DECLARATION

I, NSHIMIYUHORAHO Jean Marie Vianney, declare that this project of entitled

“AUTOMATIC NIGHT SECURITY ALARM” is my original work. It has never been
submitted anywhere for the similar purpose. It is ubmitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of Certificate A2 in ELECTRICITY.

NSHIMIYUHORAHO Jean Marie Vianney

Signature: ........................................

Date: ............./.........../………..

i
CERTIFICATION
I, DONAT URIMUBENSHI, hereby certify that this project report entitled "AUTOMATIC
NIGHT SECURITY ALARM" is the original work of NSHIMIYUHORAHO Jean Marie
Vianney who carried out the research under my supervision. I certify further that, to the best of
my knowledge, the work reported here does not form part of any other project or dissertation.

DONAT URIMUBENSHI

Date: September 04, 2018

Signature: ............................

ii
DEDICATION

 My project is firstly dedicated to my God, the creator of human being.

 This project is dedicated to our parents, who taught me that the best kind of knowledge to
have is that which is learned for its own sake.
 It is also dedicated to my mother and father, who taught me that even the largest task can
be accomplished if it is done one step at a time.
 To my friends, colleagues, relatives and young sister for their moral support and
inspiration.
 To all my teachers and school leaders who have given different knowledge;
 To everyone who has guided and inspired me throughout our journey of education.

iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deepest and grateful thanks to the Almighty God who gave me
strength and life until now. Special thanks to WDA, Ecole Technique Saint KIZITO Save
(E.T.S), especially in Electricity department.

I add my acknowledgements to my supervisor URIMUBEMSHI DONAT for kindly guiding this

project and for his relevant advice and encouragement to make this project.

iv
ABSTRACT

In this century, the information technology has grown so much and helped to use the different
electronics components like motion sensor and LDR (light dependent resistor)
This time I describe the concept of sensing the human motion as a night security for
unauthorized people (intruder) I have accomplished that using motion sensor and LDR for pulses
generation and the output is taken at bell that as sound.

v
LIST OF ABBREVITION

AC: alternative current

CB: circuit breaker

DC: direct current

F: fuse

GND: ground

I: intensity

LED: light- Emitting diode

R: resistor

Req: equivalent resistance

V: voltage

V1: input voltage

VCC: supply

VO: output voltage

WDA: workforce development authority

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION...............................................................................................................i
CERTIFICATION.............................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................v
LIST OF ABBREVITION..................................................................................................vi
TABLE OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................ix
CHAPTERITER I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION....................................................................1
I.1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................1
I.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT......................................................................................................................1
I.3. OBJECTIVES........................................................................................................................................1
I.4 INTEREST AND LIMITATION................................................................................................................1
I.5 METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH.......................................................................................................1
I.6. WORK STRUCTURE.............................................................................................................................2
CHAPTERTER.II. LITTERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................2
II.1.0. PASSIVE ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS...........................................................................................2
II.1.1.RESISTOR........................................................................................................................................3
II.1.2.Series and parallel circuits..............................................................................................................3
II.1.3. Application of Resistors.................................................................................................................4
II.2.1. CAPACITOR....................................................................................................................................4
II.2.2. TYPES OF CAPACITOR.....................................................................................................................6
II.2.3.PARALLEL-PLATE CAPACITORS........................................................................................................8
II.2.4.APPLICATION OF CAPACITOR........................................................................................................10
II.2.0. ACTIVE COMPONENTS.................................................................................................................11
II.2.1. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................11
II .2.3. DIFFERENT TYPE OF DIODE.........................................................................................................13
II .2.4. APPLICATION OF DIODE..............................................................................................................16
II.3.1 TRANSISTORS................................................................................................................................17
II.3.2. BIPOLAR–JUNCTION TRANSISTOR (BJT).......................................................................................17

