides operational data services and databases for police to fight
international crime, police need access to information which can assist investigations or help
prevent crime. INTERPOL manages several databases, accessible to the INTERPOL bureaus
in all member countries through its I-24/7.
3. Operational Police Support Services
a. 24-Hour Support
 The Command and Coordination Centre (CCC) operates round the clock in all of
INTERPOL’s four official languages (English, French, Spanish and Arabic) and serves as the first
point of contact for any member country faced with a crisis situation.
b. Crisis Response and Major Events
In the event of a disaster or major crime, INTERPOL Response Teams or Disaster Victim
Identification teams composed of officers from the General Secretariat and member countries can
be dispatched to the scene within hours of an event.
c. International Alert System
An important component of INTERPOL’s operational police support is the notice system, of
which the Red Notice for wanted persons is the most well-known. In addition to the six
color-coded notices (Red, Blue, Green, Yellow, Black and Orange), is the INTERPOL-United
Nations Special Notice issued for groups or individuals who are the targets of UN sanctions against
Al Qaeda and the Taliban.
d. Analyzing Crime Data
Criminal intelligence analysis is recognized by the law enforcement community as a
valuable tool, helping to provide timely warning of threats and operational police activities.
INTERPOL contributes to investigations by assisting officers working at the General Secretariat and
in member countries with research and analysis on crime trends and with training courses in criminal
analysis techniques.
Divisions of Criminal Intelligence Analysis
a. Operational Analysis = aims to achieve a specific law enforcement outcome. Usually, it has
immediate benefit
b. Strategic Analysis = provides early warning signals of threats and to support decision making in
setting priorities to deal with criminal issues.
4. Police Training and Development
As one of the 4 INTERPOL core functions, Police Training and Development continues
to evolve as a priority for INTERPOL and member countries