CÁC CẤU TRÚC CHUYỂN ĐỔI THÌ

1. Cấu trúc 1:
Khoảng thời gian + AGO
( 2 years ago, 6 months ago, ... )
S + started/ began + to_V/ V_ing + WHEN + S + VQKĐ .....
( When she was 6, when I was in grade 9,... )
IN + mốc thời gian
( in 2001, in 1999, .... )
For + khoảng thời gian
( for 2 years, for 6 months, ...)
Since + S + VQKĐ ....
S + have/ has + VP.P + (since she was 6, since I was in grade 9, ...)
Since + mốc thời gian
(since 2001, since 1999, ...)

1. I began to study English nine years ago.

 I have studied English for nine years.

2. She started living far away home when she was in grade 10.

 She has _______________________________________________________________________.

3. They started to work in that company in 2005.

 They have _____________________________________________________________________.

2. Cấu trúc 2:
Khoảng thời gian + AGO
( 2 years ago, 6 months ago, ... )
WHEN + S + VQKĐ .....
S + last + VQKĐ + ( When she was 6, when I was in grade 9,... )
IN + mốc thời gian
( in 2001, in 1999, .... )
Khoảng thời gian + AGO
( 2 years ago, 6 months ago, ... )
WHEN + S + VQKĐ .....
The last time + S + VQKĐ + WAS + ( When she was 6, when I was in grade 9,... )
IN + mốc thời gian
( in 2001, in 1999, .... )
For + khoảng thời gian
( for 2 years, for 6 months, ...)
Since + S + VQKĐ ....
S + have/ has + NOT + VP.P + (since she was 6, since I was in grade 9, ...)
Since + mốc thời gian
(since 2001, since 1999, ...)
It is/ has been + khoảng thời gian+ since + S + (last) + VQKĐ

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 1. We haven’t been to a concert for over a year.

 The last time we went to the concert was over a year ago

 We last went to a concert over a year ago

 It’s over a year since we last went to a concert

2. The last time I went swimming was when I was in France.

 I haven’t ______________________________________________________________.

 I last _________________________________________________________________.

3. You haven’t tidied up your room for weeks.

 It’s __________________________________________________________________.

 You last ______________________________________________________________.

 The last time ___________________________________________________________.

4. Mr John hasn’t visited France since 1990.

 Mr John _______________________________________________________________.

 The last time ___________________________________________________________.

5. It last rained three weeks ago.

 It’s ____________________________________________________________.

 It hasn’t ________________________________________________________.

 The last time ____________________________________________________.

6. I haven't been to the dentist's for two years.

 It's _________________________________________________________________.

 The last time _________________________________________________________.

 I last _______________________________________________________________.

3. Cấu trúc 3:
 This is the + adj-EST/ MOST + adj + N + (that) + S + have/ has + (ever) + VP.P.
(the biggest, the greatest, the most interesting, ...)
 This is the first time + S + VP.P + such (a/ an) + adj + N.
 S + have/ has + never + VP.P + such (a/ an) + adj + N.
 S + have/ has + never + VP.P + (a) more + adj + N + than + this (one).

 This is the first time + S + have/ has + VP.P .

 S + have/ has + NEVER + VP.P + BEFORE.
 S + have/ has + NOT + VP.P + BEFORE.

1. This is the most delicious cake I have ever tasted.

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 I have never tasted a more delicious cake than this one.

 I have never tasted such a delicious cake.

 This is the first time I have tasted such a delicious cake.

2. This kind of food is a new experience to me.

 I ________________________________________________________.

 This is ___________________________________________________.

3. I have never been to Liverpool in my life.

 This is ____________________________________________________.

4. I’ve never met such a famous person before.

 This is ____________________________________________________.

5. I have never seen such beautiful pictures before.

 This is the most _____________________________________________.

 This is the first ______________________________________________.

6. I’ve never read such an interesting poem.

 This is the most ______________________________________________.

 This is the first _______________________________________________.

7. I've never tasted pheasant before.

 This is the first _________________________________________________.