vii
 II.3.3 TRANSISTORS AS SWITCH.............................................................................................................19
II.4.1.LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR.......................................................................................................20
II.4.2.Working Principle of LDR..............................................................................................................20
II.4.3 .CHARACTERISTICS OF LDR...........................................................................................................21
II.4.4 .TYPES OF LDR...............................................................................................................................22
II.4.5. Construction of a Photocell.........................................................................................................22
II.4.6. APPLICATION OF LDR...................................................................................................................22
II.5.3 The Role of Motion Sensor in night Security.................................................................................23
II.5.4.Types of Motion Sensors..............................................................................................................24
II.5.5.Other Uses for Motion Sensors....................................................................................................24
II.6.1.RECTIFIER......................................................................................................................................25
II.6.2.FULL WAVE RECTIFIER..................................................................................................................25
II.6.3.Full-wave bridge rectifier..............................................................................................................25
II.6.4.Advantage of Full-wave bridge rectifier........................................................................................25
II.7.1. TRANSFORMERS..........................................................................................................................26
II.7.1.Introduction..................................................................................................................................26
II.7.2.Principles of a Transformer...........................................................................................................26
II.7.3.Transformer losses and efficiency................................................................................................26
II.8.1. RELAY...........................................................................................................................................27
II.9.1. ELECTRICAL BELL..........................................................................................................................28
II.10.1.CIRCUIT BREAKER.......................................................................................................................29
II.10.2.FUNCTION OF CIRCUIT BREAKER................................................................................................29
II.10.3. CHARACTERISTICS OF CIRCUIT BREAKER...................................................................................29
II.10.4. TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER.......................................................................................................29
II.11.1.FUSE............................................................................................................................................30
II11.2.WORKING PRINCIPLES OF FUSE..................................................................................................30
II.11.3. TYPE OF FUSE AND THERE DESCRIPTION...................................................................................30
CHAPTERTER III. BLOCK DIAGRAM AND FULL CIRCUIT.................................................31
III.1. BLOCK DIAGRAM...........................................................................................................................31
III.2.FULL CIRCUIT..................................................................................................................................32
III.3.WORKING PRINCIPLE......................................................................................................................33
CHAPTERTER IV:CONCLUSION AND ECOMMANDATION..............................................34
IV.2.CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................34

viii
 IV.3. RECOMMANDATION.....................................................................................................................34
REFERENCE............................................................................................................................................35

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1: resistor symbol.............................................................................................................................3

Figure 2: parallel resistors.........................................................................................................................4
Figure 3: series resistors.............................................................................................................................4
Figure 4: mixed resistor.............................................................................................................................4
Figure 5: capacitor symbol.........................................................................................................................5
Figure 6:Capacitor in parallel......................................................................................................................7
Figure 7:Capacitor in series.........................................................................................................................8
Figure 8: Parallel-plate capacitors............................................................................................................9
Figure 9:Consititution of paper dielectric static capacitor...........................................................................9
Figure 10:The symbol and structure of a diode..........................................................................................11
Figure 11: Biasing of a diode....................................................................................................................12
Figure 12: v-i characteristics of a diode..................................................................................................13
Figure 13: Symbol of zener diode..............................................................................................................14
Figure 14: Symbol of schlocky...................................................................................................................14
Figure 15: Symbol of tuner diode...............................................................................................................14
Figure 16:Symbol of photo diode..............................................................................................................15
Figure 17 :Symbol of varactor diode..........................................................................................................15
Figure 18: Photo of light emitting diode....................................................................................................15
Figure 19: npn transistor.........................................................................................................................17
Figure 20: pnp transistor.........................................................................................................................18
Figure 21: flow of electrons and hole.......................................................................................................18
Figure 22: transistor characteristics...........................................................................................................20
Figure 23: symbol of LD............................................................................................................................21
Figure 24: curve of working principle of LDR.........................................................................................21
Figure 25. Construction of LDR...............................................................................................................23
Figure 26:Motion sensor..........................................................................................................................24
Figure 27:Motion sensor detailed view....................................................................................................24
Figure 28: full-wave bridge rctifier............................................................................................................26
Figure 29: Construction and symbols.....................................................................................................27
Figure 30: Relay........................................................................................................................................28
Figure 31: internal circuit of relay...........................................................................................................28
Figure 32: Symbol of bell...........................................................................................................................29
Figure 33: constriction of electrical BELL...................................................................................................29
Figure 34: internal construction of electrical bell......................................................................................29
Figure: 35 fuse symbol..............................................................................................................................31
Figure 36:Full circuit of night security alarm.............................................................................................33

ix
CHAPTERITER I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
I.1. INTRODUCTION
According to the development and technology in the different areas like bank, houses, company,
industries, schools, offices and other places there is big problem of insecurity caused by thieves
trying to steal their properties. AUTOMATIC NIGHT SECURITY ALARM is a circuit that
control and detect people during night in order to maintain the security. It detects people and
switches on the bell to signify that there is someone around.

I.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT

After observing that there is a problem of night security in different areas where people are
struggling with thieves stealing their properties, I have decided to design and implement this
project entitled “DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AUTOMATIC NIGHT
SECURITY ALARM” which is the interesting project in my practical course in order to solve
that problem.

I.3. OBJECTIVES
• To make night security
• To develop made in RWANDA.
• To detect unauthorized peoples like thieves
• To get more experience about electronic component.
• To improve technology.

