2/20/2021

UNIT 9
PROMOTIONAL MIX STRATEGIES

• Communication process
• Elements of promotional mix
• Determining the promotion mix
• Push versus pull strategy
• Promotional mix decisions

COMMUNICATION PROCESS

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DEFINITION

Communication?

The process by which

information is exchanged &
understood by two or more
people

COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Feedback

Sender Channel Receiver

Source Encode Message Decode Meaning

Noise
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COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Sender: The person who wants to communicate

certain information to another party

Encoding: Process of translating an intended

message into words and gesture

Message: encoded by the sender into symbols

and gestures that the receiver can understood

COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Media: The mode of transmission. Method used

to covey the message to the intended receiver

Decode: Process of translating symbols

into the interpreted message

Receiver : Person with whom the message

is exchanged

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COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Noise: Any factor that disturbs, confuses

or interferes with communication

Feedback: The receiver’s basic response

to the interpreted message. It is necessary
to ensure that the message has been
received and understood

OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNICATION

not Awareness
Product
Information Forget
(promotional stimulus)
Aware about the product
Don’t
Information understand
Understanding the product
Trust Doubt

Believe in the product

Benefit Indifferent
perception
Purchase

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ELEMENTS OF
PROMOTIONAL MIX

PROMOTIONAL MIX

 Advertising
 Personal selling
 Sales promotion
 Public relations
 Direct marketing

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PROMOTIONAL MIX
➢ Advertising
 Any paid form of nonpersonal presentation and promotion of
ideas, goods or services by an identified sponsor
➢ Personal selling
 Presentation by the firm’s salesforce for the purpose of making
sales and building customer relationships
➢ Sales promotion
 Short term offers made by manufacturer to increase the sales.
➢ Public relation
 Building good relations with the company’s various publics by
obtaining favourable publicity.
➢ Direct marketing
 Direct contact with customer
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DETERMINING THE
PROMOTION MIX

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FACTORS AFFECTING
PROMOTION MIX

❖ Target market
❖ Buyer readiness Promotion ❖ Nature of product
stages mix ❖ Availability of funds
❖Product life cycle decisions

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FACTORS AFFECTING PROMOTION

MIX
 Target market
 Market differs according to many
factors
 Industrial market tend to comprise
of less buyers but they buy in larger
quantity
 Consumer market tend to be larger
in number but they buy in smaller
quantity
 Buyer readiness stages
 it is critical to understand the buyer
characteristics and the different
stages of purchases they are
experiencing.

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FACTORS AFFECTING PROMOTION

MIX
 Product life cycle
 type and effectiveness of each promotion tool
depends on the stage of its life cycle the
product is going through
 For instance during the introduction stage,
advertising and sales promotions are very
effective
 Nature of product
 product characteristics should be considered
in promotion, products that are complex and
customised, requires more personal selling

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FACTORS AFFECTING PROMOTION

MIX
 Availability of funds
 any promotion strategy is governed by the
availability of fund, to help the organization in
achieving its promotion objective
 For many small or new firms, the cost of
mass advertising is prohibitive and they are
forced to seek less expensive methods.

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PUSH AND PULL STRATEGY

PUSH AND PULL STRATEGIES

PUSH STRATEGY

Producer marketing Reseller marketing

activities activities
Retailers and
Producer Consumers
wholesalers

PULL STRATEGY

Demand Demand
Retailers and
Producer Consumers
Wholesalers

Producer marketing activities (consuemr advertising, sales promotion, others

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PUSH STRATEGIES

➢ Push strategy: A promotion strategy that

calls for using the sales force and trade
promotion to push the product through
channels.
➢ The producer promotes the product to
wholesalers, the wholesalers promote
to retailers and the retailers promote to
consumers

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PULL STRATEGIES

➢ Pull strategy: A promotional strategy that

calls for spending a lot on advertising and
consumer promotion to build up consumer
demand
➢ If the strategy successful, consumers will
ask their retailers for the product, the
retailers will ask the wholesalers, and the
wholesalers will ask the producers

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PROMOTIONAL MIX
DECISIONS

DEFINITION - ADVERTISING

Advertising?