8. This is the first time I have met him.

 ______________________________________________________________. (never)

 ______________________________________________________________. (not)

4. Cấu trúc 4:
 WHEN + did + S + V0 ... ?
 WHEN + did + S + start/ begin + to_V/ V_ing ... ?
 HOW LONG + have/ has + S + VP.P ... ?
 WHEN + did + S + last + V0 ... ?
 HOW LONG + is it + SINCE + S + (last) + VQKĐ ... ?

1. When did you last ride a bike?

 How long is it since you last rode a bike ?

2. When did you start to do the project?

 How long ___________________________________________________ ?

3. How long have you known him?

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 When _______________________________________________________ ?

4. How long is it since you saw Mary ?

 When ________________________________________________________ ?

Các cấu trúc với

ENOUGH, SO ... THAT, SUCH ... THAT, TOO ... TO
1. Cấu trúc với ENOUGH. (đủ ... để làm gì)
 S + be/ V + adj/ adv + ENOUGH (+ for + O) + to_V
Ex: The test is easy enough for me to do.

 S + V + ENOUGH + N (+ for + O) + to_V

Ex: I have enough money to buy this house.

2. Cấu trúc với SO ... THAT, SUCH ... THAT. (quá ... đến nỗi)
 S + be/ V + SO + adj/ adv + THAT + clause [S (+ can/ can’t) + V ...]

 S(It) + be/ V + SUCH (+ a/ an) + adj + N + THAT + clause [S (+ can/ can’t) + V ...]

 S(It) + be/ V + SO + adj (+ a/ an) + N + THAT + clause [S (+ can/ can’t) + V ...]

Ex: The test is easy enough for me to do.
 The test is SO easy THAT I can do it.
 It is SUCH an easy test THAT I can do it.
 It is SO easy a test THAT I can do it.

3. Cấu trúc với TOO ... TO. (quá ... đến nỗi không thể)
S + be/ V + TOO + adj/ adv (+ for + O) + TO + V
Ex: He taught TOO quickly for me TO understand the lesson.

EXERCISE:
1. The test was very difficult. We couldn’t have good marks.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

2. The box is very heavy. Minh can’t carry it.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

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 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

3. Hoa is very young. She can’t live alone.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

4. Her mother was very sick. She couldn’t go to work yesterday.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

5. He ran very quickly. I didn’t catch him.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

6. The problem is very hard. They can’t solve it.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

7. The cars are very expensive. The farmers can’t buy them.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

8. Mary is very short. She can’t reach the top of the shelf.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

9. The fruit is very high. I can’t get it.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

10. The room is very small. We can’t live in the house.

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 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

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 CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT
I. Câu tường thuật (Reported Speech = Indirect Speech):
Khi tường thuật một câu từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp ta cần chú ý đến động từ tường thuật. Có 2 trường hợp:
+ Nếu động từ tường thuật ở các thì hiện tại và tương lai [say(s), tell(s), will ask, ...] thì khi tường
thuật ta chỉ cần thay đôi ngôi ( thay đổi ngôi thứ nhất (I, we) và ngôi thứ 2 (you) còn ngôi thứ 3 (he, she, it,
they) không đổi).
Ex 1: “I will visit you tomorrow”, he says to me.
 He tells me (that) he will visit me tomorrow.
+ Nếu động từ tường thuật ở thì quá khứ (said, told, asked, ...) thì khi tường thuật, ta cần phải thay
đổi thì, thay đổi trạng từ chỉ thời gian - nơi chốn - từ chỉ định (nếu có).
Ex 2: She said to him “I met your parents yesterday”.
 She told me (that) she had met his parents the day before.

 Thay đổi ngôi:

Chủ ngữ Tân ngữ Tính từ sở hữu
I he/ she me him/ her my his/ her
we they us them our their
you I, we you me/ us your my/ our

 Thay đổi thì:

TRỰC TIẾP GIÁN TIẾP
HTĐ QKĐ
HTTD QKTD
HTHT QKHT
HTHTTD QKHTTD
QKĐ QKHT
QKTD QKTD/ QKHTTD
QKHT QKHT
TLĐ would + V0
Tương lai gần was/ were going to + V0
can could
may might
must
must had to
would have to + V0
* Note:
- Ta giữ nguyên thì HTĐ khi diễn tả những sự thật hiển nhiên, chân lí.
Ex: “Water boils at 1000C”, my teacher told us.
 My teacher told us (that) water boils at 1000C
- Khi kết hợp mệnh đề thời gian có sử dụng thì QKĐ với QKHT hoặc QKĐ với QKTD thì ta cũng giữ nguyên
dạng của động từ.
Ex: “After I had finished my homework, I went to bed last night”

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  He said after he had finished his homework, he went to bed the night before.