I.4. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF PROJECT

As the name indicates “night security alarm” is a system based on PIR (Passive Infrared) motion
sensor. For that sensor to detect we need the human motion. In other words, is an electronic
device which is designed for to detect human motion in the range of five meters from where it is
placed. Also it detects animals because have blood. It detects during night only.

I.5 HYPOTHESIS

I.6 INTEREST OF THE PROJECTS

1
I.7 METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH
In order to complete my project of “AUTOMATIC NIGHT SECURITY ALARM is that:
• Research: I made the research on Internet to increase my knowledge on my project and in
electronics.
• Documentation: by reading electronics books and notebooks especially those of
S4,S5,and S6 To be familiarized with the electronics components which are already
enumerated above, there some of them which are complicated to use, is that case I have
familiarized with them in order to understand the use of them

I.8 WORK STRUCTURE

My project contains four chapters:
Chapter I, General introduction: Contains problem statement, objectives, scope and limitation,
hypothesis, working structure and methodology,
Chapter II, Literature review and Research methodology: It attempts to explain each component
related to this topic of research to arrive at this project.
Chapter III: Implementation of circuit: contains block diagram and working principle of the
circuit
Chapter IV: Conclusion and recommendation

2
CHAPTERTER.II. LITTERATURE REVIEW
II.1.0. PASSIVE ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS
Passive electronic components are those components that don’t amplify the electrical signal. The
most frequently used passive electronic components are: inductor, capacitor, and resistor. But
in this dissertation we will talk on capacitor and resistor.

II.1.1.RESISTOR
A resistor: is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose an electric current by
producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in accordance
with Ohm’s law, it is again the heating limiting component with respect to its behavior’s and
features it is constructed with, because the electrical energy is converted to the heat when current
flows through a resistor

II.1.2.SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS

Resistors in parallel configuration each have the same potential difference (Voltage). To find
their total equivalent resistance.

Figure 1: resistor symbol

Fixed resistor (Physical shape with Europe and USA Symbols respectively)

US symbol Europe symbol

Variable resistor (Potentiometer) symbol

3
Figure 2: parallel resistors

The parallel property can be represented in equations by two vertical lines to simplify equations.
For two resistors,

The current through resistors in series stays the same, but the voltage across each resistor can be
different. The sum of the potential differences is equal to the total voltage of each one.

Figure 3: series resistors

A network resistor that is a combination of parallel and series configurations can sometimes be
broken up into smaller parts that are either one or the other.

Figure 4: mixed resistor

4
II.1.3. Application of Resistors
 Generate heat
 Limit the current
 Protect the active component

II.1.4 CAPACITOR

A capacitor is a two conductors system separated in their plate surface by a dielectric. It is basically
meant to store electrons and release them whenever desired. It offers low impedance to AC and very
high impedance to DC and is used when we want to couple alternating voltage from one circuit to
another.

Figure 5: capacitor symbol

The simplest capacitor consists of two parallel conductive plates separated by a dielectric with
permittivity. The model may also be used to make qualitative predictions for other device
geometries. The plates are considered to extend uniformly over an area and a charge density
exists on their surface. Assuming that the width of the plates is much greater than their
separation, the electric field near the Centre of the device will be uniform with the magnitude.
The voltage is defined as the line integral of the electric field between the plates.

A practical capacitor is not limited to two plates; it is quite possible to place a number of plates
in parallel and then connect alternates together.

The capacitance C of n of plate capacitor is equal to

C= (n-1) k

Where C=Capacitance in farads

A=area of the plates in m² (squared meter)

5
n=number of plates

k=dielectric constant of the material used between the plates

d=distance between the plates.

When the capacitor is included in a circuit where potential difference exist, the capacitor become
charged one plate has excessive positive and another plate has excessive negative charge.

Once the capacitor is charged, potential difference between the plates remains for long time.

If the capacitor is not concluded in any discharging circuit the unit of capacitance is not included
in any discharging circuit.

The unit of capacitance is farad (f) from Michael farad. The capacitance in terms of unit is
defined as:

In farad

Where Q= quantity of charge (coulomb)

V=applied voltage that causes the flow of charge in the plates of capacitor (volt)

II.1.2. TYPES OF CAPACITOR

There are two types of capacitor:

• Fixed capacitor

• Variable capacitor

• Adjustable capacitor

According to the types of dielectric materials used between the plates. The fixed capacitors are
classified into air, mica, and paper, ceramic and electrolytic

6
In air capacitor: the dielectric between the plates is air. The capacitance of the air capacitor
usually lies between 10 to 400picofarad.

In mica capacitor: thin mica sheets are stocked between section plates to provide required
capacitance. Mica capacitors are often used for small capacitance values of 50 to 500 Pico-farad.