Any paid form of nonpersonal

presentation and promotion of
ideas, goods, or services by an
identified sponsor

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PURPOSE OF ADVERTISING

➢ To promote firm and/ or its product;

➢ To offset competitors advertising;
➢ To support the other forms of promotion;
➢ To remind consumers;
➢ To even out demand fluctuations

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TYPES OF ADVERTISING
❖ Institutional or corporate advertising – promoting a
concept, an idea or the goodwill of an industry,
company, organisation.
❖ Product advertising - deals with the nonpersonal selling
of a particular good or service.
❖ Informative advertising - develop initial demand for a
good/service. Its seeks to announce the availability of a
product/service.
❖ Persuasive advertising - attempts to develop demand
for a product/service and stimulate the sales. Reminder
– reinforce previous promotional activity
❖ Reminder advertising - strives to reinforce previous
promotional activity by keeping the name of the goods,
service, organisation, before the public

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ADVERTISING DECISIONS
Objectives setting

-Communication objectives
-Sales objectives

Message decisions

Budget decisions -Message strategy

-Affordable approach
-Percent of sales
-Competitive party
-Objective & task
-Message execution
Campaign evaluation
-Communication impact
Media decisions -Sales impact
-Reach, frequency, impact
-Major media types
-Specific media vehicles
-Media timing

ADVERTISING MANAGEMENT
PROCESS
Identify and analyse • identification of target audience and understand its characteristics
the target audience

▪ Set the appropriate objective.

Define advertising
• Affordable method
objectives
• Percentage of sales method
• Competitive parity method
Establish the • Historical method
advertising budget • Objective and task method

▪ A copy/creative platform is a written document that specifies the

Create the message and execution style
advertising message ▪ The basic theme can be expressed using a unique selling
proposition (USP)
▪ Message is executed effectively using a combination of illustration,
Select the words, tone, format, etc
advertising media
• Select the appropriate advertisng media ̣TV, radio, poster...

Measure advertising ▪ This evaluate both the communication effects and the sales effort
effectiveness of the advertising regularly

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DEFINING ADVERTISING OBJECTIVES

➢ Advertising objective
 Is a specific communication task to be accomplished with a specific target
audience during a specific period of time
 Advertising objectives can be classified by primary purpose – whether the
aim is to inform, persuade, or remind
➢ Informative advertising
 Used heavily when introducing a new product category
 Objective is to build primary demand
➢ Persuasive advertising
 Becomes important as competition increase
 Objective is to build selective demand
 Comparative advertising ̣directly or indirectly compares its brand with one
or more other brands
➢ Reminder advertising
 Important for mature products
 Objective is to keep consumers thingking about the products
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POSSIBLE ADVERTISING
OBJECTIVES
 Informative advertising
• Telling the market about a
new product
• Suggesting new uses for a
product
• Informing the market of a
price change
• Explaining how the product
works
• Describing available
services
• Correcting false
impressions
• Reducing consumers fears
• Building a company image
 Persuasive advertising
• Building brand preference
• Encouraging switching to
your brand
• Changing customer’s
perception of product
attributes
• Persuading customer to
purchase now
• Persuading customer to
receive a sales call

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POSSIBLE ADVERTISING
OBJECTIVES
 Reminder advertising
• Reminding consumer that
the product may be
needed in the near future
• Reminding consumer
where to buy it
• Keeping it in customer’s
mind during off-seasons
• Maintaining its top-of-mind
awareness

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ESTABLISH THE
ADVERTISING BUDGET
➢ Five main methods for setting advertising
budget
 Affordable method
 Percentage-of-sale method
 Competitive-parity method
 Historical method
 Objective-and-task method