Ex: He said, “when I saw them, they were playing tennis.”

 He said when he saw them they were playing tennis.

 Thay đổi từ thời gian – nơi chốn – từ chỉ định:

TRỰC TIẾP GIÁN TIẾP
tomorrow the next day/ the following day/ the day after
yesterday the day before/ the previous day
next ...... the next ...... / the ...... after/ the following ......
last ...... the ...... before/ the previous ......
now then
ago before
today that day
tonight that night
here there
this that
these those

II. Các loại câu tường thuật:

1. Câu kể/ câu trần thuật (Statements):

say(s)/ said + to + O nói

S+ + (that) + clause
tell(s)/ told + O bảo
Ex: “I’m so tired”, she said.  She said (that) she was so tired.
2. Questions (Câu hỏi):

ask(s)/ asked + O a) Wh – questions:

(Hỏi) + TỪ HỎI
want(s) to know/ (what, when, where, which,
wanted to know
S+ (Muốn biết)
who, how, why, ...)
+ clause
wonder(s)/ wondered b) Yes/ No questions:
(Tự hỏi) + IF/ WHETHER

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 Ex 1: “What is your name?” Tom asked
 Tom asked me what my name was.
Ex 2: “Are you going on a holiday tomorrow?” she asked me
 She asked me if/ whether I was going on a holiday the next day.

* Note: Trong trường hợp câu trực tiếp có cả câu trần thuật và câu hỏi thì khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp phần
nào vẫn cứ đi phần ấy.
Ex: “I have left my watch at home. Can you tell me the time?”
 He said (that) he had left his watch at home and asked me if I could tell him the time.

3. Commands (Câu mệnh lệnh):

tell(s)/ told + O bảo
advise(s)/ advised + O khuyên ai
remind(s)/ reminded + O nhắc nhở
persuade(s)/ persuaded + O thuyết phục
encourage(s)/ encouraged + O khuyến khích
S+ warn(s)/ warned + O cảnh báo (+ not) + to_V ...
ask(s)/ asked + O
yêu cầu
request(s)/ requested + O
order(s)/ ordered + O ra lệnh
beg(s)/ begged + O van nài
urge(s)/ urged + O hối thúc

Ex: “ Don’t forget to have your hair cut”  His mother reminded him to have his hair cut.

Exercise:
1. John said, “I want to attend a famous university.”
 John said ________________________________________________
2. “I’m looking for the book you gave me last week,” Mary said to Peter.
 Mary told Peter_____________________________________________
3. Janet said to John, “I did not promise to send you a telegram.”
 Janet _____________________________________________________
4. “I will get myself a drink,” she said.
 She said ___________________________________________________
5. “I cannot drive them home,” he said.
 He said _____________________________________________________

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6. “Peter, do you prefer tea or coffee?” she said.
 She _______________________________________________________
7. “The film began at seven o'clock,” he said.
 He said ____________________________________________________
8. The father said, “I was on a business trip the whole day yesterday.”
 The father ___________________________________________________
9. “My brother will get married next month,” James said.
 James ______________________________________________________
10. Henry said to his mother, “Come and spend a week with us.”
 Henry told __________________________________________________
11. He said to me, “Keep a seat for me in the lecture hall.”
 He _________________________________________________________
12. Mike said to Henry, “Give me my book back, please.”
 Mike ______________________________________________________
13. “Don't play on the grass, boys,” she said.
 She _________________________________________________________
14. “Don't make so much noise,” he said.
 He ___________________________________________________________
15. Jane said to Mary, “Will you be free tomorrow?”
 Jane asked _____________________________________________________

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