In paper capacitor: two papers of tin pail conductors separated a compact cylinder.

The entire cylinder is generally encased in plastic model. Paper capacitor is used for medium
capacitance values of 0.001 to 1 microfarad.

The ceramic dielectric: are used in ceramic capacitor when ceramic are used as dielectric very
high value of dielectric very high value of dielectric constant can be obtained.

Electrolytic capacitor: is a type of capacitor that respects polarity. If the electrolytic capacitor is
connected in opposite (wrong) polarity the reversed electrolytic forms gas and the capacitor
becomes hot and may explode. All types of capacitors explained above are fixed capacitor.

Variable capacitor: Is type of capacitor which is used to vary the appliances for examples: radio
and electronic circuit

Adjustable capacitor: Is type of capacitors used adjusting any circuit of electronic. Adjustable
capacitor is also classify into two types these are trimmer and padder

• PARALLEL CONNECTION

Figure 6:Capacitor in parallel

To find out capacity using relation C=Q/V

Let the chargeQ1be on C2and C3 be on Q3 so on, therefore Q=Q1+Q2+Q3+Qn

7
So we have C=C1+C2+C3+…….Cn

So, capacitors in parallel add up to give equivalent capacitance of the combination.

SERIES CONNECTION

Figure 7:Capacitor in series

-let the combination be put in a box and connected to a battery

-due to induction the plates to the negative, terminal will have negative charge (-Q) and those to the left
terminal have positive (+Q).

Let v1, v2, v3 etc, be the potential divider across capacitor c 1, c2, etc respectively

Vt=V1+V2+V3 =Q/C1+Q/C2+Q/C3 Or 1/C=1/C1+1/C2+1/C3

When a coupling capacitor is connected to a DC supply of V volts, the charge stored is the same on each
and equal to Q=CV

II.2.3.PARALLEL-PLATE CAPACITORS

Figure 8: Parallel-plate capacitors

The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is directly proportional to the area and inversely
proportional to the distance (d) between the plates. The capacitance can be increased by inserting a

8
dielectric which has a relative permittivity or dielectric constant greater than that of air with typical
values of epsilon being: Air = 1, Paper = 2.5, Glass = 5, Mica =7etc.

Figure 9:Consititution of paper dielectric static capacitor

o = Permittivity of empty space = 8.85 10-12 F/m

= Permittivity of material between plates

A = Surface area of one of the plates (SI: m2)

d = Separation of the plates

The electric field between two large parallel plates is given by

C = Aor/d F….....in a medium

When two parallel plates are connected across a battery, the plates will become charged and an electric
field will be established between them.

Another method used to increase the capacitance is to interleave several plates. If n is the number of
plates then n-1 is the number of capacitors.

C = Aor (n-1)/d F….....in a medium

9
E=where=Charge density

=Permittivity

And and E is electric field strength, in V/m= D is the flux density in C/m2.

The voltage difference between the two plates can be expressed in the terms of the work done on a
positive test charge q when it moves from positive to the negative plate.

V== = Ed

II.2.4.APPLICATION OF CAPACITOR
• Store energy

• Filtering

• Motor starting

• Coupling in amplifier

• Power factor Improvement in ac circuits

• In oscillators

• In computer memories

10
II.2.0. ACTIVE COMPONENTS
II.2.1. INTRODUCTION
In electrical and electronic, computer or storage systems, active components are those are
components that can amplify such kind of signal. Those could include some classis like diodes,
transistors, etc. That requires electrical power to operate.

II.2.2 DIODES
A diode is a two terminal electronic component that conducts electric current in one direction. It
consists of a P-N junction formed either by Silicon or Germanium Crystal.

Figure 10:The symbol and structure of a diode

The P-type is referred to as Anode and the N-type is referred to as cathode. The arrow’s head shows the
conventional direction of current flow when it is forward-biased. It is the same direction in which the
holes take place.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF DIODE

A p-n junction diode is one way device offering low resistance when forward biased .hence such diodes
are mostly used as rectifier i.e. for converting ac current into DC current

The terminals are Anode (+) and cathode (

11
 Figure 11: Biasing of a diode

When the anode terminal is connected to the positive terminal of the battery and the cathode to the
negative terminal as in figure A, the diode is said to be forward biased because it allows the flow of
current through it.

Inversely, when the anode is connected to the negative terminal of the battery and the cathode to the
positive terminal as in figure B; the diode is said to be reverse biased because it doesn’t allow
the flow of current through it. The graph below shows the relationship between the current and
voltage applied between the anode and cathode of a diode. It clearly shows how the diode works.