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ESTABLISH THE
ADVERTISING BUDGET
➢ Affordable method
 Setting the advertising budget at the level
management thinks the company can afford
 Appropriate for small business
 Total revenue deduct operating expenses ̃ capital
outlays, then devote some portion of the remaining
funds to advertising
 The company cannot spend more on advertising
than it has

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ESTABLISH THE
ADVERTISING BUDGET
➢ Percentage-of-sale method
 Setting the advertising budget at a certain percentage of
current or forecasted sales or as a percentage of the unit sales
price
 Simple
 Help management to think about the relationship between
advertising spending, selling price, and profit per unit
 It wrongly views sales as the cause of advertising rather than
as the result
 This method does not provide any basis for choosing a specific
percentage, except what has been done in the past or what
competitors are doing

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ESTABLISH THE
ADVERTISING BUDGET
➢ Competitive-parity method
 Setting the promotion budget to match competitors’
outlays
 Strongly monitor competitors’ advertising
 The firm pursue this method think:
 Competitors’ budget represent the collective wisdom of
the industry
 Spending what competitors spend helps prevent
advertising wars

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ESTABLISH THE
ADVERTISING BUDGET
➢ Historical method
 Setting the advertising budget based on the
historical advertising expenses.

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ESTABLISH THE
ADVERTISING BUDGET
➢ Objective-and-task method
 Developing advertising budget by defining specific objectives,
determining the tasks that must be performed to achieve these
objectives, and estimating the costs of performing these tasks.
The sum of these costs is the proposed advertising budget
 This method force management to spell out its assumptions
about the relationship between cost spent and advertising
results.
 The most difficult method
 It is hard to figure out which specific will achive specific
objectives

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ESTABLISH THE
ADVERTISING BUDGET
➢ Other factors affecting the budget
 Stage in the product life cycle: more budget for new
product, lower for mature product
 Market share: Building market share or taking share
from competitors requires larger advertising
spending then maintaining current share

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CREATING THE
ADVERTISING MESSAGE
➢ Message strategy
 The purpose of advertising is to get consumers to think about
or react to the product or company in certain way
 Identifying customer benefits – develop compelling creative
concept or “big idea” that will bring the message strategy to life
in a distinctive and memorable way
 Advertising appeals should have three characteristics:
 Meaningful: pointing out benefits that make the product more
desirable or interesting to consumers
 Believable: consumers must believe that the product or service will
deliver the promised benefits
 Distinctive: They should tell how the product is better than the
competing brands

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MESSAGE EXECUTION
Execution styles Details

Slice of life Shows one or more “typical” people using the product in a normal setting

Lifestyle Show how a product fits in with a particular lifestyle

Fantasy Creates a fantasy around the product or its use

Mood or image Builds a mood or image around the product, such as beauty, love or serenity. No
claim is made about the product except through suggestion
Musical Shows one or more people or catoon characters singing about the product

Personality symbol Creates a character that represents the product. The character might be animated
or real
Technical expertise Shows the company’s expertise in marking the product

Scientific evidence Presents survey or scientific evidence that the brand is better or better liked than
one or more other brands
Testimonial evidence Features a highly believable or likable source endorsing the product. It could be
or endorsement ordinary people saying how much they like a given product or a celebrity
presenting the product

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SELECT THE
ADVERTISING MEDIA
➢ Major steps in media selection
 Deciding on reach, frequency, and impact
 Choosing among major media types
 Selecting specifc media vehicles
 Deciding on media timing

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ADVANTAGES AND
LIMITATIONS OF MEDIA TYPE

 High absolute costs  Good mass-market coverage

Fleeting exposure  Low cost per exposure
Television
 Less audience selectivity  Combines sight, sound ̃ emotion
 High competition  Appealing to the senses

 Flexibility
 Short life Newspaper Good local market coverage
 (Poor) reproduction quality  Broad acceptability
 Small pass-along audience  High believability

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ADVANTAGES AND
LIMITATIONS OF MEDIA TYPE
 Long ad purchase lead time
 High cost
 No guarantee of position
 High geographic and
demographic selectivity
 Credibility and prestige
Magazines
 High quality reproduction
 long life and good pass-along
readership