Figure 12: v-i characteristics of a diode

12
Initially no current flows until the applied voltage reaches the forward junction potential, the
negative voltage and current show the reverse biased condition. Here, although the voltage
increases but the small current flows.

This small current is called the leakage current of the diode caused by the movement of
minority carriers and is typically only a few micro-amps with germanium diodes and even less in
silicon. If a high enough reverse voltage is applied however, there is a reverse breakdown
voltage where the insulation of the depletion layer breaks down, and a very high current
suddenly flows.

Diodes devices may be designed for low-power, high switching application: (signal diodes) or
higherpower applications (rectifier diodes).

The important characteristics of semiconductor diodes are:

-Maximum forward current

-Forward and reverse AC resistance

-Behavior breakdown region

-Junction capacitance

II .2.3. DIFFERENT TYPE OF DIODE

A. ZENER DIODE: Zener diode is a special kind of diode which allows current to flow in the forward
direction in the same manner as an ideal diode but will also permit it to flow in the reverse direction
when the voltage is above a certain value known as break voltage <<zener knee voltage>> or zener
voltage.

Figure 13: Symbol of zener diode

13
B. SCHOTKY DIODE: The schlocky diode named after German physicist Walter schlocky, also known as
hot carrier diode is a semi conduct diode with a low forward voltage drop and a very fast scratching
action.

Figure 14: Symbol of schlocky

C.TUNNER DIODE: A Tunnel diode or Esaki diode is type of semiconductor diode which is capable of very
fast operation. Well into the

Microwaves frequency region

Figure 15: Symbol of tuner diode

D.PHOTO DIODE: A photo diode is a type photo detector capable of converting lighting either current or
voltage depending upon the mode of operation [1] the common, traditional solar cell used to generate
electrical solar power is a large area photo diode.

Figure 16:Symbol of photo diode

E.VARACTOR DIODE: in electronic, varactor diode, variable capacitance diode, variable capacitance
diode variable reactant diode tuning diode is a type of diode which has a variable capacitance that is a
function of the voltage impressed its terminals

14
Figure 17 :Symbol of varactor diode

F. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)

LED is a special PN junction diode that emits light when it is forward biased.

The Light is obtained by the recombination of electrons and holes when the LED is forward biased. The
free electrons passes through the junction and recombines with holes as it passes high energetic level
low energetic level it dissipate the energy.

Figure 18: Photo of light emitting diode

Circuit symbol of LED Structure of LED

Table 4: symbol and structure of LED

The difference between normal diodes and LED’s

15
LEDs are made from Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Gallium Phosphate (Gap) and Gallium Arsenide Phosphate
(GaAsP).

LEDs are designed to have a window over the junction so that light energy can be seen.

LEDs can emit invisible light and such LEDs are called Infrared LEDs.

Application of LED’s

1. LEDs are used in alarm system

2. for solid state video displays

3. in image sending circuit

4. in the field of optical communication

5. in remote control

6. for numerical display in hand-held or pocket devices

7.It is used as indicactor light

II .2.4. APPLICATION OF DIODE

• Diode can be applied on small signal application

• In rectification diode.

• In display

• Voltage multiplication.

• Free –wheeling

• AM detection

II.3.0 TRANSISTORS
II.3.1. BIPOLAR–JUNCTION TRANSISTOR (BJT)
A bipolar junction transistor is formed by joining three sections of semiconductors with
alternatively different doping. The middle section (base) is narrow and one of the other two
regions (emitter) is heavily doped. Two variants of BJT are possible: NPN and PNP

16
Figure 19: npn transistor

Figure 20: pnp transistor

We will focus on NPN BJTs. Operation of a PNP transistor is analogous to that of a NPN
transistor except that the role of “majority" charge carries reversed. In NPN transistors, electron
flow is dominant while PNP transistors mostly on the flow of ‘’holes." NPN and PNP transistors
behave similarly except the sign of current and voltages are reversed. i.e., PNP = - NPN in
practice, NPN transistors are much more popular than PNP transistors because electrons move
faster in a semiconductor. As results, a NPN transistor has a faster response time compared to a
PNP transistor. A BJT looks like 2 diodes placed back to back. Indeed, this is the case if we
apply voltage to only two of the three terminals, letting the third terminal float.
This is also the way that we check if a transistor is working: use an ohm-meter to ensure both
diodes are in working conditions. (One should also check the resistance between CE terminals
and read a very high resistance as one may have a burn through the base connecting collector and
emitter). The behavior of the BJT is different, however, when voltage sources are attached to
both BE and CE terminals. The BE junction acts like a diode. When this junction is forward
biased, electrons flow from emitter to the base (and a small current of holes from base to
emitter).