Outdoor
 Little audience selectivity
 Creative limitations
 Flexibility
 High repeat exposure
 Low cost
 Low message competition
 Good positional selectivity

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ADVANTAGES AND
LIMITATIONS OF MEDIA TYPE

 Small, demographically  High selectivity

skewed audience  Low cost
Internet
 Relatively low impact  Immediacy
 Audience controls exposure  Interactive capabilities

 Good local acceptance

 Audio only Radio
 Fleeting exposure  High geographic and
 Low attention demographic selectivity
 Fragmented audiences  Low cost

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MEASURE THE
ADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS
➢ Measuring communication effects
 To evaluate whether the ad is communicating well
 Can be done before and after an ad is printed or broadcast -
how they like the ad, message recall, or product awareness..
➢ Measuring sales efforts
 Sales effect is hard as sales are affected by many factors
beside advertising
 Comparing past sales with past advertising expenditures
 Another way is through experiments – vary the amount of
spend for advertising

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DEFINITION – SALES PROMOTION

Sales promotion?

Short term incentives to

encourage the purchase or sale
of a product or service

WHY SALES PROMOTION?

➢ Firm and product managers face greater pressures to

increase their current sales – sales promotion is
viewed as an effective short term sales tool
➢ Firm faces more competition and competing brands
are less differentiated – sales promotion used to help
differentiate firm’s offers
➢ Advertising efficiency had declined because of rising
cost, media clustter, and legal restraints
➢ Consumers have become more deal oriented, and
ever-larger retailers are demanding more deals from
manufacturers
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SALES PROMOTION OBJECTIVES

➢ To keep loyal consumers and middleman

➢ To lure them away from competitors
➢ To set them to stock up (middleman)
➢ To encourage trial of new products
➢ To obtain more sales supports

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SALES PROMOTION OBJECTIVES

➢ Consumers
 To build trial of a new product/service, stimulate
larger purchase or attract switchers
➢ Middleman
 To encourage stocking, to induce retailers to
increase inventory levels, encourage off-season
purchases, or open up new accounts
➢ Sales foces
 To increase sales, or encourage the support of a
new product

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SALES PROMOTION TOOLS

❖ Consumer promotion – include samples, coupons,
cash refunds, price packs, premiums, advertising
specialties patronage, point-of-purchase displays &
demonstrations.
❖ Trade promotion – include contests, premiums,
displays.
❖ Sales foce promotion – many of the same tools
used for consumer or trade promotions.

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CONSUMER PROMOTION
Consumer Details
promotion tools
Sample A small amount of a product offered to consumers for trial. They are offered free or
charged small amount to offset its cost. Delivered door-to-door, sent by mail, handed
out in a store, attached to another product…
Coupon Certificate that gives buyers a saving when they purchase a specified product.

Cash refund offer Offer to refund part of the purchase price of a product “proof of purchase” to the
(rebate) manufacturer
Price pack Offer consumers saving off the regular price of a product. Reduced price that is
marked by the producer directly on the label or package
Premium Good offered either free or at low cost as an incentive to buy a product

Advertising Are useful articles imprinted with an adertiser’s name that are given as gifts to
specialty consumers. E.g. pens, calendars, key rings…
Patronage reward Are cash or other awards offered for the regular use of a certain firm’s products. E.g.
airline offer awarding points for km traveled…
Contests, Promotion events that give consumers the chance to win something – such as cash,
sweepstakes, trip or goods – by luck or through extra effort.
games

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TRADE/BUSINESS PROMOTION
➢ Many tools used for consumer promotions (contests, premiums, displays)
can be used as trade promotion
❖ Conventions and trade shows
 These are used to generate business leads, stimulate consumers.
These are used to reach many prospects that are not reached through
the normal sales force.
❖ Free merchandise:
 Extra amount of product are offered
❖ Advertising supports
 Organization can help middlemen to set up displays, provide
promotional material or advertise in the media.
❖ Training program
 Organization can provide training for the middlemen’s staff
❖ Discount:
 A straitght reduction in price on purchases during a stated period of
time. It can be seasonal discount or quantity discount
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SALES FORCE PROMOTION

❖ Sales contest:
 Annual or more frequent sales contests where rewards include
gifts, trips, cash prizes, etc
❖ Sales training
 Training are provided to sales force, to enable them to
perform well

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DEFINITION – PUBLIC RELATIONS

Public relations?

Building good relations with the

company’s various publics by
obtaining favorable publicity,
building up a good corporate
image, and handling or heading
off unfavorable rumors, stories,
and events 53

FUNCTIONS OF PUBLIC
RELATIONS

❖ Press relations: Creating and placing newsworthy information in

the news media to attract attention to a person, product, or service
❖ Product publicity: Publicizing specific product
❖ Public affairs: Building & maintaining national or local community
relations
❖ Lobbying: Building & maintaining relations with legislators and
government officials to influence legislation and regulation
❖ Investor relations: Maintaining relationships with shareholders &
others in the financial community
❖ Development: Public relations with donors or members of
nonprofit organizations to gain financial or volunteer support

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PUBLIC RELATIONS OBJECTIVES

➢ Change a company’s image

➢ Improve community relations
➢ Attract better employees
➢ Attract potential investors
➢ Educate users about a product
➢ Counter negative news/problems

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PUBLIC RELATIONS TOOLS

❖ Press release – articles that appear in the print
media
❖ News conference – meeting between the
company’s representatives and media
personnel/journalists
❖ Special events - all kinds of special events and
star-studded spectaculars designed to reach and
interest target publics

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PUBLIC RELATIONS TOOLS

❖ Publicity materials - newsletters, brochures and
company magazines for distribution to its various
publics, e.g. National Geographic Magazine
❖ Corporate/Identity materials - create a corporate
identity that the public immediately recognizes.
❖ Public Service activities - participation in public
service activities to create goodwill, e.g. by
contributing time or money, i.e. sponsoring

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DEFINITION – DIRECT MARKETING

Direct marketing?

Direct communications
with carefully targeted individual
consumers to obtain an
immediate response

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GROWTH OF DIRECT MARKETING

 Reasons for growth of direct

marketing
 Changing lifestyles
 Transportation problem
 High cost of using sales staff and
retailing
 Advances in technology

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ADVANTAGES OF
DIRECT MARKETING

 Advantages of direct marketing

 Selectivity
 Personalised and customised
 Customer Rapport
 Better response
 Privacy

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TYPES OF DIRECT MARKETING

Direct mail marketing

Catalog marketing
Telemarketing
Direct Response marketing
Television marketing
On-line shopping

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DIRECT MAIL AND CATALOG

MARKETING

Direct mail marketing

▪Direct marketing through single mailing
that include letters, ads, samples,
foldouts, and other “salespeople with
wings” sent to prospects on mailing list
▪Fax-mail; E-mail; voice mail
Catalog marketing
▪Direct marketing through print, video, or
electronic catalog that are mailed to
select customers, made available in
stores or presented online
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TELEMARKETING
Telemarketing
▪Using telephone to sell directly to
consumers
▪Outbound telephone marketing:
telemarketer makes outgoing call to
customers
▪Inbound telephone marketing: customers, in
response to advertisement, call to the
telemarketer.

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DIRECT RESPONSE/TELEVISION
MARKETING

Direct Response marketing

▪Using media such as newspaper, magazines,
television or radio.
▪Consumers are asked to respond directly to
the telemarketer
Television marketing
▪Uses television to broadcast advertisement
and given a toll free number to respond.
▪Shopping channels are specific channels for
such advertisement, sometimes, they
broadcast for 24 hours for a variety of
products.
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ON-LINE SHOPPING
On-line shopping
▪E-commerce allows interactive on-line
computer purchase, they link consumers
with sellers electronically.
▪Using appropriate database
management, marketer can target specific
audiences

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