17
Figure 21: flow of electrons and hole

The base region is narrow and when a voltage is applied between collector and emitter, most of
the electrons that were flowing from emitter to base, cross the narrow base region and are
collected at the collector region. So while the BC junction is reversed biased, a large current can
flow through that region and BC junction does not act as a diode.

The amount of the current that crosses from emitter to collector region depends strongly

On the voltage applied to the BE junction, VBE. (It also depends weakly on voltage applied
between collector and emitter, VCE.) As such, small changes in VBE or IB controls a much
controlling the current that can flow through it. The source of current (and power) is the Power
supply that feeds the CE terminals. A BJT has three terminals. Six parameters: IC, IB, IE, VCE,

VBE and VCB, The state of the transistor. However, because BJT has three terminals, KVL and
KCL should hold for these terminals, i.e. IE = IC + IB, VBC = VBE+VCE

II.3.3 TRANSISTORS AS SWITCH

When using BJT as a switch, usually two levels of control signal are employed. With one level,
the transistor operates in cut off region (open) where as with other level, it operates in saturation
region and like a short circuit.

18
When the BE junction is reversed-biased, transistor is OFF as no charge carriers enter the base
and move to the collector. The voltage applied between collector and emitter has not effect. This
region is called the cut-off region:

Cut off: VBE˂ VS ; IB = 0, IC≈IE≈0

Since the collector and emitter currents are very small for any VCE, the effective resistance
between collector and emitter is very large (100's of M) making the transistor behave as an open
circuit in the cut-off region, Whereas When the BE junction is forward-biased, transistor is ON.
The behavior of the transistor, however, depends on how much voltage is applied between
collector and emitter. If VCE ≥ vy the BE junction is forward biased while BC junction is
reversed-biased and transistor is in active-linear region. In this region, IC scales linearly with IB
and transistor acts as an amplifier.

Active linear: VBE=VY; IB> 0, =β≈constant, VCE ≥ VY

If VCE<VY both BE and BC junctions are forward biased. This region is called the Saturation
;region. As VCE is small while IC can be substantial, the effective resistance between collector
and emitter in saturation region is small and the BJT acts as a closed-circuit Saturation:
VBE=vy, IB ˃ 0, ˂β, VCE≈ Vsat

Figure 22: transistor characteristics

II.4.1.LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or a photo resistor is a device whose resistivity is a function
of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Hence, they are light sensitive devices. They are also
called as photo conductors, photo conductive cells or simply photocells.

19
They are made up of semiconductor materials having high resistance. There are many different
symbols used to indicate a LDR, one of the most commonly used symbol is shown in the figure
below. The arrow indicates light falling on it.

Figure 23: symbol of LD

II.4.2.Working Principle of LDR

A light dependent resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity. Photo conductivity is
an optical phenomenon in which the materials conductivity is increased when light is absorbed
by the material. The result of this process is more and more current starts flowing through the
device when the circuit is closed and hence it is said that the resistance of the device has been
decreased. This is the most common working principle of LDR

II.4.3. CHARACTERISTICS OF LDR

LDR’s are light dependent devices whose resistance is decreased when light falls on them and
that is increased in the dark. When a light dependent resistor is kept in dark, its resistance is
very high. This resistance is called as dark resistance. It can be as high as 1012 Ω and if the device
is allowed to absorb light its resistance will be decreased drastically. If a constant voltage is
applied to it and intensity of light is increased the current starts increasing. Figure below shows
resistance vs. illumination curve for a particular LDR.

Figure 24: curve of working principle of LDR

20
Photocells or LDR’s are non linear devices. Their sensitivity varies with the wavelength of light
incident on them. Some photocells might not at all response to a certain range of wavelengths.
Based on the material used different cells have different spectral response curves.

When light is incident on a photocell it usually takes about 8 to 12 ms for the change in
resistance to take place, while it takes one or more seconds for the resistance to rise back again to
its initial value after removal of light. This phenomenon is called as resistance recovery rate.
This property is used in audio compressors.

II.4.4 .TYPES OF LDR

Based on the materials used they are classified as:

1. Intrinsic photo resistors (Un doped semiconductor): These are made of pure
semiconductor materials such as silicon or germanium.
2. Extrinsic photo resistors: These are semiconductor materials doped with impurities which
are called as dopants.

II.4.6. APPLICATION OF LDR

LDR’s have low cost and simple structure. They are often used as light sensors. They are used
when there is a need to detect absences or presences of light like in
a camera light meter. Used in street lamps, alarm clock, burglar alarm circuits, light intensity
meters, for counting the packages moving on a conveyor belt, etc.

II.5.1. MOTION SENSOR

II.5.2. Introduction
A motion sensor (or motion detector) is the linchpin of your security system, because it's the
main device that detects when someone is in your home when they shouldn't be. A motion sensor
uses one or multiple technologies to detect movement in an area. If a sensor is tripped, a signal is
sent to your security system's control panel, which connects to your monitoring center, alerting
you and the monitoring center to a potential threat in your home.
The following guide will answer all your questions about motion sensors: the different types,
proper placement, and how to use them.

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Figure 25:Motion sensor

Figure 26:Motion sensor detailed view

II.5.3 The Role of Motion Sensor in night Security

The main purpose of motion detection is to sense an intruder and send an alert to your control
panel, which alerts your monitoring center. Sensors work in during the night. Some security
systems can be programmed to alarm ofbell when motion is detected.

There are two types of motion sensors:

• passive sensors
• active sensors
Each uses different technology to detect motion in the designated area. Passive sensors do not
emit energy, but read changes in energy in the surrounding area. Active sensors emit one of three
kinds of energy to identify motion in the surrounding area: infrared light, microwave radiation,
or sound waves.
II.5.5.Other Uses for Motion Sensors
Motion sensors aren't just used for home security. In industrial fields, they are used on assembly
lines to keep track of the number of products and to shut down dangerous equipment if a person
gets too close.

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Here are a few other ways motion sensors are used:
• To turn on and off automatic water faucets and toilets
• To turn on lights when a person enters a room
• To control ATM displays
• For some parking meters etc…

II.6.1.RECTIFIER
Introduction: Rectifier is electronic circuit that used to convert alternative current into direct
current. The basic rectifier circuit consists of a step-down transformer, diodes and filter circuit.
Depending up on the form of output voltage the rectifier are divided into :Half wave rectifier and
Full wave rectifier.

II.6.2. FULL WAVE RECTIFIER.

In full-wave rectification, current flow through the load in the same direction for half-cycles of
input AC voltage. This full-wave rectifier utilize both half cycle of input AC voltage to produce
DC output. The following two circuit are commonly used for full-wave rectification:

1.Centre tap full-wave rectifier

2.Full-wave bridge rectifier

II.6.3.Full-wave bridge rectifier

In this type of rectifier four Diode are arranged in bridge configuration are used to get rectified
voltage. During positive half cycle of V2, point (A) of transformer is positive with respect to the
point (B), therefore D1 is Forward biased and D2 is reverse biased. In case of current flowing
from point A through D1, RL point (C) point (A). during Negative half cycle of V 2,current
flowing from point B through D2,RL point (C) to point (B).In case of both current through the
Load is always in the same direction.

Figure 27: full-wave bridge rctifier.

II.6.4. Advantage of Full-wave bridge rectifier.

1.The need for centre-tapped transformer is
eliminated.

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2. The output is twice that of the centre-tap circuit for the same secondary voltage.
3. As during each half-cycle of AC input two diodes that conduct are in series .Therefore,
voltage drop in the internal resistance of the rectifying unit will be twice ,The high internal
resistance reduce heating effect in diodes.

II.7.1. TRANSFORMERS
II.7.1.Introduction: A transformer is a device which uses the phenomenon of mutual
induction to change the values of alternating voltages and currents. In fact, one of the main
advantages of a.c. transmission and distribution is the ease with which an alternating voltage
cane increased or decreased by transformers
II.7.2.Principles of a Transformer

1.transfers electric power from one ircuit to another

2.it does so without a change of frequency
3.it accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction and
4.where the two electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each other

Figure 28: Construction and symbols

II.7.3.Transformer losses and efficiency

There are broadly two sources of losses in transformers on load, these being copper losses and
iron losses.
Copper losses are
Iron losses are :
(i)hysteresis loss and (ii) eddy current loss.

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 II.8 RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates
a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be
on or off so relays have two switch positions and most have double throw (changeover) switch
contacts as shown in the diagram

Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the
first. For example, a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains
circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits; the link is

magnetic and mechanical magnetic

Figure 29: Relay

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 Figure 30: internal circuit of relay

The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO:

COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch.

NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.

NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.

Connect to COM and NO if you want the switched circuit to be on when the relay coil is on.

Connect to COM and NC if you want the switched circuit to be on when the relay coil is off.

II.9 ELECTRICAL BELL

Electrical bell is electrical device which making a sound in other to give signal for some one.
Bell are usually made of cost metal but small bells can also be made from ceramic or gloss

Construction and working of an AC bell nowadays alternating current bells designed usually
installed. An alternating current bells designed for extra voltages of up to 240v are usually
installed.

Figure 31.electric bell symbol

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 Figure 32: internal construction of electrical
bell

II.10 CIRCUIT BREAKER

A circuit breaker is a type of switch that
automatically breaks the circuit and cut off
the current when a certain current value is
excluded. Unlike a wire fuse that has to be
replaced, a Circuit break can reset and switch again

II.10.1.FUNCTION OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

It detects fault condition by interrupting the continuity and is used to determine if there is the
fault. It is used to protect the circuit against the damaged caused by over load and short circuit
for electrical circuit.

II.10.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

• Current rating
• Type of circuit breaker

II.10.3. TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

• Low voltage circuit breaker
• Magnetic circuit breaker
• Thermal magnetic circuit breaker
• Medium voltage circuit breaker

Law voltage circuit breaker: they operate with a voltage less than 1000V alternative current
and are used in domestic, commercial, and industrial installations.

Magnetic circuit breakers: Magnetic circuit breakers use a solenoid that’s pulling force
increase with current. Certain designs utilize electromagnetic force in additional to those of
solenoid

I.e. as the current in solenoid increases beyond the rating of the circuit breaker, the solenoids pull
realizes the latch which then allows contacts to open by spring action.

Thermal magnetic circuit breakers: This type of circuit breaker protects the electrical
installation against:
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 • over load
• Short circuit
• over current
Medium voltage circuit breaker: Medium voltage circuit breakers rated between 1 and 72
kilowatts may be assembled into metal enclosed switch gear line up for in door or may individual
components installed outdoors in substation.

II.11FUSE
A fuse is an electrical device used to prevent only loading of electrical circuit the fuse which is
made with material having a low melting utilizes the heating effect of an electric current a fuse is
placed in an electrical circuit and if the current becomes two large the fuse wire melts and so
breaks the circuits

Figure: 33 fuse symbol

II11.1.WORKING PRINCIPLES OF FUSE

When the excessive current produced by any perturbation which can happen in the circuit pass
through the filament of fuse for that will not damage the installation that filament will melt for
opening the circuit, after burning it will be replaced by another one which has the same rating to
the first because it has no ability of opening circuit without melting as a circuit breaker
II.11.2. TYPE OF FUSE AND THERE DESCRIPTION
a) The ordinary fuse
The ordinary fuse or simple link fuses here is simply a trip of metal usually lead the trip metal
called the fuse link in the part of the fuse through which electrical current flows

b) Screw plug fuse

It is used on the machine on the machines which has 220V with the current from 3A to 30A and
the type of this fuse is made porcelain and glass.
c) Knife blade cartridge fuse
Used on heavy point line from 60 to 600A and 220v.

d) Timer delay fuse

This has the ability to carry over loads current of short duration without melting.

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CHAPTERTER III. BLOCK DIAGRAM AND FULL CIRCUIT
III.1 Introduction

III.2. BLOCK DIAGRAM

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III.2. FULL CIRCUIT

Figure 34.Full circuit of night security alarm

III.3.WORKING PRINCIPLE
The" AUTOMATIC NIGHT SECURITY ALARM" is a circuit that detects darkness and motion
then it causes the bell to be automatically on.

First of all, when supply by single phase alternative current (220V) on primary winding of step-
down transformer (220/12V ) the electric energy is transferred from primary winding to
secondary winding. Then full-wave bridge rectifier converts alternating current (AC) into direct
current (DC) which is used to supply circuit. When PIR SENSOR detects, it applies signal to
LDR ,when there is darkness, the resistance of LDR increases, when the signal voltage greater
than VBE, voltage between base and emitter ,i.e 0.7V of transistor (Q1), Q1 works as a switch then
it applies VCC to capacitor C3 after charging, then after the current pass through a resistor (R3)
which protects the transistor( Q2), transistor(Q2), it works as a switch then it causes the coil of
control relay to energize, then it closes the contact and give a way to the flow of current where
the bell will make the sound.

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CHAPTERTER IV: CONCLUSION AND ECOMMANDATION
IV.2.CONCLUSION

IV.3. RECOMMANDATION
I would like to recommend my school administration to put effort in giving enough time to
student so that they may handle some problems which occur during project period, and to
provide on time materials to students in order to get time for other theoretical exams.

I would like also to recommend the school to give student enough time of making research and
to provide them enough access to the internet in order to ameliorate their research.

Lastly I recommend the WDA to make a follow up to the work done by students looking for
scholarships to those who have highly performed.

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REFERENCE
• www.google.com/motion-sensor, visited on 15 June 2018
• WWW.Newcircuits.com/
• WWW.wikipedia.com/
• www.project.com/
• www.electronicproject.org/
• Class notebook.; APPLIED Electronics; S5 in 2017.
• Library books:
Electronics principles by James watt;1892 ;pg 120; edition5

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